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	Opponent process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The opponent process is a colour theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about colour by processing signals from cones in an antagonistic manner.
		The opponent colour theory suggests that there are three opponent channels: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and fl versus white (the latter type is achromatic and detects light-dark variation, or luminance).
		Though the trichromatic and opponent processes theories were initially thought to be at odds, it later came to be understood that the mechanisms responsible for the opponent process receive signals from the three types of cones and process them at a more complex level (Kandel et al., 2000).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Opponent_process (724 words)

	Color Perception in 3000 Words
		The orientations of the opponent axes in color space and the consequent identities of the unique hues are not determined by color mixing and matching, or even by the structure of perceptual similarities among colors.
		Opponent process theory thus had some compelling success in explaining psychological data, but it was physiology that finally gave investigators confidence that the theory described real processes in the nervous system.
		It should be emphasized that opponent process theory continues to change and grow, partly to explain some of the puzzling aspects of the standard model.
	www.ucc.uconn.edu /~wwwphil/ccompan.html (3314 words)

	Opponent Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ewald Hering, the father of the opponent processes theory made some very interesting observations that could not be accounted for by the trichromatic theory.
		This opponent process model lay relatively dormant for many years until a pair of visual scientists working at Eastman Kodak at the time, conceived of a method for quantitatively measuring the opponent processes responses.
		Due in large measure to the efforts of Hurvich and Jameson the opponent processes theory attained a central position shared with the the trichromatic theory.
	www.yorku.ca /eye/opponent.htm (289 words)

	[No title]
		Activation of an A process automatically activates an opposite or opposing process B. The equation then can be stated as the absolute value of A process minus B process which creates a resultant.
		Using a gestalt pattern and correlational opponent process the miraculin which is practically tasteless might produce neural wavelet patterns what are unnoticed in the brain.
		Since the auditory system may be the simplest example of correlational opponent process, systematic study of the auditory system may suggest other research avenues and strategies for other sensory systems.
	www.isye.gatech.edu /~brani/wp/misc/BlueBlue-OpponentProcessing.txt (10625 words)

	Opponent processes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Opponent process.
		Opponent process is observable in neuro impulses (Garbor wavelets), color illusions of seeing an opposite color after habituation, physiological homeostasis reactions for temperature, oxygen, food, and stimuluation control.
		Drug addiction is best understood as being due to the modulation of a homeostatis into a positive and negative phase.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Opponent_processes (145 words)

	[No title]
		In contrast to these sensory experiences, the opponent motivational processes have a unique and very important property: Frequent exposure decreases the primary process and increases both the intensity and duration of the opponent process.
		The opponent process after the joint is finished, is one of desire for more, which fairly rapidly recovers to the normal resting state.
		However, the opponent motivational process adds a source of positive feedback because, one you begin to eat, each time you start to stop eating there is an aroused craving to continue eating.
	www.unm.edu /~quadl/Principles/PrV-Opponent_Motivation (824 words)

	Do Opponent Process Theories help Physicalism about Colour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Byrne and Hilbert want to use opponent process theory to provide an answer to the question ‘what is Redness?’, in such a way as to make it easy to respond to some standard challenges to physicalist reductions of colour.
		Opponent processing may seem easily to solve the particular problems of a simple identity theory of colour: but at a price--of potentially ignoring a large part of what constitutes the experience of colour.
		Either way, the id! ea of opponent processing, though it has its virtues in physiology, and other virtues in psychophysics, is not I think the solution to the problems of physicalism.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/Byrne/Broackes.html (2490 words)

	ScienceDaily: Addiction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are many examples of opponent processes in the nervous system including taste, motor movement, touch, vision, and hearing.
		The development of addiction is thought to involve a simultaneous process of 1) increased focus on and engagement in a particular behavior and 2) the attenuation or "shutting down" of other behaviors.
		The decreased number of receptors changes the permeability of the cell membrane located post-synaptically, such that the post-synaptic neuron is less excitable- ie, less able to respond to chemical signalling with an electrical impulse, or action potential.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/addiction (4084 words)

	Adaptation and response normalization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Opponent processing is a hallmark of color vision: color-opponent mechanisms receive inputs of opposite sign from different cone types and thus their outputs represent a comparison of the relative activity across the cones (De Valois, 2003)
		Both of these processes may be important in longer-term evolutionary adaptations of visual coding, and it is an intriguing question whether similar types of adjustments – and specifically, adjustments that align the channel axes along the stimulus axes - can occur through short-term adaptation.
		In this paper we have argued that this private experience is shaped in important ways by processes of adaptation, and have assumed that these physiological processes are similar in important ways within different individuals (in that the common effect of adaptation is to normalize neural activity).
	redwood.psych.cornell.edu /papers/WebsterWernerField.html (11450 words)

	I am Joe's Explanatory Gap
		Whereas with sensing redly and process squiggle-squiggle, it is conceivable both that sensing redly not be identical with process squiggle-squiggle, and--more importantly--that even if you take the physical story P as a premise, it is perfectly conceivable that process squiggle-squiggle be a process of sensing greenly, and not redly.
		There is nothing particular about process squiggle-squiggle, or about neural processes that are similar to squiggle-squiggle, or about sensing greenly, or about hues similar to green, which explains why sensing greenly should be identical with process squiggle-squiggle, instead of some other squoggle-squoggle.
		There is nothing in the concept of red or in the neighborhood of red, or in squiggle-squiggle or neural processes similar to squiggle-squiggle, which serves to explain the identity of sensing redly with process squiggle-squiggle.
	vm.uconn.edu /~wwwphil/pgap.html (13128 words)

	Opponent Process Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Opponent processes are bodily reactions opposite to the effect of a US, in order to preserve physiological balance.
		If a CS is conditioned to a US, the opponent process rather than the UR becomes the CR.
		Wagner (1981) argued that opponent processes are conditioned as CRs only for URs which provoke compensatory reactions, but not for monophasic URs: SOP.
	campus.houghton.edu /orgs/psychology/lrn4/tsld006.htm (59 words)

	PSYC 531 Chapter 2
		Primary process (or a process) and Opponent process (or b process).
		The primary and opponent processes are internal mechanisms whose net effects are the emotional changes that are observed.
		The opponent process lags behind the primary process at first and, therefore, is unable to completely neutralize the primary response initially.
	www.ulm.edu /~chutto/ulm/531/cwh531c02.html (543 words)

	Color Encyclopedia Article @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A dominant theory of the higher neural mechanisms of color vision proposes three opponent processes, or opponent channels, constructed out of the raw input from the cones: a red-green channel, a blue-yellow channel and a fl-white ("luminance") channel.
		The four "polar" colors proposed as extremes in the two opponent processes other than fl-white have some natural claim to being called primary colors.
		If these four types are sufficiently distinct in spectral sensitivity and neural ability develops to distinctly process the input from all four types of cones, a person may be a tetrachromat.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Color (2531 words)

	DOCKENS - FOUR BRAND NEW COLORS: Information Nullification in Psychology and the Humanities
		Because revisions to opponent processes theory (made possible by the existence of the four "impossible" colors) permits a near perfect match between the color vision theories of bio psychological laboratories and the color vision analogy from Eigen and Winkler’s Life/Death Game theory.
		The advantages of opponent processes systems are most easily seen when it is desirable to give qualitative descriptions of combinations and permutations.
		Present in primates as well as people, opponent processes is attached to a bio system that has had millions of years of evolution to solve difficult design problems.
	www.ceptualinstitute.com /genre/dockens/newcolors.htm (9833 words)

	Intro to Art in '88: Replicator Warriors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Its ability to spread in the core and to disrupt opponent code is its main strength.
		Hence replicator is a formidable opponent against a single process stone and at the same time is an easy target against scissors-type warriors.
		One way to design checksum is by observing how distinct own processes from opponent ones when running in a paper module.
	www.ecst.csuchico.edu /~pizza/koth/wangsawm/replicator.html (446 words)

	handprint : the geometry of color
		For several decades his opponent process theory was seen as an unsatisfactory alternative to the trichromatic theory, but today both theories are included in models of color vision.
		The exact shape of the opponent curves and the resulting hue discrimination differ significantly from one person to the next, probably because of individual differences in the proportions, distribution and photopigment chemistry of the L, M and S cones, and in the optical density of the lens and macular pigment.
		The opponent gradations of the light/dark distinction may be fundamental because they are instantiated in the solar light cycle, and because they fit with the universal semantic capability to define opposition or negation.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/color2.html (15131 words)

	Psy402F00SampExams
		Hurvich and Jameson offered as evidence for the validity of the opponent process spectral sensitivities that they derived their ability to predict the changing sensitivity of wavelength discrimination across the spectrum.
		Describe the model, which was the basis for that prediction, illustrating your answer with an approximate description of the spectral sensitivities of the opponent mechanisms, and the sensitivity to wavelength description the sensitivity curves predicts.
		Explain the evidence for two movement processing systems, in one of which motion information is processed before form information, and in the other of which form is processed before motion.
	www.msu.edu /course/psy/402/pastexams/SampExams.htm (7644 words)

	Learning Theories Lecture Two
		Habituation, as process, decreases responsiveness and sensitization, as process, increases responsiveness.
		A stimulus may elicit love, fear, euphoria, terror, satisfaction, etc. Opponent Process Theory is a recent theory that addresses the complex interplay of emotion-arousing stimuli.
		For all this to work, that is for all this theory of a-process and b-process to generate emotional behavior, a-process is assumed to be stronger than the b-process and a-process is assumed to habituate over repeated stimulation and b-process is assumed to sensitize.
	www.mtsu.edu /~psyskip/ltlec2.htm (3623 words)

	Senses As Waves
		Typically, in most other accounts of this sensory dependent process, chemicals in the organs are very often identified and chemical interactions are described as the causes of sensory experiences.
		These are called "opponent processes" because there apparently is a mutual cancellation of one verses the other when they are added together in the right proportions.
		The opponent processes of # 1, # 2 and # 3 above as neurological data are simply the language of the "waves"; the way that the environment communicates (and matches) its resonance's with that of the brain.
	www.johnkharms.com /senses.htm (7057 words)

	ARE THERE NON-TRIVIAL CONSTRAINTS ON COLOUR CATEGORIZATION?
		To reconcile opponent processes and basic colour terms/categories, Kay and McDaniel insisted that the categorization of the opponent colours developed according to the Berlin and Kay evolutionary rule.
		While the properties of the three types of cones are relatively uncontentious, the evidence for the opponent process theory of colour is less clear.
		The first channel processes overall luminance within the broad range of spectral frequencies that excite L and M conesthis is the L+M channel (also called the brightness channel).
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.saunders.html (18376 words)

	handprint : contrast & adaptation
		The previous pages have described color vision as a process defined at the sensory end by the photoreceptor cones and rods, and at the perceptual end by the three colormaking attributes, which are related to each other (and to physical changes in the color stimulus) by the three opponent functions.
		Complements defined in terms of the opponent processes are called visual complementary colors because their "mix to gray" relationship is determined by our visual system and the mixing of lights.
		The opponent process explanation for contrasts was unavailable in the 18th and 19th centuries, so it is typical to find instead an "eye animism" or eye volition, for example in J.W. von Goethe's claim that complementary color afterimages arise because the eye seeks "to experience completeness, to satisfy itself."
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/color4.html (17108 words)

	NAME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Edgar has shown that the suprachiasmatic nucleue of the hypothalamus, the location of the brain's endogenous circadian clock, functions to promote and maintain wakefulness at particular times of day while opposing sleepiness that accumulates across the day as a function of prior wakefulness duration.
		The interaction of these "opponent processes" is now known to be central to the fundamental mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation and sleep disorders associated with shift-work, jet-jag, and organic pathology of the circadian clock.
		Effect of SCN-lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/PBS/IE4NewWeb_Folder/IE4Faculty_Pages/IE4Complete_Bios/IE4Edgar_Dale_M.htm (770 words)

	Opponent process theory according to DeValois and DeValois (1993) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Opponent process theory works on the assumption that the ganglion cells in the eye receive information from their receptive field in a center/surround fashion.
		The slides presented are how the neural coding in the eye would look for each of the opponent process receptive fields.
		Color is processed using input from multiple ganglion cells.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /dbriihl/OpponentProcess.htm (481 words)

	Learning By Simulating Evolution Using Corewars
		There are other hills, such as a limited process hill, a multiwarrior hill (everyone fights at the same time), a beginner's hill where 'newbies' are invited to test their code, and a 'baby' hill.
		Which 'stun' the opponent and all processes that execute the JMP will jump back to the same line for the rest of the round unless acted upon.
		Although, it should be noted, when he did his experiment, the processing speed of computers was very far behind today's standards and he was limited by that.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/6898/evolving.html (9562 words)

	illata bibliotheca ____ ewald hering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ewald Hering held a theory of colour vision, the opponent processes theory, that rivaled that of Helmholtz.
		Visual sensations, according to Hering's view, were due to three pairs of antagonistic processes in the optic system - one being catabolic, the other anabolic - yielding white - fl; yellow - blue; and red - green respectively.
		Leo Hurvich and Dorothea Jameson invented the hue cancellation method to psychophysically evaluate the opponent processing nature of colour vision.
	www.radioqualia.net /illata/bibliotheca/bios/hering.html (493 words)

	Eye, Brain, and Vision
		of three opponent processes, one for red-green sensation, one for yellow-blue,
		process (you can think of it as a third voltmeter) registered fl versus white.
		processes would be correct for subsequent stages in the visual path.
	neuro.med.harvard.edu /site/dh/b44.htm (1228 words)

	Color (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Blue and yellow are considered complementary colors, or opposites: you could not experience a bluish yellow (or a greenish red), any more than you could experience a dark brightness or a hot coldness.
		If these four types are sufficiently distinct in spectral sensitivity and the neural processing of the input from the four types is developed, a person may be a tetrachromat (tetra=four).
		It is not clear that such people exist or that the human brain could actually process the information from such an extra cone type separately from the standard three.
	color.iqnaut.net (4962 words)

	CVA home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		View a color the way it would look to a particular animal, see the values of the opponent processes which comprise a sensation of color, and see the approximate spectral distribution the animal sees.
		View an entire scene the way it would appear to an animal, complete with a box of opponent processes which display the values of the pixels under your mouse pointer.
		Just point to an object in the picture, and it tells you how much each opponent process is being stimulated (and whether it is positive or negative) in that spot.
	www.eknent.com /software/cvaindex.htm (1337 words)

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