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	Air scavenging for an opposed piston opposed cylinder free piston engine - Patent 6941904
		The inner piston assembly 200 further includes a second inner piston 220 that is mounted within the second engine cylinder 144, with the head 222 of the second inner piston 220 facing away from the hydraulic pump block assembly 12 and the rear 223 facing toward the hydraulic pump block assembly 12.
		The outer piston assembly 250 also has a second outer piston 275 that is mounted within the second engine cylinder 144, with the head 276 of the second outer piston 275 facing toward the head 222 of the second inner piston 220, and the rear 277 facing toward the second scavenge pump main chamber 178.
		For the engine to be balanced, the total mass of the outer piston assembly 250—that is, all of the parts that move with the outer pistons 252 and 275—must equal the total mass of the inner piston assembly 200—that is, all of the parts that move with the inner pistons 202 and 220.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6941904.html (12894 words)

	Opposed piston - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		An opposed piston engine is one in which the cylinders are double-ended, with a piston at each end and no cylinder-head.
		Opposed piston engines are essentially two-stroke cycle engines, as there is no cylinder head for the valves of a four stroke cycle.
		In the Jumo 205 and its variants, the upper crankshaft serves the exhaust pistons, and the lower crankshaft the intake pistons.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /opposed_piston.htm (238 words)

	Encyclopedia: Two-stroke cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The downward movement of the piston first uncovers the exhaust port, allowing most of the exhaust to be expelled, and then uncovers the intake port through which an air-fuel mixture (the fuel normally has some oil mixed in) is let into the cylinder.
		The piston then moves upwards, compressing the mixture which is ignited by a spark plug, driving the piston back down.
		A connection (inlet port) between the crankcase and the carburetor is uncovered by the piston as it rises, and the air-fuel mixture is sucked into the crankcase.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Two_stroke-cycle (3666 words)

	Opposed piston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		An opposed piston engine is one in which the cylinders are double-ended, with a piston at each end and nocylinder-head.
		Opposed piston engines are essentially two-stroke cycle engines,as there is no cylinder head for the valves of a four stroke cycle.
		In the Jumo 205 and its variants, the upper crankshaft serves the exhaust pistons, and the lowercrankshaft the intake pistons.
	www.therfcc.org /opposed-piston-125998.html (237 words)

	Two plus two stroke opposed piston heat engine - Patent 4996953
		The most common internal combustion engine is the four-stroke engine, in which a piston in a cylinder moves in an intake stroke to increase the volume of the cylinder, a compression stroke to decrease the volume, a power stroke, and exhaust stroke; a total of four strokes in a cycle.
		The piston assemblies 10 and 12 are coupled so that the power stroke of each of the power pistons 12 and 12a serve to motivate the intake stroke of the corresponding intake piston 10 or 10a.
		The piston crown is formed with integral internal ports or passages 102 and 104 leading from the piston top to a lateral side position to communicate with the inlet and exhaust ports formed in the cylinder wall.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4996953.html (7708 words)

	Opposed-piston engines
		Movement of the opposed pistons is such that the crowns are closest together near the center of the cylinder.
		Next, the lower piston covers the exhaust ports, as indicated in view F, and air continues to fill the cylinder until the upper piston covers the scavenging air ports.
		Therefore, the pressure acting on the upper piston is less than the pressure that was acting on the lower piston when it began to deliver power.
	www.tpub.com /engine3/en3-18.htm (1198 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		At least one cylinder with opposed pistons mounted for reciprocation within the cylinder is mounted within the center section and one each of the opposed power cams is mounted within a respective one of the end sections.
		The pistons of the present invention are also uniquely designed to include facing combustion surfaces with outer perimeters, the outer perimeters of the combustion surfaces each having a profiled surface, the profiled surfaces mate to form a combustion chamber between the piston combustion surfaces.
		The four bar linkage 172 allows the linear movement of pistons 38 and 40 to be translated into rotational movement of the cams 46 and 48 with none of the reactive forces caused by the pistons driving the cams being translated through the pistons 38 and 40 to the cylinder wall 98.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/106827.031224&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9460 words)

	Opposed piston engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It should not be confused with the flat engine (often called a "Boxer") which has a single crankshaft with its two cylinder banks set 180° apart.
		Shown is layout of an Otto cycle two stroke engine similar to the one what has been developed by the engineer Kurt Bang at Prüssing Office on the basis of the prewar DKW race engine.
		The engine had two cylinders with four pistons, two crankshafts and a supercharger.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Opposed_piston_engine (538 words)

	Piston engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It is as revolutionary a paradigm as the Wankel engine and the piston engine, and appears to overcome the limitations of both.
		Mahle Pistons and Cylinders Manufactures pistons, piston pins, piston rings, cylinders, liners, con rods, bearings and light alloy engine blocks.
		Bradford Piston and Piston Ring Co. Ltd Manufacturer of piston and sealing rings.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Piston_engine.html (404 words)

	Internal combustion engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Combustion of the fuel charge inside a chamber causes a rapid rise in temperature and pressure of the gases in the chamber, which are permitted to expand.
		A single sweep of the cylinder by the piston in an upward or downward motion is known as a stroke and the downward stroke that occurs directly after the air-fuel mix in the cylinder is ignited is known as a power stroke.
		The down side to having more pistons is that, over all, the engine will tend to weigh more and tend to generate more internal friction as the greater number of pistons rub against the inside of their cylinders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internal_combustion_engine (2777 words)

	Opposed piston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		More recently, the term opposed piston has been used to descibe the Stelzer engine, a quite different and revolutionary design proposed by Frank Stelzer.
		Bergner Metalurgica Manufacturer of compressor (piston type) spare parts: Valves, piston rod packings, scraper rings, PTFE piston rings, for Ateliers Francois, ABC, Belliss and Morcom and other compressors.
		Walter Piston PBS article includes biography, quotes from Leroy Anderson and Leonard Bernstein, compliments on his teaching ability, and mention of his textbooks.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Opposed_piston.html (446 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The upper and lower pistons drive separate crankshafts which are interconnected by a vertical drive shaft and gears with a suitable flexible coupling of coil spring design.
		Fresh air is admitted to the cylinders and exhaust gases are expelled by the pistons uncovering and covering the inlet ports and the upper end and the exhaust ports near the lower end of the cylinder.
		After the air from the rotary type blower is introduced into the cylinder, sweeping out the burned gases from the previous cycle, the pistons cover the exhaust and inlet ports on the compression part of the cycle and compress the charge between the two pistons.
	www.trainnet.org /Libraries/Lib002/OP_ENGIN.TXT (491 words)

	Mechanical Flowmeters
		The piston is guided by a control roller within the measuring chamber, and the motion of the piston is transferred to a follower magnet which is external to the flowstream.
		As in a reciprocating piston engine, fluid is drawn into one piston chamber as it is discharged from the opposed piston in the meter.
		Piston pumps are sized on the basis of the displacement of the piston and the required flow rate and discharge pressure.
	www.omega.com /literature/transactions/volume4/T9904-08-MECH.html (5732 words)

	A History of Aeronautics - Chapter V. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Another good example of this type of engine was the Eole, which had eight opposed pistons, each pair of which was actuated by a common combustion chamber at the centre of the engine, two crankshafts being placed at the outer ends of the engine.
		Stepped pistons were adopted, and the charging pump at one end was used to scavenge the power cylinder at the other ends of the engine, the transfer ports being formed in the main casting.
		The openings of these ports were controlled at both ends by the pistons, and the location of the ports appears to have made it necessary to take the exhaust from the bottom of one cylinder and from the top of the other.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/tech/engineering/AHistoryofAeronautics/chap38.html (1532 words)

	Submarine Main Propulsion Diesels - Chapter 1
		As the piston travels toward the inner dead center during the compression stroke, the air in the cylinder is reduced in volume.
		The piston rod is attached to a crosshead, and the connecting rod is attached to the crosshead so that it may turn freely on the crosshead pin.
		Piston action is so timed that at one point of travel the two pistons come into close proximity to each other near the, center of the cylinder.
	www.maritime.org /fleetsub/diesel/chap1.htm (6722 words)

	Opposed piston engine -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It has also been used for marine auxiliary generators and for larger marine propulsion engines, notably (Click link for more info and facts about Fairbanks-Morse) Fairbanks-Morse (An internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil) diesel engines used in US (A submersible warship usually armed with torpedoes) submarines both conventional and nuclear.
		With the addition of (Compressor that forces increased oxygen into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine) supercharger or (Click link for more info and facts about turbocharger) turbocharger opposed piston engines can very efficient (Click link for more info and facts about two-stroke cycle) two-stroke cycle Diesel engines.
		However some attempts were made to build non-diesel 4-stroke engines but as there is no cylinder head the bad location of the valves and the spark plug makes them unefficient.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/op/opposed_piston_engine.htm (325 words)

	Aviation Fuels: Chapter 12: Aircraft Piston Engines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The engine’s power is generated by the force exerted on the piston by the rapid expansion of gases resulting from the combustion of a compressed fuel-air mixture.
		The power from the motion of the piston is transmitted through a connecting rod to a crankshaft, which is coupled to the propeller.
		This upward motion of the piston is the compression stroke.
	www.chevron.com /products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/aviationfuel/12_aircraft_piston_engines.shtm (2128 words)

	Doxford Engine Friends Association Karl Otto Keller (1877 - 1942) Page. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Doxfords had been experimenting on a single piston diesel unit for the past twelve months, this was later abandoned in favour of the opposed piston type.
		It was a single-cylinder Opposed Piston Unit and was part of an engine developing 450 H.P. The cylinder bore was 500mm and it was to run at 130rpm.
		It was after the war his inventive genius of the internal combustion engineering was successfully developed a four cylinder opposed piston Doxford engine which was first installed in the motor ship “Yngaren” (1921) and other vessels.
	www.doxford-engine.com /keller.htm (537 words)

	Multi-crankshafts opposed piston engines (1)
		They had to be temporarily withdrawn from duty due to piston and cylinder liner problems, but from 1937 onwards they enabled the North and South transatlantic seaplane routes for Lufthansa.
		The Junkers aircraft 2-stroke diesels comprised 6 in-line vertical cylinders, 12 pistons and 2 crankshafts coupled by a gear train, also used for the propeller reduction gear.
		The lower pistons opened the intake ports, the upper ones opening the exhaust ports.
	www.histomobile.com /histomob/tech/2/120.htm (512 words)

	Braking Points (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Each primary piston measures 2 inches in diameter, with each secondary piston having a diameter of 0.2 inch.
		The distance from the disc edge to the piston center is 1 inch.
		One method is to measure the disc radius (R1) and subtract from it the distance between the disc outer edge and caliper piston center (R2).
	www.carcraft.com /techarticles/76680/index2.html (453 words)

	Search Results for piston - Encyclopædia Britannica
		in mechanical engineering, sliding cylinder with a closed head (the piston) that is moved reciprocally in a slightly larger cylindrical chamber (the cylinder) by or against pressure of a fluid, as...
		The pistons are cup-shaped cylindrical castings of steel or aluminum alloy.
		The piston displacement is the volume swept by the piston during one...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=piston&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (508 words)

	APR - High Performance Development for Audi Vehicles
		Piston sizing and rotor leverage are chosen to match the brake bias characteristics of the original vehicle.
		Differential piston bores optimize pad wear and movement by balancing forces with tempurature gradients across the pad surface.
		Optimal opposed piston sizing allows for OEM piston matching for proper loading for the ABS pump cycle rates.
	www.goapr.com /Audi/products/brake_stasis_c5a642.html (580 words)

	Fairbanks Morse Engine - an EnPro Industries company
		The Fairbanks Morse Opposed Piston (OP) engine has been designed and developed for a wide array of electrical power generation and heavy industrial applications.
		Pistons, Bearings, and Connecting Rods - Upper and lower piston assemblies may be removed from the lower crankcase, simplifying maintenance procedures.
		Due to the Opposed Piston's two-stroke cycle design and conservative operating speed (900 and 1000 rpm), aluminum alloy main and rod bearing life is extended.
	www.fairbanksmorse.com /engine_opposed_piston_model_38.php?return=marine_power.php (336 words)

	National Railroad Museum – Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific No. 767 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		By stacking two pistons in one cylinder, the FM engine was able to generate almost twice as much power from the same number of cylinders as engines from competitors.
		Before building locomotives of their own design, FM opposed piston engines were used to repower passenger motor cars.
		Their opposed piston engine was still popular in marine use and is to this day.
	www.nationalrrmuseum.org /collections-052-diesel-cmstpp-767.html (481 words)

	Flight Centennial Portfolio, Piston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		How many pistons, in how many aircraft, have stroked their way to new speed and distance records; to war; to the next town for lunch; to distant continents?
		The heart of this piston is workaday gray aluminum alloy.
		But, when dressed in gold plate, its true measure is seen: a carefully engineered, precision piece of aviation history ready to occupy an important place in hangar or home.
	www.flight2003art.com /portfolio/piston.html (135 words)

	Green Car Congress: Concept: Oscillating Piston Engine (Another Toroidal Engine)
		A toroidal engine is one in which the power pistons rotate in a perfectly circular chamber with the drive shaft at the geometric center.
		The thrust disks use coaxial shafts and a dual scotch yoke mechanism to couple the motion of the oscillating pistons to a single crankshaft.
		The round cylinder block containing the pistons, connecting discs and coaxial output shafts continuously rotates in a counter-clockwise direction, with a 90° rotation for every complete revolution of the rotating crankshaft.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2006/05/concept_oscilla.html (1276 words)

	A Question of Balance - Gas Engine Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Horizontally opposed engines, which effectively cancel out primary engine imbalances, were among the earliest designs to address this basic quest, and manufacturers across the spectrum of engines adopted the design.
		To this day, the opposed engine is still the prime mover for a number of automotive manufacturers, chief among them are Porsche and Subaru.
		The rear piston attaches to the crankshaft via a conventional-looking connecting rod, while the front piston is attached to the crankshaft by way of a large, u-shaped rod running around both sides of the cylinder back to the crankshaft.
	www.gasenginemagazine.com /archive/1104/story.asp (1357 words)

	Flow Systems, Inc. - El-O-Matic Pneumatic Rack & Pinion Rotary Actuator
		Air pressure is applied to two piston areas simultaneously to deliver a "balanced force" across the diameter of a common pinion gear.
		Elimination of metal-to-metal contact between pistons and cylinder wall reduces friction for outstanding cycle life, smooth piston travel, and maximum power.
		Equal spring force application to each piston enhances actuator life while conversion from double acting to spring return is simple and safe.
	www.flowsysinc.com /pneumatic-features.php (324 words)

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