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Topic: Political opposition

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	Opposition Parties: Benefits and Challenges in Building Sustainable Democracy
		Limited attention has been paid to the conduct of the opposition political parties, particularly their role in forging “participatory governance.” The purpose of this paper is fourfold: to bring this issue to the forefront of our national debate, spur dialogue, transform the interface between the ruling and opposition parties, and help consolidate multiparty democracy.
		Opposition political party is defined as partisan political institutions that are intentionally designed to temper the ruling party’s excesses while still pursuing both legislative and presidential offices.
		Partisan opposition parties, if functional, have the capacity to serve as the outlets through which citizens who feel unrepresented and underserved by the ruling government are empowered to give voice to their political aspirations and expectations.
	www.theperspective.org /articles/1020200602.html (4105 words)

	Parliamentary opposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system.
		By their very presence in the debating chamber, parliamentary oppositions recognize the legitimacy of the system of politics, and thus may share many of the views of the government.
		The title of "Official Opposition" usually goes to the largest of the parties sitting in opposition with its leader being given the title Leader of the Opposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parliamentary_opposition (329 words)

	The Opposition in a Parliamentary System (BP47e) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Genuine political opposition is a necessary attribute of democracy, tolerance, and trust in the ability of citizens to resolve differences by peaceful means.
		The role of the opposition in a parliamentary federation such as Canada’s is obviously different from that of congressional representatives in a pluralist federation like the United States, where legislators exercise considerably more independence and need not take their cue from the executive branch.
		In national politics during the years when I was in the government, I watched the Opposition perform their duty vigorously and industriously, with courage and determination.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp47-e.htm (6106 words)

	iranian.com: Tina Ehrami, Iran's political opposition: a birth of a new era or another political miscarriage?
		It was also due to this same "dirty" politics that almost thirty years ago an exodus of Iranians left to mainly the United States and Europe to find a new place to live, work and continue their political opposition activities.
		The new political activists could teach the old political activists to reach out together to reach a common goal instead of holding tight to their own ideological convictions.
		The new political activists, mainly students in Iran, see and feel the need for political change everyday; it is in their direct interest to have support and attention.
	www.iranian.com /Ehrami/2006/October/Opposition/index.html (1085 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies
		Party opposition is the main channel for expressing social discontent against the powers-that-be and the most efficient way to acquaint the official authorities and the broad public with a particular point of view.
		Opposition in the case of states undergoing transition should be understood as antagonism between the strategic and tactical goals of different political parties, movements, and blocs and the strategic and tactical policy of the power institutions.
		But this opposition camp is extremely variegated and splintered according to regional, political, and tribal principles, which, frankly speaking, is characteristic of all political organizations at the early stages of democracy.
	www.ca-c.org /journal/eng-04-2000/07.mamit.shtml (473 words)

	The Status of the Political Opposition in Palestine
		The opposition is diverse; some figures originally from the opposition have become Ministers; some Fateh independents are seen as part of the opposition.
		Not all opposition is in the form of political parties; despite the registration of many groups as parties.
		One of the demands of the opposition parties in the National Dialogue was the release of imprisoned activists.
	www.phrmg.org /monitor1997/may97-9.htm (1878 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 13, OPPOSITION: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Opposition is born of a diversity of opinions, which can be reduced to unity by no art or science, however great the effort.
		All opposition, therefore, is outside the law from the moment that it denies the political pact and seeks not the control of the government but its destruction.
		Oppositions usually have a marvelous aptitude for self-discipline; every opposition has a tendency to provide itself with leaders and to become systematic: that is, not to confine itself to criticism of isolated acts of the government, but to condemn them and combat them en masse.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy783.html (1927 words)

	Campaigns & Elections: Gotcha! - opposition research in political campaigns - includes related article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Another concern with opposition research, he says, is that it focuses too much attention on the personal peccadilloes of candidates, at the expense of serious policy debate.
		To be sure, opposition research is not a recent symptom of modern social decline -- it's been around in one form or another since the birth of the Republic.
		Opposition research is not the sole province of any specific ideology or political party.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2519/is_n8_v15/ai_15721107 (1479 words)

	Laos - Political Opposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Political stability, provided by the leadership of a single party, is said to be necessary for economic growth.
		Restrictions on political opposition do not appear to be a salient issue among a majority of the population, although a small number of educated Laotians in intellectual, student, and bureaucratic circles have raised a few protests.
		Whether the government will encounter political opposition from a broader segment of Laotian society as it moves to a more market-oriented economy and increasingly opens its doors to Western influence remains to be seen.
	countrystudies.us /laos/94.htm (377 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Egypt \| Opposition on the offensive
		Rabie said the opposition's programme is so comprehensive and radical that it calls for amending the constitution, curtailing the president's powers, and bringing an end to the 23-year-old state of emergency.
		Among the opposition's other demands: the establishment of a higher judiciary committee to supervise elections; the abrogation of the current political parties law to open the door wide for all citizens to freely establish parties; legislating the right to organise public demonstrations and protests; and ensuring the independency of professional syndicates, labour unions and NGOs.
		In their meeting last Tuesday, representatives of the opposition alliance vowed that, "they would never compromise on the proposed national dialogue." The political positions they would adopt during the dialogue with the NDP, they said, would stem from the agenda they embraced at the 21 September meeting.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/719/eg1.htm (1045 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA - CAUCASUS ANALYST
		According to Solih, Erk’s activities should be characterized as attempts to build a constructive political opposition which, based on the party’s program, would be able to systematically evaluate the government policies and participate in parliamentary and presidential elections.
		However, with the increasing political and economic involvement of the United States in the region, there are signs that the secular opposition is becoming more assertive, while the government shows initial signs of gradually changing its policies.
		While these events clearly point to changing tactics on the part of Karimov’s government toward the political opposition, it remains to be seen whether it constitutes a move towards the liberalization of the politics or a move to weaken and divide the opposition.
	www.cacianalyst.org /view_article.php?articleid=1873 (1151 words)

	communist resitance
		Political dissenters were under no illusion as to the consequences of their actions.
		Their Politics were viewed by many as threatening due to notions of the “Red Menace” thus they could count on little support from public opinion.
		Opposition activities were carried out on the individual scale as well as by organized resistance cells.
	hometown.aol.com /baronvanc/resist.htm (5271 words)

	EGYPT: Opposition Skeptical over Constitutional Reform
		Despite assurances that political transformation is in the offing, opposition figures and reformists point to last year's amendment of Article 76 of the constitution, which paved the way for Egypt's first-ever multi-candidate election.
		This meant that the opposition Muslim Brotherhood, which is not an official party despite its control of roughly one fifth of parliament, was barred from running a candidate.
		Echoing the fears of political opposition groups, El Amrani also voiced doubts that the proposed anti-terror legislation would represent a substantial improvement over the current state of emergency, which gives the government wide-ranging powers of arrest without trial.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=35800 (1026 words)

	Azerbaijan: Political opposition leaders must receive fair trial - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Violent clashes between opposition activists protesting election irregularities and officers from the police and MVD special forces in the centre of the capital Baku on 16 October left hundreds of protestors and dozens of police officers injured, many seriously, and claimed at least one death.
		Over 50 independent and opposition journalists covering the demonstration were reportedly severely beaten by police and several were detained along with scores of protestors and bystanders.
		Hundreds of opposition activists, officials and supporters - mainly, but not exclusively, of the Musavat party - were detained throughout the country reportedly for "instigating, organizing or participating in violent activities".
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGEUR550012004?open&of=ENG-AZE (679 words)

	www.BlackCrayon.com: Dictionary: Definitions
		In politics, collectivism is an emphasis on the rights and responsibilities of different classes or groups, and proposes collective strategies for improving the conditions of those classes and groups considered to be disadvantaged.
		The fact is that libertarianism is not and does not pretend to be a complete moral, or aesthetic theory; it is only a political theory, that is, the important subset of moral theory that deals with the proper role of violence in social life.
		Political capitalism is anti-competitive because established capitalists use the coercive power of the State to curtail entrepreneurial competition.
	www.blackcrayon.com /library/dictionary/definitions (10327 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Latin America/Caribbean / Venezuelan political opposition crushed
		As Chavez moves to further centralize power and advance what he calls his revolution for the poor, the risk that extremists will turn to violence was underscored by the assassination Thursday of a state attorney who was intending to prosecute supporters of the failed 2002 coup.
		The newspaper went so far as to suggest new opposition leaders be found and that the old guard be quietly dumped, sacrificing their political careers in favor of a greater need.
		Enrique Mendoza, one of the best-known opposition leaders, has kept an uncharacteristically low profile since he was ousted as a state governor last month in the regional elections, beaten by former Vice President Diosdado Cabello, a strong Chavez loyalist.
	www.boston.com /news/world/latinamerica/articles/2004/11/21/venezuelan_political_opposition_crushed (747 words)

	Bangladesh: Opposition Struggles for Political Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Opposition on the other hand is worried that government can once again misuse the state machinery to rig the elections, as it has done in some previous by-elections.
		The opposition wants the chief adviser and the chief election commissioner to be appointed in consultation with major political parties so that he is acceptable to all.
		Leader of the Opposition in Parliament and Awami League President, Sheikh Hasina has alleged that the Government was hatching a conspiracy to keep the opposition out of the next general elections to ensure its return to power.
	www.saag.org /\papers14\paper1378.html (1750 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Profile: Saudi political opposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The ban on political parties and strict control of the media mean that no formal opposition to the government and/or the royal family is allowed - even though critical voices can be heard in private.
		Not until the 1990s did the Saudi political opposition voice in exile begin to be heard again, this time from London.
		While anything like a strong and broad-based political opposition movement is nowhere on the horizon, there have been small but significant steps taken since late 2003 in the form of petitions calling for reform.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/3772583.stm (768 words)

	Political Affairs Magazine - Disloyal Opposition: Anti-Chávez Parties Serve Bush Administration’s Narrow Ideological ...
		In essence, the opposition is prepared to sacrifice the nation’s democratic system to serve its immediate objective of ousting the government by any means, on the false grounds that the authorities cannot guarantee free and fair elections.
		After their complaints succeeded in convincing the national electoral council (CNE) to refrain from implementing a fingerprinting system, the opposition parties subsequently declared that the removal of the fingerprint scanners was insufficient and that the CNE could not be trusted: in essence the opposition is crying fraud before a single vote has been cast.
		The opposition on the other hand, despite its control of most of the major media, has remained on the sideline, more interested in beseeching their Washington backers to somehow intervene in Venezuela’s affair,than wholeheartedly participating in Venezuelan democratic procedures.
	www.politicalaffairs.net /article/articleview/2291/1/133 (689 words)

	mau001 Mauritanian opposition laments political climate
		Opposition parties have been banned and one former presidential candidate is accused of "criminal conspiracy" in a Nouakchott court.
		The eight opposition parties, in a letter addressed on Tuesday to visiting Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade, decried Mauritania's lack of civil liberties and called upon Wade to press for more freedom, including on the political plane, AFP reported on Tuesday.
		The parties cited human rights abuses, press censorship, the banning of political parties and the unlawful arrests of opposition leaders as some of the violations of the regime.
	www.afrol.com /News2001/mau001_political_climate.htm (711 words)

	Indian Political Opposition Gets New Chief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		India's former deputy prime minister, Lal Krishna Advani, has taken charge of the opposition Hindu nationalist party five months after it was unexpectedly voted out of power.
		But political observers say the BJP will have to dump Hindu-based issues and look at real problems such as development and unemployment if it wants to come back to power.
		Political analyst Subhash Kashyap, with the independent Center for Policy Research, says despite the rhetoric Mr.
	quickstart.clari.net /voa/art/gn/2004-10-27-voa35.html (398 words)

	Serbia - political opposition - Worldpress.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The regime’s crackdown has intensified since Jan. 10, when political opposition leaders gathered to hammer out a joint strategy against Milosevic and called for general elections by the end of April.
		First, the regime attacked the opposition, which has been trying to end the country’s international isolation by meeting with European Union and U.S. officials and negotiating for humanitarian aid and the lifting of sanctions.
		Opposition leaders believe that the mounting repression is central to Milosevic’s strategy in the run-up to elections.
	www.worldpress.org /print_article.cfm?article_id=1493&dont=yes (746 words)

	IRI : Around The Globe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As Slovakia’s political isolation from both its East and West European neighbors became increasingly evident and costly, Me_iar’s popularity began to fade and his political opposition gained strength.
		In July 1997 the opposition parties, many of which IRI has worked with since 1994, took a major political step forward when they negotiated and announced the formation of a five party electoral coalition - the Slovak Democratic Coalition (SDK) - in preparation for national parliamentary elections expected later this year.
		While the opposition parties have gradually been strengthening their position, Prime Minister Me_iar`s alliance with the right wing Slovak National Party (SNS) and the leftist Association of Workers (ZRS) has been riven by tensions.
	www.iri.org /pub.asp?id=1804315448 (1762 words)

	The Opposition Struggles In Mexico
		The opposition’s withdrawal from the political limelight comes at a time when national and international attention are focused on the policies of the Salinas government, particularly its management of the country’s huge $106 billion foreign debt and its moves to modernize the beleaguered Mexican economy.
		Doubts about Salinas’ commitment to political reform were raised when Salinas appointed to key government posts several old-guard political leaders known for their opposition to opening the system.
		Continued pressure by the opposition and channeling of public discontent, however, is considered vital if any political reforms are to occur, according to political analysts and members of the PRI who Support an opening of the political system.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF1202/Bilello/Bilello.html (2600 words)

	Political Affairs Magazine - The Illegality of "Legal Opposition" in Colombia
		At the beginning, the coup was supported by the population and enjoyed the acquiescence of the country's political and economic elites, granting a new nature to authoritarianism, very different from that the Southern Cone experienced years later with their military dictatorships.
		Notwithstanding this "democratic" image, in practice political opposition in Colombia has traditionally had very limited margins for legal activity, and has constantly been pushed toward non-institutional forms of action.
		Still, one of the opposition movements most affected by the terrorist policies in the history of the Colombian state has been the Unión Patriótica (UP), born of the Cease Fire, Truce and Peace Accords (The Uribe Accords) signed between the FARC-EP and the administration of President Belisario Betancur (1982 - 1986) on March 28, 1984.
	www.politicalaffairs.net /article/articleview/3261/1/162 (1801 words)

	Kazakhstan: Freed Opposition Leader Returns To Almaty - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Among those who met and welcomed Zhaqiyanov were opposition leaders, including Zharmakhan Tuyakbai, the current head of the opposition group For a Just Kazakhstan, as well as Zhaqiyanov’s family members and friends.
		Authorities were forced to release Ghalymzhan upon legal demands, that is, on one hand, a result of pressure from opposition forces," he said. "On the other hand -- and that’s most important -- Ghalymzhan is free and he regained his position among us, democratic forces.
		Sharipzhan highlighted the difficulties faced by opposition candidates -- including the untimely deaths of prominent opposition leaders -- and argued that they effectively chilled the political environment in the country.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2006/01/f898bf0f-1e6a-414b-938f-bfddb59a6473.html (1129 words)

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