Opposition to the American Revolutionary War

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Topic: Opposition to the American Revolutionary War

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	The History Place - Prelude to Revolution
		The American colonists quickly unite in opposition, led by the most influential segments of colonial society - lawyers, publishers, land owners, ship builders and merchants - who are most affected by the Act, which is scheduled to go into effect on November 1.
		is passed by the English Parliament to offset the war debt brought on by the French and Indian War and to help pay for the expenses of running the colonies and newly acquired territories.
		Colonial lawyers John Adams and Josiah Quincy successfully defend Captain Preston and six of his men, who are acquitted.
	www.historyplace.com /unitedstates/revolution/rev-prel.htm

	Reader's Companion to American History - -ADAMS, SAMUEL
		An organizer of Boston's Sons of Liberty, he played a key role from 1765 until the end of the War of Independence in Patriot opposition to what Adams believed was a British plot to destroy constitutional liberty.
		The son of a Boston merchant and maltster, Adams was a 1740 graduate of Harvard College where he publicly defended the thesis that it is "lawful to resist the Supreme Magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot be otherwise preserved." Adherence to this principle was ever afterward a central theme in his career.
		It was Samuel Adams who conceived of the Boston Committee of Correspondence and took a leading role in its formation and operations from 1772 through 1774.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/rc_001100_adamssamuel.htm

	peruhis.htm
		In 1924, during the reign of Augusto Leguía y Salcedo, exiled Peruvian intellectuals founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), which became the most influential of Peru's political parties.
		In 1824 Venezuelan revolutionary hero Simón Bolívar routed the Spanish in two battles to confirm the end of Spanish rule.
		By the early 19th century, opposition to imperial rule was growing, and in 1821 an invasion army under the command of Argentine soldier José de San Martín entered Lima.
	www.siue.edu /~jbueno/COURSES/FL111C/AIDS/Topical_Index/peruhis.htm (487 words)

	CPUSA Online - Fascism and the Fight Against It
		Such a party would be a specific form of the mass People's Front in America and should be put in opposition to the parties of the trusts and the banks, and likewise to growing fascism.
		"The Communist International puts no conditions for unity of action except one, and at that an elementary condition acceptable to all workers, viz., that the unity of action be directed against fascism, against the offensive of capital, against the threat of war, against the class enemy.
		In contradistinction to German fascism, which acts under anti-constitutional slogans, American fascism tries to portray itself as the custodian of the Constitution and 'American democracy.' It does not as yet represent a directly menacing force.
	www.cpusa.org /article/articleview/499/1/104 (487 words)

	What's Left?
		This wide ranging protest movement was opposed to the rather nebulous threat posed by capitalist globalization, so think what could happen, now that there's a real live war to focus the opposition, build an anti-war movement and create the potential for insurrection.
		To this day ludicrously sectarian groups like the Maoist International Movement (MIM) contend not only that the American white working class is completely unrevolutionary, but that vanguardist revolutionaries "down with the people" should reduce their own living standard to that of your average Third World peasant.
		I'm tempted to give the anti-war movement the same advice regarding its burdensome leadership as the US State Department is giving the people of Afghanistan with respect to the fanatic Taliban.
	www.huahuacoyotl.com /december01.html (487 words)

	AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY VANGUARD____________________________________________________
		This page contains links to hundreds of groups, organizations, movements, publications, alternative media and other sites devoted to such issues as anti-statism, class war, international resistance to global capital, minority rights, civil liberties, armed struggle, survivalism, anti-Zionism, opposition to schools, cops and prisons and other matters that ARV is concerned with.
		These folks believe the only way to prevent a Yugoslavia/Rwanda style racial/cultural civil war in the U.S. is to establish separate homelands for rival ethnic groups on the North American continent.
		More that 1 in 30 Americans is either in prison, jail, psychiatric prisons, military concentration camps, juvenile reformatories, some other form of detention or on probation or parole.
	www.attackthesystem.com /links.html (2034 words)

	Mapleleafweb.com: The Official Opposition in Canada
		In March of 1782, following the defeat of the British army in the American Revolutionary War at Yorktown, the majority of members of the British Parliament voted that they could “no longer repose confidence in the present ministers.” The Prime Minister at the time (Lord North) subsequently asked King George III to accept his resignation.
		While the opposition parties represented in the House of Commons have changed throughout the course of Canadian history, one of the most striking trends in Canadian politics since the 1990s has been the waning dominance of traditional, national political parties such as the Liberals, Conservatives, and NDP, and the emergence of regionally-based opposition parties.
		After the 1925 federal election: the Official Opposition, represented by the Conservative Party, is actually the party with the greatest number of elected members in the House of Commons.
	www.mapleleafweb.com /features/parliament/official-opposition/canada-parliamentary-history.html (915 words)

	AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY VANGUARD____________________________________________________
		This page contains links to hundreds of groups, organizations, movements, publications, alternative media and other sites devoted to such issues as anti-statism, class war, international resistance to global capital, minority rights, civil liberties, armed struggle, survivalism, anti-Zionism, opposition to schools, cops and prisons and other matters that ARV is concerned with.
		The possible constituency for a serious revolutionary movement to end the progression into NWO tyranny, domestic totalitarianism and Third World social conditions is enormous.
		This is a constituency that the revolutionary movement cannot afford to ignore.
	www.attackthesystem.com /links.html (915 words)

	MSN Encarta - Cold War
		This mistaken assumption led to the Korean War (1950-1953), which pitted American-led United Nations forces against the military forces of North Korea and China (which had become a Communist republic under the leadership of Mao Zedong in late 1949).
		They did so to restore the collapsed Eastern Front in their war effort against Germany; however, to Lenin and his colleagues, the intervention represented an assault on Russia’s feeble new revolutionary regime.
		Cold War, term used to describe the post-World War II struggle between the United States and its allies and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its allies.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761569374 (2666 words)

	League for Socialist Action (Canada) - Enpsychlopedia
		Maurice Spector, editor of the Communist Party newspaper The Worker had been a Canadian delegate to the 1928 Comintern Congress in Moscow when he and American James Cannon inadvertently came across the suppressed platform of Trotsky 's Left Opposition.
		In 1977 supporters of the Revolutionary Marxist Group and a separate Quebec organization, the Groupe Marxiste Revolutionnarie, united with the League for Socialist Action and the Ligue Socialiste Ouvrière to form the Revolutionary Workers League/Ligue Ouvrière Révolutionnaire which became the new Canadian section of the USFI.
		The SWL collapsed during World War II but was relaunched in 1946 as the Revolutionary Workers Party, Canadian Section of the Fourth International, under the leadership of Ross Dowson.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/League_for_Socialist_Action (2666 words)

	Carlism
		Beside this political evolution, the years before the Carlist wars were marked with a deep economic crisis in Spain, partly spurred by the loss of the American colonies and by the bankruptcy of the state.
		A fake quotation can be found among Spanish historians, where Marx would express a view of the Carlists as a revolutionary popular movement in defence of regional liberties.
		Moreover, the first years of the 1830s were influenced by the failure of the French Restoration, which meant the end of Bourbonic absolutist rule in France; and the civil war in Portugal between both absolutist and liberal parties.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Carlism.htm (3315 words)

	El Salvador Civil War
		The government's record in the electoral arena was equally discouraging for the opposition.
		The early reaction of the Salvadoran radical left to the progression of reformist junta governments was characteristically fractious.
		The report was widely criticized in the American media and the United States Congress.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/elsalvador2.htm (3315 words)

	Marketing a War of Aggression (by Stephen Gowans) - Media Monitors Network
		The long-term interest of American governments, from the end of the Revolutionary War down to the present day, has been the expansion of national power, first on the continent, then into the Caribbean and the Pacific, and since the Second World War, everywhere on the globe.
		If the UN doesn’t authorize Washington's war of aggression, (or "wars," since there will be more to follow), it’s a way of avoiding pressing "moral" problems, and must be side-stepped.
		Chomsky, to be fair, isn’t promoting war against Iraq -- although he did tell an interviewer in January that any serious proposal to oust Saddam Hussein should be considered -- but it’s unlikely Card is tearing his hair out over Chomsky’s semi-opposition.
	www.mediamonitors.net /gowans64.html (1160 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Imperial Germany
		Bismarck used war as a way to defeat his domestic political opposition, who wanted to assert the power of the Prussian parliament to control government policies.
		The north German state of Prussia, with its capital in Berlin, fought three wars—the Danish War of 1864, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1—to forge a united Germany under its rule.
		This case study examines strategy and policy decision-making in the wars that led to the triumphal emergence of imperial Germany and to its later devastating defeat.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /CNWCaseStudies/cases/case06.htm (1160 words)

	Mapleleafweb.com: The Official Opposition in Canada
		In March of 1782, following the defeat of the British army in the American Revolutionary War at Yorktown, the majority of members of the British Parliament voted that they could “no longer repose confidence in the present ministers.” The Prime Minister at the time (Lord North) subsequently asked King George III to accept his resignation.
		While the opposition parties represented in the House of Commons have changed throughout the course of Canadian history, one of the most striking trends in Canadian politics since the 1990s has been the waning dominance of traditional, national political parties such as the Liberals, Conservatives, and NDP, and the emergence of regionally-based opposition parties.
		The emergence of new parties such as the Bloc Québécois (a Quebec-based separatist party that formed the Official Opposition from 1993 to 1997) and, the Reform Party (a western-based party that formed the Official Opposition from 1997 to 2000) has changed the nature of opposition politics in Ottawa.
	www.mapleleafweb.com /features/parliament/official-opposition/canada-parliamentary-history.html (1160 words)

	Regional Asia Philippines Society and Culture History
		Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War - Daniel B. Schirmer's history of the Anti-Imperialist League's opposition to the Philippine-American War, with a preface by Howard Zinn.
		Philippine Centennial/Sentenaryo - The Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War and their impact on politics and culture.
		Swish of the Kris - The Story of the Moros and American pacification campaigns in Mindanao, Sulu and other islands of southern Philippines, with a description of the peoples and speculates upon their undocumented and then largely unexplored origins.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Regional/Asia/Philippines/Society_and_Culture/History (3461 words)

	Socialist Party USA - Celebrating Over 100 Years As America's Voice For Democratic Socialism
		During the First World War, the American Socialist Party was one of the very few parties in the international socialist movement to maintain its opposition to the war, and many Socialists were imprisoned, including Debs himself.
		In 1928, the Socialist Party revived as an independent electoral entity under the leadership of Norman Thomas, an opponent of World War I and a founder of the American Civil Liberties Union.
		The Socialist Party aimed to become a major party; in the years prior to World War I it elected two Members of Congress, over 70 mayors, innumerable state legislators and city councilors.
	sp-usa.org /about/history/early-years.html (3461 words)

	Global Day of Action
		San Francisco was no exception: the communist anti-war group ANSWER planned to stage a large rally and march through the city, in opposition to the war and other American policies.
		In a misguided attempt to show his solidarity with the revolutionary Palestinian cause, this moronic American protester used a kaffiyeh to fashion a headdress that made him look like a Saudi oil sheik.
		So, when March 18 finally arrived, there was no one single big rally to unify everyone who was against the war and/or against the government.
	www.zombietime.com /global_day_of_action_march_18_2006 (1624 words)

	Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important and the most debated period of his life belongs to the opening years of the American Revolutionary War.
		Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel (25 April 1725- 2 October 1786), was a British admiral who held sea commands during the Seven Years' War and the War of American Independence.
		The second son of Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, he went to sea at the age of ten, and had already five years of service to his credit when he was appointed to the Centurion, and was sent with Lord Anson round the world in 1740.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel (938 words)

	Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important and the most debated period of his life belongs to the opening years of the American Revolutionary War.
		Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel ( 25 April 1725 - 2 October 1786), was a British admiral who held sea commands during the Seven Years War and the War of American Independence.
		The second son of Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, he went to sea at the age of ten, and had already five years of service to his credit when he was appointed to the Centurion, and was sent with Lord Anson round the world in 1740.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel (938 words)

	Causes of the Revolution
		Adams, Thomas R. "The British Pamphlets of the American Revolution for 1774: A Progress Report." Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 81 (1969), pp.
		Stuart, Reginald C. "'For the Lord Is a Man of Warr': The Colonial New England View of War and the American Revolution." Journal of Church and State, 23 (Autumn 1981), pp.
		From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of An Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/reference/revbib/causes.htm (1961 words)

	Freewalt.com - Barbary Corsairs
		Looking back on post-Revolutionary War America, some of the framers of the 1787 Constitution felt that the Articles were a "defective instrument of a preexisting union."[xciii] Alexander Hamilton, in particular, believed that the Articles were thrown together quickly during the war by "men of intelligence," who, "when the dangers of war were removed,.
		Tripoli and the United States at War: A History of American Relations with the Barbary States, 1785-1805.
		According to Clausewitz, the first end of a successful war is the "destruction of the enemy's military forces." The second is the capture of the enemy's country to prevent it from raising new forces.
	www.freewalt.com /socialstudies/history/american/corsairs.htm (7217 words)

	Resisting the nation state
		This broad sense of the term is still current, but in Anglo-American usage, 'pacifist' has the narrower meaning in which it refers to those whose opposition to war takes the form of refusing personally to take part in it or support it.
		The socialist anti-militarist might, if he were not a pacifist, when war broke out, join the army in the hope that thereby he could speed the downfall of capitalism, perhaps by spreading disaffection among the troops and persuading them, if a revolutionary situation arose, to use their weapons against their class enemies.
		The word 'pacifist' was coined (as recently as 1901) to refer to all those who opposed war and worked to create or maintain peace between nations.
	www.ppu.org.uk /e_publications/dd-trad1.html (735 words)

	PWHCE Middle East Project: John Negroponte, Career of a Conservative Idealist
		Negroponte's chief beneficial legacy in Iraq was the support he gave to that nation conducting a democratic election despite intense opposition from an unrepresentative insurgency and from American so-called liberal-democrats who were trying to sabotage the establishment of a democracy instead of supporting it.
		However the war-weariness of the US public was such that momentum for such a conference could not be stopped and in July 1969 a 'Peace Conference' was held in Paris between the United States, South and North Vietnam and the NLF (which had recently declared itself the 'Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam', PGR).
		Negroponte's posting to Ecuador was subsequently to prove invaluable to him because he gained an insight into South American politics and culture that would stand him in good stead in the 1980s.
	www.pwhce.org /negroponte.html (4931 words)

	Carlism
		Beside this political evolution, the years before the Carlist wars were marked with a deep economic crisis in Spain, partly spurred by the loss of the American colonies and by the bankruptcy of the state.
		The first war was noteworthy for being, in both sides, extremely brutal, up to the point that the international powers forced the warring parties some rules of war handling, namely the "Lord Elliot Agreement".
		A fake quotation can be found among Spanish historians, where Marx would express a view of the Carlists as a revolutionary popular movement in defence of regional liberties.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Carlism.htm (3315 words)

	Carlisle Page for the Annotated "Terrapin Station"
		During the revolutionary war, Carlisle was used as a prisoner of war camp for Redcoats (including Major John Andre), and as an American supply center.
		She became a well-liked figure at the court of King Charles I. During the English Civil War, she remained at court, and communicated the monarchy's secret plans to leaders of the parliamentary opposition.
		Benjamin Franklin, as a member of the colonial Pennsylvania legislature, went to Carlisle to negotiate a treaty with the Mingo, Delaware, Shawnee, Wyandot, and Miami Indians.
	arts.ucsc.edu /GDead/AGDL/carlisle.html (1189 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source
		Regime change will continue to be the desired outcome of American strategy, as long as the US remains the major military power in the world.
		The purpose of regime change is not the replacement of political and military forms (democratization), or even of personnel, but transformation of policy to suit American interests.
		The third issue of containment faced by the United States concerns the stateless Islamic revolutionary movements, which also aim at regime change - the replacement of the governments of states with majority Islamic populations with theocratic regimes, ultimately to be subsumed under a revived caliphate.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Front_Page/FF29Aa01.html (1976 words)

	Branford College - Samuel Seabury
		During the Revolutionary War, he was an opponent of American Independence and was the author of several vehement tracts defending monarchy.
		After dropping his opposition to American political independence, he went on to write a prayer for the American Congress.
		Therefore, Seabury, chosen by his peers to be the first bishop in the first American diocese, traveled to Scotland to receive consecration from three Scottish Bishops who did not recognize the authority of the King of England, on November 14, 1784.
	www.yale.edu /branford/history/people/seabury.htm (411 words)

	Carlisle Page for the Annotated "Terrapin Station"
		During the revolutionary war, Carlisle was used as a prisoner of war camp for Redcoats (including Major John Andre), and as an American supply center.
		She became a well-liked figure at the court of King Charles I. During the English Civil War, she remained at court, and communicated the monarchy's secret plans to leaders of the parliamentary opposition.
		In 1838, the federal School of Cavalry Practice was established at Carlisle, the ancestor of the United States Army War College.
	arts.ucsc.edu /gdead/agdl/carlisle.html (1189 words)

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Topic: Opposition to the American Revolutionary War

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In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)