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Topic: Oprichniki

	Staden. Description of Oprichnina
		The oprichniki ransacked the entire countryside and all the cities and villages of the zemshchina, although the Grand Prince had not given them permission to do that.
		When the oprichniki had tortured Russia— the entire zemshchina—according to their will and pleasure so that even the Grand Prince realized it was enough, the oprichniki still had not sated themselves with the money and property of the zemskie people.
		And when the oprichniki were in debted for a thousand and had a receipt, but had not fully paid, these oprichniki had to pay the zemskie people again.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/classes/staden.html (1728 words)

	Saint Luke Orthodox Church - Saints - Saints by Day - January - 1st
		The Oprichnina was itself conceived of by Ivan the Terrible in the form of a monastic brotherhood: serving God with weapon and military deeds, the Oprichniki were required to dress in monastic garb and go to church service, long and tiring, lasting from 4 to 10 o'clock in the morning.
		The remaining food the Oprichniki gathered from the table and distributed to the poor at the doorway of their refectory (dining hall).
		In the midst of the service the Oprichniki burst into the temple, they publicly read the council sentence of condemnation, and then abused the saint, tearing from him the hierarchical vestments, they dressed him in rags, dragged him out of the church and drove him off on a simple peasant's sledge to the Theophany monastery.
	www.stlukeorthodox.com /html/saints/january/9th.cfm (2771 words)

	Ivan IV Vasilyevich - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		In the first period, from 1565 to 1566, a number of princes were exiled to Kazan’, and all of their properties were confiscated and distributed to Ivan’s special corps of cavalrymen, the oprichniki.
		Among those killed in the second period (1566-1571) was the head of the church, Metropolitan Filipp Kolychëv, who had criticized the oprichnina, and Prince Vladimir Staritsky, selected as the candidate to replace Ivan had he died from his illness in 1553.
		In 1572 the oprichniki were disbanded after their failure to defend Moscow.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561311___4/Ivan_IV_Vasilyevich.html (617 words)

	OCA - Lives of all saints commemorated on this day
		The Oprichniki were required to dress in monastic garb and attend long and tiring church services, lasting from 4 to 10 o'clock in the morning.
		The Oprichniki gathered leftover food from the table and distributed it to the poor at the doorway of the trapeza.
		On the Sunday of the Veneration of the Cross, March 2, 1568, when the Tsar with his Oprichniki entered the Dormition cathedral in monastic garb, as was their custom, St Philip refused to bless him, and began openly to denounce the lawless acts committed by the Oprichniki.
	www.oca.org /FSLivesAllSaints.asp?SID=4&M=1&D=9 (2674 words)

	"Ivan the Terrible..history, biography and pictures"
		The oprichniki lived a raucous and pagan life of undisciplined exuberance and excess.
		The oprichniki constituted a security police whose relentless aim was to purge the land of treacherous elements.
		His favorites, the oprichniki leaders, died in an agonizing torture more fiendish than anything they had devised for their victims.
	ring.mithec.com /sarir/kremlin.html (439 words)

	Ivan the Terrible: The Oprichnina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The zemshchina was administered by the traditional institutions, from the boyar duma down, but the oprichnina was the personal domain of the czar and had its own administrative agencies that were separate from the zemshchina.
		The two main objectives to the Oprichnina were to end the threat of treason and to eliminate the political influence of the landed aristocracy.
		The destruction of the landed aristocracy was gained by a mass transfer of the population.
	www.marymount.k12.ny.us /marynet/studentresources/humanities/europeanhistory/SaraKim/theoprichnina.html (560 words)

	Oprichina
		The Oprichina was administered by the terroristic Oprichniki, who used extreme violence against any opposition to Ivan's rule.
		The Oprichina was a total failure and Ivan was forced to disband it in 1573.
		Instead of increasing (as Ivan had hoped), tax revenues fell, and Russia was badly prepared when the Crimean Tartars attacked in 1571.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/o/op/oprichina.html (227 words)

	Basic Content (Internet High Quality) -
		The Oprichniki was in essence a unit of loyal soldiers that operated directly under his personal control (Milner- Guland 62-3).
		Another highly effective strategy that served it well was its ability to plant agents in "subversive" organizations and then use these agents to destroy the organization from the inside, using power struggles and other destabilizing techniques.
		In contrast to the Oprichniki, the Third Section did not use a great deal of force to eliminate its enemies, but rather harried them to the point that they were unable to complete whatever it was they had set out to accomplish.
	www.muhlenberg.edu /depts/forlang/new_llc/faculty_websites/courses/rus_cult/Toolweb/papers_5.htm (1880 words)

	GRU helps create new pro-Putin youth movement :. News :. THE CHECHEN TIMES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A group of young activists in St. Petersburg announced the creation of a youth organization operating under the Eurasian Movement, which is led by Aleksandr Dugin, RosBalt reported on 18 April.
		The new organization will be called the Eurasian Youth Union, or «oprichniki," in honor of the military detachments under the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
		The oprichniki were notorious for cruelly suppressing any opposition to the tsar.
	www.chechentimes.org /en/news?id=28281 (177 words)

	Terror as a way to maintain the Russian Absolutist State: from Ivan to Stalin
		In an attempt to get him to return the boyars allowed Ivan to divide the country into two parts; the zemshchnina under a puppet prince and the Oprichnina, a territory where, "He would have the right to strike down anyone he considered a traitor.
		The Oprichniki were a law unto themselves and even went so far as to sack and burn the trading city of Novgorod.
		Ivan IV did not hesitate to dethrone Metropolitan Philip, who was highly esteemed for the saintliness of his life, because he had denounced the excesses of the Oprichnini and demanded the Tsar eliminate them.
	www.richeast.org /htwm/TERROR/TERROR.HTM (1386 words)

	The Terrible Ivan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In pursuit of the former goal the oprichniki were actually agents of the security police.
		The second objective--the destruction of the influence of the landed aristocracy--was achieved by a mass transfer of the population, a familiar policy used extensively by Vasili II, Ivan III and Vasili III.
		The territories assigned to oprichnina, including streets in Moscow and other urban centers, were cleared of property owners and occupants and settled by the oprichniki.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/09ivanIV.html (2584 words)

	Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, WA
		Philip told him that he could not be Metropolitan if the Tsar suffered the oprichniki to continue in power.
		This angered the Tsar; he told Philip that it was not for him to interfere in matters of state, and many Hierarchs prevailed upon Philip to accept the Metropolitan's throne.
		However, as the horrors committed by the oprichniki grew worse, including thefts, false accusations, murders, and all manner of injustice and rapacity, with the knowledge of the Sovereign, St Philip could not remain silent.
	home.iprimus.com.au /xenos/polyeuctus.html (760 words)

	EefyWiki - Oprichniki
		After intense background checks, the men who were selected to be in Ivan's Oprichniki (a very sinister secret-service-meets-the-mob-type group) were given power, payments, and "huge....tracts of land" for their services in the Oprichniki. These incentives led to a sense of fierce loyalty to their leader, Ivan IV Grozny.
		As part of their daily terror [regimen], the Oprichniki would impale, mutilate, whip, torture, and/or rape their victims--sometimes guilty of the crime they were charged with, usually not. They occasionally even tortured their victims in front of the tsar as he [laughedhisfreakingheadoff].
		Towards the end of their reign, however, the Oprichniki became more and more suspicious of its own members and began accusing each other of treason. This led to the leaders of the zemschina being drafted in (usually seeking protection they would otherwise not receive; don't be fooled: they were not looking to join Ivan's cause).
	eefy.editme.com /Oprichniki (201 words)

	Oprichnik
		She sits in sadness, comforted by her nurse and the women of the household.
		Andrey's mother, in spite of her troubles, disapproves of the oprichniki and the Tsar's favourite Basmanov.
		Without telling her of his intention, he joins the oprichniki, inducted by his father’s enemy, the commander Prince Vyazminsky.
	www.naxos.com /NewDesign/fintro.files/bintro.files/operas/Oprichnik.htm (237 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - - ARCHIVE - Grand Principal Court of Muscovy
		The Oprichniki are the most loyal of the Czars men and are dedicated to the protection of the Czar, the Empire, and Orthodox.
		Let it be known to all citizens of Russia; the Oprichniki are a representation of the Czars power in the land.
		The Oprichniki are the highest form of law in the land, aside from the Czar himself, and are to have access to any part of the country they want short of the Czars posetions.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=84428&page=3 (3556 words)

	EefyWiki - Oprichnina
		The Oprichniks, or Oprichniki, ruled the Oprichnina. This was a group of men--gleaned mostly from the lower levels of the military and society--directly answerable to Ivan himself, and who used extreme violence against any opposition.
		During this time, the Oprichniki killed thousands and devasted the land. Those that were not killed fled in terror to other parts of Russia.
		Because the numbers of Oprichniki were dwindling (due to several implications of treason) and because the Oprichnina obviously failed to defend the country during the attacks of the Crimean Tatars, Ivan formally disbanded the Oprichnina in 1572 or 1573 (which then lasted until 1575), but the effects were still felt long after.
	eefy.editme.com /Oprichnina (364 words)

	Holy Hierarch Philip, Mitropolitan of Moscow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		During the reading of the Gospel, the hierarch noticed that an oprichnik standing behind the Tsar was wearing a Tatar headdress, and pointed him out to Ivan.
		The oprichniki accused the Metropolitan of lying in order to humiliate the Tsar before the people.
		Suddenly the doors of the church opened and the boyar Basmanov entered with a host of oprichniki and ordered the reading of a document in which it was announced to the surprised faithful that the Metropolitan was being defrocked.
	www.stjohndc.org /russian/Saints/e_PhilipMosk.htm (1328 words)

	Talk:Ivan the Terrible (film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This was due to the implications Part 2 made about Stalin (i.e.
		Eisenstein understood this, and so at the end of Part 2 made Ivan and various members of his Oprichniki salute the camera in the name of communism as Ensign's attempt to pacify Stalin.
		Thus one of the greatest films ever made was prematurely finished, with no real ending.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Ivan_the_Terrible_(film) (836 words)

	Alexandrova Sloboda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It was from there that Ivan proclaimed the establishment of his select, terror-inspiring corps, the Oprichniki, and penned his scathing epistles to Prince Kurbsky who had enraged him by escaping execution.
		It was there that Ivan signed the harsh conditions of the truce with Poland and Sweden after losing the long war with Livonia and forfeiting the gains of his father and grandfather.
		And it was from there that he led his army of Oprichniki and landed gentry to strike at the big trade centres of Novgorod and Tver, to swoop down upon the estates of unruly boyars.
	members.fortunecity.com /dmitry_mall/alex.html (723 words)

	Goofigure
		In 1570, Ivan formed a troop of personal bodyguards called oprichniki, who answered only to him and became the vehicle for massacring his perceived enemies over a seven-year period (1565—1572).
		The landed gentry was Ivan's particular nemesis, and he unleashed his oprichniki upon thousands of them.
		He was equally guilty of domestic violence, killing his son and heir, Ivan, in a state of fury, as well as several of his wives—he is believed to have had seven of them." (InfoPlease)
	www.goofigure.com /UserPrintableVersion.asp?gooID=5892 (141 words)

	LankaWeb news
		The JVP, on the one hand, held the people at gun point and on the other there were those guardians of the law and order unleashing counter terror.
		The most dreaded death squads were roaming the south like oprichniki of Ivan the Terrible, the only difference being that they didn't ride fl horses with the symbols of a broom and the head of dog on their saddles.
		But coming as they did in virtual mobile torture chambers that were the vehicles sans registration numbers they used, they established the government writ on the south with the help of mutilated corpses left on the way side on smoldering tyres.
	www.lankaweb.com /news/items/190298-1.html (1592 words)

	Dodeska [About]
		A site-specific performance inspired by the life and work of Sergei Eisenstein which combines an audio world experienced through headphones with live, silent actors.
		The Oprichniki is set in a loft in a dark and magical Brooklyn, where a filmmaker's activities are attracting increasing attention from the half-human "Oprichniki,"a government organization named after Ivan the Terrible's secret police.
		After his mentor is murdered, he sets out to capture one of the Oprichniki and make a new kind of film.
	www.dodeska.com /about.htm (240 words)

	Review by Paul Berenson
		The curtain rises on the Oprichniki, or Tsar's Bodyguard, Gryaznoy recounting his youthful debauchery, but he's in love now with the beautiful Marfa.
		The Oprichniki are intimidating as they sing of their prowess.
		When they leave the villagers tell us, "some poor wretch is going to lose his head." Marfa and Dunyasha are alone, and they sing of love.
	www.paulb.com /tsarprnt.htm (1042 words)

	Second Thoughts: The Core is Our Own Worst Enemy
		Wiki is pretty piss poor on its explanation, but go read that if you can't "read anything longer than your hand" like Ulrika Zugzwang (you wonder how she ever got through college!).
		Ivan was able to tax the zemschina and overrule its institutions, while the oprichniki could travel through the whole of the country at will.
		Ultimately the tsar was forced to abolish the oprichniki, but that's another story.
	secondthoughts.typepad.com /second_thoughts/2005/09/the_core_is_our.html (9804 words)

	Welcome to Neva Imports - Russian Dolls - Museum Quality Handcrafted Dolls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		At this time, the oprichniki came to Elena’s village and arrested the main boyar of the village, a 60-year-old man named Morozov.
		The oprichniki general fell in love with the stunning Elena.
		The oprichniki crashed the wedding and turned it into a brawl.
	www.nevadolls.com /single_product.cfm?prodid=NEV102 (249 words)

	the Paris Opera Ballet
		Suddenly, in 1565, he announced that a vast central area, the Oprichnina, would henceforth lie under his direct control, and be administered by a Guard, drafted into service as a counterfoil to the Boyars, and known as the Oprichniki.
		Muscovy broke down into anarchy under two governments, two armies, and two territories, one ruled by the czar, the other by the Boyars.
		Novgorod was wrecked, the countryside plundered, and so many peasants fled their lands that decrees were issued restraining their movements.
	www.danceinsider.com /f2004/f0114_2.html (2220 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ivan gained his complete ascendancy over the nation (he actually was the "legal" owner of about one-half of the nation's territory) by a previously unparalleled use of ruthless force and terror.
		His armed henchmen, the feared oprichniki forcibly dispossessed and often killed any who opposed the tsar.
		Ivan is often compared with his contemporary, Henry VIII of England.
	www1.umn.edu /lol-russ/hpgary/Russ3421/ivanterr.htm (188 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - Arts + Features - Here comes the bride
		The Mariinsky Theater's famous blue curtain rises and Grigory Gryaznoi, the mighty commander of Ivan the Terrible's feared bodyguards, the oprichniki, bemoans his unrequited love for young beauty Marfa Sobakina.
		Gryaznoi sits on a shabby bench in a place resembling one of the so-called Culture and Leisure parks that were a typical feature of the Soviet era.
		Sixteenth-century Russian boyars throw their fur coats over casual mid-20th century clothes, and Ivan the Terrible's oprichniki look more like NKVD officers.
	www.sptimes.ru /index.php?action_id=2&story_id=2505 (763 words)

	World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		His first wife's death in 1560 seemed to derange his mind.
		He split the country into two parts; one was governed by the Council of Boyars, the other, tyrannically, by himself assisted by a much-feared force of armed followers, the Oprichniki.
		In 1565 he started to rule by terror, introducing brutal methods to attack the boyars, for whom he conceived a paranoid mistrust.
	www.softlab.ntua.gr /~sivann/pub/quick-world-history/02ivaniv.html (229 words)

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