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	eMedicine - Optic Neuropathy, Compressive : Article by Talmadge (Ted) Cooper
		The triad of optic disc swelling followed by optic atrophy, optociliary shunt veins (optochoroidal collaterals), and progressive visual loss commonly is reported in compressive lesions of the orbital and intracanalicular optic nerve.
		Optic canal decompression for tumors in the intracanalicular area is extremely risky and not uncommonly results in the loss of any remaining vision, unless the tumor has a large exophytic component.
		Optic neuritis usually presents with acute or subacute visual loss in a patient younger than 50 years and is frequently associated with pain on eye movement.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic167.htm (2738 words)

	Optic nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system as it is derived from an outpouching of the diencephalon during embryonic development.
		The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 25 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm.
		Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optic_nerve (852 words)

	CHAPTER 45: THE ORBIT
		In summary, the orbit communicates with the middle cranial fossa (via the optic canal and superior orbital fissure), the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae (via the inferior orbital fissure), the inferior meatus of the nose (via the nasolacrimal canal), the nasal cavity (via the anterior ethmoidal foramen), and the face (via supraorbital and infraorbital foramina).
		The optic canal and adjacent part of the fissure are surrounded by the common tendinous ring, from which the four recti arise.
		The optic nerve is surrounded by its dural sheath (and by the subarachnoid space, as shown in figure 46-4).
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_45.html (4888 words)

	The Optic Nerve
		The optic nerve (also known as cranial nerve II) is a continuation of the axons of the ganglion cells in the retina.
		Optic neuropathy is divided into anterior, which causes a pale edema of the optic disc, and posterior, in which the optic disc is not swollen and the abnormality occurs between the eyeball and the optic chiasm.
		Ischemic anterior optic neuropathy usually causes a loss of vision that may be sudden or occur over several days; whereas, ischemic posterior optic neuropathy is uncommon, and the diagnosis depends largely upon exclusion of other causes, chiefly stroke and brain tumor.
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/optcnrve.html (1666 words)

	Diseases of the Optic Nerve
		Each optic nerve is encased in sheaths continuous with and similar to the meninges of the cranium (pia, arachnoid, and the dura).
		That portion of the optic nerve lying in the optic canal derives its arterial blood supply from the ophthalmic artery, whilst the intra-cranial part of the optic nerve is supplied centripetally through the pial vessels.
		The ophthalmoscopic appearance of the margin of the optic disc is determined to a large extent by the distances from the disc margin at which the RPE, Bruch's membrane and the choroid terminate.
	www.academy.org.uk /lectures/barnard3.htm (1582 words)

	ICP monitors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is fused to the optic nerve dorsally and then divided into a lateral (or oculomotor foramen) and medial compartment by a dural shelf.
		The zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal canals transmit branches of the maxillary nerve to the cheek and the temporal fossa.
		The nasolacrimal canal transmits the duct to the inferior nasal meatus.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.4-Anatomy-Cranium/Orbit.html (635 words)

	ENT Academic Faculty Services: Rhinology & Sinus Surgery - New York Eye & Ear Infirmary
		Optic nerve decompression is performed with or without orbital decompression, depending on the etiology of the optic neuropathy.
		As the optic canal is within the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus, the anterior wall of this sinus must be removed to visualize the optic canal.
		Optic nerve decompression is complete with the removal of the remaining thinned bone over the optic nerve with micro-curette or other instruments designed for this purpose.
	www.nyee.edu /ent_rss_sts_orbitaldecompress02.html?large_print=1 (895 words)

	Root Canal Treatment, Reasons and Cost for Root Canal, Symptoms Of Endodontic Disease, Root Canal Retreatment, Facts ...
		A root canal is a capillary, which runs from the base of the root of the tooth to the middle of the crown (the visible part of the tooth).
		Surgical root canal treatment is a procedural effort in which it is necessary to elevate a small flap of tissue adjacent to the involved tooth in order to gain access to and treat root canal disease.
		Root canal treatment is directed towards removing diseased tissue from the inside of the tooth and subsequently filling and sealing the root canal space in order to minimize the possibility of future re-infection.
	vdc.dentistindia.com /rootcanaltreatment.asp (2223 words)

	Optic foramen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal.
		Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.
		Petrous portion (Hiatus of the facial canal
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optic_canal (111 words)

	Ocular Pathology Study Guide: Optic Canal, Optic Chiasm
		The opening to the optic canal is the optic foramen at the apex of the orbit in the less wing of the sphenoid bone.
		The optic canal is on the same horizontal plane as the upper portion of the superior orbital fissure so they will often be seen in sections of the CT scan together.
		The optic canal houses the optic nerve, ophthalmic artery and sympathetic fibers from the cartoid plexus.
	www.medrounds.org /ocular-pathology-study-guide/2005/11/optic-canal-optic-chiasm.html (436 words)

	Normal Optic Nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The optic nerve is composed primarily of axons from the retinal ganglion cells.
		The optic nerve begins at the optic nerve head or disc (#21872, #21869) and passes through the sclera in the area of the lamina cribrosa and then extends through the orbit and optic canal to the chiasm.
		Posterior to the lamina cribrosa, the optic nerve is surrounded by a three- layered meningeal sheath similar to the central nervous system which consists of a dura (optic nerve sheath), arachnoid, and pia.
	insight.med.utah.edu /opatharch/onerve/normal_optic_nerve.htm (171 words)

	The Barrow Quarterly Article 18-2-1
		The ICA enters the carotid canal medial to the internal jugular vein (IJV) and posteromedial to the styloid process, a prominence of bone that descends from the base of the tympanic bone.
		The medial part of the roof of the horizontal portion of the canal is formed by dura or a thin plate of bone that separates the carotid artery from the Gasserian ganglion.
		Because of this wide separation and the presence of the cochlea with its capsule located between the carotid genu and the facial canal, it is unusual for the facial nerve to be damaged at this point during surgical exposure of the carotid artery.
	www.emergemd.com /bniq2/article.asp?article_ref_id=18-2-1 (5691 words)

	Bilateral visual improvement after unilateral optic canal decompression and cranial vault expansion in a patient with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The optic canals are narrowed by the diffusely thickened bone.
		Osteopetrosis related visual loss is often ascribed to optic nerve compression secondary to the narrowing of the optic foramina.
		Optic nerve decompression for compressive neuropathy secondary to neoplasia.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/69/3/405 (956 words)

	Tumors Affecting Vision: Treatment of Optic Nerve and Chiasm Tumors
		Tumors such as optic nerve sheath, and or cavernous sinus meningiomas may involve the optic canal or superior orbital fissure respectively.
		Care must be taken to ensure the optic apparatus is at the margin of the tumor and detailed MRI imaging is essential in such situations.
		The tolerance of the optic chiasm and surrounding hypothalamus are the limiting factors.
	www.jonathanborden-md.com /OpticTumors.html (3000 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 2, pg. 4
		The optic nerve travels posteromedially from the eye to exit the orbit via the optic canal in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
		At the optic chiasm approximately 1/2 of the fibers from each optic nerve cross the midline and exit the chiasm in the opposite optic tract.
		The fibers of the optic tracts continue posteriorly around the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain with most synapsing in the lateral geniculate nucleus of their respective thalamus.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn2/cn2_4.html (197 words)

	Table of Contents
		To evaluate the effects of unroofing the optic canal during retraction of the optic nerve, the authors monitored changes in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) stimulated by a light-emitting diode in the canine model.
		The intracranial optic nerve was retracted using a weight of 5, 10 or 50 g.
		These results demonstrate that unroofing the optic canal can protect the optic nerve from damage during operations that require optic nerve retraction.
	www.thejns-net.org /jns/issues/v82n2/abs/n0820284_r.html (263 words)

	Intracanalicular Optic Nerve Meningioma: A Serious Diagnostic Pitfall -- Jackson et al. 24 (6): 1167 -- American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		B, T1-weighted MR image, reconstructed along the optic pathways, showing slight widening of the soft tissue of the optic nerve–optic nerve sheath complex at the orbital apex.
		Note the optic nerve emerging from the tumor anteriorly and the en-plaque growth of tumor along the anterior optic nerve sheath.
		Note the tram track sign due to the central nonenhancing optic nerve, the mural nodule (large white arrow) arising behind the roof of the optic canal (fl arrows), and the en-plaque growth of the tumor along the anterior part of the orbital optic nerve sheath (small white arrow).
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/figsonly/24/6/1167 (449 words)

	OSN SuperSite - Optic canal wall decompression may cause optic nerve damage
		The researchers decompressed two canals under direct visualization and three using a transphenoidal endoscopic approach, according to the study.
		After decompression, the researchers removed the optic canals, beginning at the annulus of Zinn and extending to the optic chiasm, for gross and histological examination.
		"Microscopic examination of the intracanalicular portion of optic nerve revealed incision in an extraocular muscle at the annulus, incomplete bone removal, fraying of the dural sheath, incomplete dural/arachnoid release, and incision in the pia and optic nerve," the authors said.
	www.osnsupersite.com /view.asp?rID=23914 (217 words)

	Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: involvement of the optic canal and visual outcome -- Schick and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Involvement of the intracranial optic nerve at the junction
		The ipsilateral optic canal was explored in 37 patients.
		Hassler WE, Eggert H. Extradural and intradural microsurgical approaches to lesions of the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/76/7/977 (3312 words)

	NEJM -- Normal Vision despite Narrowing of the Optic Canal in Fibrous Dysplasia
		of the optic canal and the area of the canals.
		Conclusions Encasement of the optic canal in fibrous dysplasia
		optic nerve does not appear to be indicated on the basis of
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/347/21/1670 (410 words)

	Intracanalicular Optic Nerve Meningioma: A Serious Diagnostic Pitfall -- Jackson et al. 24 (6): 1167 -- American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The diagnosis of optic canal meningioma is a crucial one, because
		of optic neuritis for optic nerve sheath and cannalicular meningiomas
		for the diagnosis of optic canal meningioma in patients with
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/6/1167 (2867 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina which are connected to the specialized receptors in the retina (rod and cone cells).
		The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit and enters the optic canal and exits into the cranium.
		It enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the brain.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn2.htm (107 words)

	Handbook of Ocular Disease Management
		Traumatic optic neuropathy results from injury sustained during trauma to the orbital rim or frontal area.
		Mechanisms include transection or avulsion of the nerve, hematoma of the nerve sheath, optic nerve compression secondary to bony fracture of the orbital apex, or penetrating orbital foreign body.
		Fortunately, most patients with traumatic optic neuropathy will have been seen in the emergency department of their local hospital prior to optometric or ophthalmologic consultation, so these tests will likely have already been ordered by the ER physician.
	www.revoptom.com /handbook/March_2004/sec6_1.htm (894 words)

	Architecture of arachnoid trabeculae, pillars, and septa in the subarachnoid space of the human optic nerve: anatomy ...
		arachnoid and the pia layer in the region of the optic canal,
		anatomical literature on the meninges of the optic nerve.
		MRI of the optic nerve in benign intracranial hypertension.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/87/6/777 (3063 words)

	Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The details of the surgery includes cutting his scalp from ear to ear, removing a portion of his skull, taking a high-speed drill and removing the calcium deposits on the optic canal to release the pressure on the optic nerve.
		We believe that the improvement is because Kaleb is more reliable now (he was only 3 years old when he had the surgeries) and we believe the optic canal decompressions were successful.
		We closely monitor his optic canals with catscans, mris and skull base xrays.
	my.ohio.voyager.net /37/EF/lmdavis/osteopetrosis/surgery.html (265 words)

	Cranial nerve injury
		Injury of the optic nerve usually occurs in the optic canal where the nerve is held by the bone.
		The fibres of the chorda tympani are secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands, and carry taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue.
		The nerve is prone to injury in fracture of the temporal bone and through swelling in the bony canals through which its branches run.
	www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/head/cn.htm (1400 words)

	Optic Neuritis In Multiple Sclerosis 03
		Twenty-five patients with a clinical diagnosis of Optic Neuritis were prospectively evaluated and 18 of them were included in the study.
		A statistically significant difference was found in the Optic Nerve diameter and in the resistance to flow in the Central Retinal Artery between the affected and unaffected eyes.
		Optic Neuritis provides a model to study the effect of inflammatory DeMyelination through the ability to accurately measure Visual Function and to visualize and measure the Optic Nerves using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
	members.tripod.com /ThJuland/on03.html (3032 words)

	Localization of MYOC Transcripts in Human Eye and Optic Nerve by In Situ Hybridization -- Swiderski et al. 41 (11): ...
		optic nerve was present in the pial septa that divide the nerve
		The autofluorescence observed in the iris posterior layer, ciliary epithelium, and RPE is due to the presence of pigment when viewed using dark-field optics and is not a positive hybridization signal.
		The autofluorescence observed in the iris posterior layer and in the ciliary epithelium is due to the presence of pigment when viewed with dark-field optics, using both the MYOC antisense (A) and sense (B; control) riboprobes and is not a positive hybridization signal.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/41/11/3420 (5113 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Middle meningeal artery is a branch of the external carotid artery, to be exact a branch of the maxillary artery that enters the side of the face (unseen hand gesture) which is a branch of the terminal external carotid arteries
		After it synapses with the ganglia it continues thru the optic nerve and cross over at the optic chiasm and becomes the optic tract.
		Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers travel in with the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery to innervate the meninges and the blood vessel in the brain.
	www.georgetown.edu /users/rgk8/neuronr3.htm (1115 words)

	Sinusitis Solutions - What's New in Surgery
		The technique of optic nerve decompression is based on the identification of the optic nerve in the posterior ethmoid sinus or the sphenoid sinus.
		The technique is most useful in optic nerve decompression secondary to thyroid ophthalmopathy, traumatic optic nerve entrapment or optic nerve injury with compression in tumor resections at the orbital apex.
		Tri-Planar view demonstrating probe at the apex of the orbit decompressing the optic nerve canal.
	www.sinusitis-solutions.com /whatsnew.html (511 words)

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