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Topic: Optic radiation

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	Optic nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system as it is derived from an outpouching of the diencephalon during embryonic development.
		From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain.
		Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optic_nerve (811 words)

	Turkish Journal of Cancer
		Optic gliomas are rare tumors comprising 1-2% of all gliomas and their estimated incidence is 1 in 100.000 hospital patients [1-3].
		Radiation doses lower than 5000 cGy are reported to be associated with significantly lower progression free and overall survival rates [8].
		Radiation therapy for gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm.
	www.turkjcancer.org /text.php3?id=52 (1364 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 2, pg. 11
		Damage to the fibers of Meyer's loop and/or damage to the temporal lobe portion of the optic radiation results in loss of input from the inferior half (superior visual field) of both contralateral hemiretinas (superior quadrantanopia).
		Often lesions in the optic radiation or primary visual cortex do not produce a complete loss of vision from the appropriate visual field but leave some central vision intact.
		This is due to the fact that input from the center of the retina (the macula) is spread over a large portion of the optic radiation and primary visual cortex.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn2/cn2_11.html (197 words)

	IX. Neurology. 4e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ...
		In the optic chiasma the nerves from the medial half of each retina cross to enter the opposite optic tract, while the nerves from the lateral half of each retina pass into the optic tract of the same side.
		Their axons pass upward beneath the longer fibers of the optic tract, the tænia semicircularis, the caudate nucleus and the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle where they join the optic radiation of Gratiolet.
		This center is connected with the one in the opposite side by commissural fibers which course in the optic radiation and the splenium of the corpus callosum.
	www.bartleby.com /107/191.html (8263 words)

	Optic nerve and visual system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		One optic tract thus carries fibres from the temporal ipsilateral retina and the nasal contralateral retina.
		From the lateral geniculate body, fibres pass in the optic radiation through the parietal and temporal lobes (5 and 6) to reach the visual, or calcarine, cortex of the occipital lobe (7 and 8).
		The upper retinae (lower visual fields) project in the optic radiation through the parietal lobes to the upper part of the visual cortex, and the lower retinae (upper fields) through the temporal lobes, beneath the parietal, to the lower visual cortex.
	www.depression-guide.com /optic-nerve.htm (421 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		A fiber optic comprising a plurality of coating layers, wherein a first coating comprises the composition of anyone of claims 1-16 and in which the same, or a coating exterior to the first primary coating comprises a stabilizer package to protect the coloring agent in said first coating.
		radiation, a photoinitiator for said monomer or oligomer pre-sent in an amount sufficient to effect radiation cure of said monomer or oligomer, and a coloring agent, wherein said coloring agent comprises at least one reactive dye or dye precursor and said dye or dye precursor includes ethylenic unsaturation.
		The fiber optic coating composition of claim 27 wherein said reactive dye or dye precursor is selected from the group consisting of polymethine dyes, diarylmethine dyes, triarylmethine dyes, aza analogues of diarylmethine dyes, aza (18) annulenes, nitro dyes, nitroso dyes, azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes and sulfur dyes.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/09053.010208&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8365 words)

	Syllabus Chapter 7
		Near the center of the optic nerve is the central retinal artery (#52202).
		The visual radiations pass through the temporal and parietal lobes (#7923) on the lateral side of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle (#5240, #5372, #6519 sections through the brain).
		The termination of the visual radiation in cortical layer IV in the calcarine cortex appears as a distinct band called the line of Gennari (or the band of Baillarger) (#8987, #6282).
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus7.html (1762 words)

	The Optic Nerve
		The optic nerve (also known as cranial nerve II) is a continuation of the axons of the ganglion cells in the retina.
		Optic neuropathy is divided into anterior, which causes a pale edema of the optic disk, and posterior, in which the optic disk is not swollen and the abnormality occurs between the eyeball and the optic chiasm.
		Visual field loss, caused by optic nerve damage, is measured by using a “visual field analyzer” or “perimeter.” The procedure is known as “perimetry.” Field loss due to glaucoma usually is not even measurable until 25% to 40% of the optic nerve’s axons have been destroyed.
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/optcnrve.html (1666 words)

	biology - Optic nerve
		The nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is usually considered to be part of the central nervous system as it is derived from an outpouching of the diencephalon during embryonic development.
		The optic nerve arises from ganglion cells of the eye's retina.
		The blind spot of the eye lies in the part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Optic_nerve (398 words)

	Corrector lens - Patent 4230941
		a plurality of radiation responsive detectors mounted proximate said transparent member at the first image plane and arranged in pairs with each pair receiving radiation from a different one of the lenslets and the detectors in each pair being substantially equidistant from the optic axis of the lenslet with which it is associated.
		1, a ray of radiation, identified by reference numeral 54, is shown leaving the upper portion of lens 10 and arriving at the center of an upper lenslet 56 in the lenslet array 16.
		1, a radiation ray, identified by reference numeral 58, is shown leaving the lower portion of objective lens 10 and arriving at the center of the upper lenslet 56.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4230941.html (1935 words)

	Brain Case Report 2
		Optic glioma represents approximately 5% of all brain tumors and 10-15% of all supratentorial tumors in children.
		Bilateral optic gliomas are virtually pathognomonic for Neurofibromatosis type I. In the pediatric form of the disease the cell of origin for optic gliomas is unknown.
		Ten to twenty percent of optic pathway gliomas are confined to the orbit either unilaterally or bilaterally, however, these lesions can arise anywhere along the optic pathway including the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiation, and occipital cortex.
	www.med.nyu.edu /mri/brain/case02.html (798 words)

	Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft - Research News 1-2002: Optical fibers monitor particle accelerators
		The high-energy secondary radiation released as a result is a source of potential damage to the electronics surrounding the accelerator.
		The use of fiber-optic radiation sensors is not limited to the monitoring and tuning of particle accelerators.
		Henschel envisions that in the future such systems could be used for the continuous measurement of radiation in transportation and storage tanks and reservoirs for radioactive material.
	www.fraunhofer.de /fhg/archiv/presseinfos/pflege.zv.fhg.de/english/press/pi/pi2002/md01_t6.html (406 words)

	ipedia.com: Optic nerve Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is usually considered to be part of the central nervous system.
		The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye) via the optic fissure, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm where there is decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal fields of both eyes.
		Optic Nerve is also a comic by the American cartoonist Adrian Tomine.
	www.ipedia.com /optic_nerve.html (320 words)

	[No title]
		Pituitary radiation is usually administered as adjunctive (additional) therapy in patients who have a residual tumor and persistent Cushing’s Disease after surgery.
		Another advantage is that focused radiation should avoid damage to the hypothalamus (the portion of the brain which regulates the pituitary gland) and other parts of the brain.
		Because this method of delivering radiation has a very steep fall off of radiation, the optic nerves and optic chiasm are spared from receiving harmful doses of radiation.
	www.csrf.net /RadiosurgeryforCushing.doc (1041 words)

	Everett Infrared and Electro-optic Technology - Preamplifiers for Electro-optic Detectors
		When the material is exposed to radiation with wavelength short enough to bridge the bandgap, additional charge carriers are generated and the current is increased.
		When the detector is exposed to radiation with sufficiently short wavelength to bridge the bandgap, a potential is generated across the junction and the curve is shifted downward as shown in the figure.
		The absorbed radiation causes the temperature of the exposed junctions to increase or decrease as is discussed below and in Physics of Electro-optic Detectors.
	www.everettinfrared.com /preamplifiers.htm (5836 words)

	Hyperintensities of the Optic Radiation on T2-Weighted MR Images of Elderly Subjects -- Kitajima et al. 20 (6): 1009 -- ...
		medial to the optic radiation, and the tapetum as the intermediately
		Age-specific prevalence (%) of hyperintensities of the optic radiation and/or its surrounding structures increases with age.
		The hypointense structure between the optic radiation and the tapetum is the internal sagittal stratum (long arrows).
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/6/1009 (3512 words)

	Virtual Hospital: The Human Brain: Chapter 5: The Cerebral Hemispheres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		The fibers of the optic radiation, or geniculocalcarine projection, emerge from the dorsal surface of the lateral geniculate body and can be traced as part of a sagittal stratum of white fibers that runs forwards and downwards into the temporal lobe.
		Subsequently, optic radiation fibers sweep backwards and terminate in the region of the calcarine sulcus.
		Note that the anterior (rostral) commissure, and the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus form, with the optic radiation, the sagittal stratum of white fibers that consists of both afferent and efferent connections to the occipital cortex.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/BrainAnatomy/Ch5Text/Section24.html (467 words)

	Glossary
		Blackbody: A theoretical object that radiates the maximum amount of energy at a given temperature, and absorbs all the energy incident upon it.
		Fiber optic radiation thermometer: Radiation thermometer that uses a fiber optic probe to separate the detector, housing, and electronics from the radiation gathering point itself.
		For electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region, typically measured in microns and symbolized by l.
	www.omega.com /literature/transactions/volume1/glossary.html (1767 words)

	Refractive index change induced by ionizing radiation - A. Fernandez Fernandez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		Radiation effects in bulk optical glasses and in optical fibers have been extensively studied in the last decades.
		studied the gamma radiation effects on a fused wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) coupler 1.300/1.500 nm and suggested that the change of refractive index in the fiber was the cause for the degradation of this device [17].
		The measurement of the refractive index change due to gamma radiation is important for the use of photonic technology in ionizing radiation environments.
	www.sckcen.be /people/affernandez/refindex.html (1983 words)

	Optical fiber with atraumatic rounded end for use in laser angioplasty - Patent 5133709
		An optical radiating apparatus is formed on one end of a light-conducting optical fiber such that high intensity laser radiation leaves the optical radiation apparatus with a spot size that is expanded to a diameter significantly larger than the optical fiber diameter.
		The present invention discloses an optical radiating apparatus constructed on one end of a light-conducting optical fiber such that, upon encountering this radiator, light is caused to leave the fiber and radiate from the fiber in a nearly uniform pattern.
		The radiating rounded end portion or "ball-tip," 2, is typically small enough to insert into a patient, frequently through a catheter inserted into the leg or arm, where the tip can be advanced to an area of occlusive cardiovascular disease or where high intensity radiation can have a positive therapeutic effect.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5133709.html (2698 words)

	Occipito-temporal connections in the human brain -- Catani et al. 126 (9): 2093 -- Brain
		the fibres of the dorsal optic radiation arising dorsally to
		parallel to the fibres of the splenium and optic radiation and,
		pathway distinct from that of the optic radiations and from
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/9/2093 (6117 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 2, pg. 4
		The optic nerve travels posteromedially from the eye to exit the orbit via the optic canal in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
		At the optic chiasm approximately 1/2 of the fibers from each optic nerve cross the midline and exit the chiasm in the opposite optic tract.
		The fibers of the optic tracts continue posteriorly around the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain with most synapsing in the lateral geniculate nucleus of their respective thalamus.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn2/cn2_4.html (197 words)

	CENTIGRAY.COM - Resources for the Radiation Oncology Professional
		PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk of clinically significant radiation optic neuropathy (RON) for patients having stereotactic radiosurgery of benign tumors adjacent to the optic apparatus.
		Previous surgery or radiation therapy was performed in 156 (66%) and 24 (11%) patients, respectively.
		Clinical reports have suggested that larger total doses of radiation are associated with earlier onset of delayed necrosis and the fractional dose is the most significant factor causing cerebral radionecrosis.
	www.centigray.net /pituitary.htm (4105 words)

	Penn State Faculty Research Expertise Database (FRED) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		Primary tumors of the optic nerve (optic nerve sheath meningiomas and optic nerve astrocytomas) are important causes of visual morbidity.
		The optic nerve may be involved secondarily by peripheral nerve tumors in the orbit or by metastatic and infiltrative neoplasms.
		Optic neuropathy may also develop as a result of treatment of these tumors.
	fred.hmc.psu.edu /ds/retrieve/fred/publication/11148705 (105 words)

	[No title]
		Moving from the optic chiasm toward the visual cortex, the optic tract is supplied by small branches arising from multiple vessels, including the anterior choroidal artery, the middle cerebral artery, the posterior communicating artery and the posterior cerebral artery.
		Other lesions which could affect the optic tract such as an intracranial mass or local hemorrhage would invariably compress the adjacent cerebral peduncle as well, producing contralateral hemiparesis which was not seen in our patient.
		The lateral geniculate nuclei, as well as the optic radiations are supplied by deep perforating branches of the posterior cerebral artery.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/hs/medical/neuralsci/2003/lab/Lab06_Vision/Case06homonymousHemi_ANSW.doc (795 words)

	CENTIGRAY.COM - Resources for the Radiation Oncology Professional (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		Stereotactic radiosurgery for craniopharyngioma is usually a high risk procedure due to the intimate relationship of the tumour to the optic chiasm and conservative dosing has been advocated to reduce complication rates.
		We here report the successful treatment of three consecutive patients whose craniopharyngioma was confined to the pituitary fossa, and a finite distance from the optic pathways and in whom optimal dosing was employed.
		Long-term follow-up is required to determine whether the normal tissue-sparing inherent with SRT results in reduction of the neurocognitive effects of conventional radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma.
	www.centigray.com /cranoio.htm (2458 words)

	Electronics Cooling Technical Brief: temperature measurement using optical fibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		The most prevalent methods are fluorescent and radiation thermometry, also known as pyrometry.
		Fiber optic radiation thermometry is composed of the collection optics (sapphire lightpipes or lens), optical transmission cable, optical-to-electrical conversion (photodetector), and signal processing (Fig.
		Generally, the collection optics is a rod or flexible fiber of sapphire directed at the hot object.
	www.electronics-cooling.com /Resources/EC_Articles/JAN97/jan97_tb.htm (984 words)

	TCIY - 3.2 The Cerebral Cortex
		As an example of a tract, consider the optic nerve, which leaves the back of the eye as a bundle of roughly a million axons.
		The optic tract passes into the base of a thalamus, which is primarily a relay station for incoming sensory signals.
		This optic radiation connects from the base of the thalamus to a wide area of cerebral cortex in the lower back of the brain.
	www.johmann.net /book/ciy3-2.html (1177 words)

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