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Topic: Physical optics

	Physical optics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics which studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid.
		Physical optics is also the name of a high frequency approximation (short-wavelength approximation) commonly used in optics, electrical engineering and applied physics.
		The ray optics field or current is generally not accurate near edges or shadow boundaries, unless supplemented by diffraction and creeping wave calculations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physical_optics (416 words)

	Optics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Optics (ὀπτική appearance or look in ancient Greek) is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter.
		The field of optics usually describes the behavior of visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light; however because light is an electromagnetic wave, analogous phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
		Physical optics models the propagation of complex wavefronts through optical systems, including both the amplitude and the phase of the wave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optics (817 words)

	Optics - MSN Encarta
		Optics, branch of physical science dealing with the propagation and behavior of light.
		Huygens’s principle states that every point on an initial wave front may be considered as the source of small, secondary spherical wavelets that spread out in all directions from their centers with the same velocity, frequency, and wavelength as the parent wave front.
		In geometrical optics the wave theory of light is ignored and rays are traced through an optical system by applying the laws of reflection and refraction.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576625/Optics.html (1219 words)

	Learn more about Optics in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Optics is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter.
		The field of optics usually describes the behavior of visible, infrared and ultraviolet light; however since light is an electromagnetic wave, analogous phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
		The ray in geometric optics is perpendicular to the wavefront in physical optics.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/op/optics.html (425 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Optics (appearance or look in ancient Greek) is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter.
		Geometric optics, sometimes called ray optics is the branch of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays.
		The ray in geometric optics is perpendicular to the wavefront in wave optics.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Optics (670 words)

	Physical Optics Propagation in ZEMAX
		Physical Optics Propagation (POP) is the ability of ZEMAX to use diffraction calculations to propagate a beam through the optical system surface by surface, including transfer of the beam through any ZEMAX surface type.
		When using the geometric optics model, all of the diffraction is assumed to occur in just the last propagation, from the exit pupil to the image.
		Diffraction that occurs at the lens apertures, and as the beam propagates between the lenses, is ignored.
	www.optima-research.com /Software/Optical/Zemax/POP.htm (1048 words)

	PHYSICAL OPTICS, THE SAGNAC EFFECT, AND THE AHARONOV BOHM
		In Section 3 the Evans unified field theory is applied to physical optics, which is correctly described with a phase factor constructed from the appropriate contour and area integrals of the generally covariant Stokes Theorem.
		(23) in physical optics and electrodynamics is multiplied by the potential and divided by the magnitude of the potential to inter-relate the field as particle with momentum h¯ and the field as wave, with momentum A. This is the de Broglie wave particle duality applied the electromagnetic field.
		In the same type of analogy the Sagnac effect is a rotational effect caused by a physical rotation of the platform with respect to a fixed reference frame, whereas in the AB effect the magnetic field is a rotation or spin of spacetime (the reference frame itself).
	www.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de /~bruhn/PHYSICAL_OPTICS1.htm (8487 words)

	Use of Physical Optics in Optical Data Storage
		The principles of Physical Optics are used constantly throughout his research.
		Principles of physical optics are critical in analyzing and improving this process.
		This is an important principle of Physical optics that allows the total field reflected from the surface to be expressed as the sum of the reflected fields from each area.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~zugby/Physical_Optics_Milster.htm (851 words)

	The UB Physical Optics Research Group.
		The GROF is a research unit in the Applied Physics and Optics Department of the University of Barcelona.
		This research is carried out in collaboration with the Physical Optics and Laser Beams Group of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid..
		The JavaOptics Course is an ensemble of teaching resources for Physical Optics at university level as part of Physics The kernel of the resources developed is a software package, designed to simulate the physics of several optical phenomena.
	www.ub.edu /optics/index.html (1143 words)

	Optics in TutorGig Tutorials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Optics, Objective (optics), Electron optics, Physical optics, Orion Optics (More...
		physics 411: optics mostly geometric optics physics 3650 optics ser 122 1:302:45 tues.
		physics 411: optics mostly geometric optics physics 3600 intermediate electromagnetism ser 122 12:001:15 tues.
	www.tutorgig.com /t/Optics (758 words)

	home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Institute of Physical Optics has been founded according to the Decree of The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from July 7 and a respective Decree of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine from September 18, 1992.
		An automated imaging polarimeter for the recon-struction of mechanical strain field distribution, an automated optical microscope for studying dynamic processes, an automated dilatometer with the displacement measurement sensitivity of 2nm and a magnetooptic facility for studying high magnetic fields are the original elaborations of the Institute.
		The Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics has been founded and is being published till now by the Institute.
	www.ifo.lviv.ua /institute/index.html (440 words)

	Optical Design in Relation to Physical Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although one may think that optical design is based on raytracing programs and other geometrical optics related concepts, Professor Sasian uses the idea of wave optics to correct the lens or design itself.
		Moreover, the fact that he also does aspheric optical testing, which requires the knowledge of diffractive optics and wave front theory, shows that physical optics is used widely in his research.
		This simple plot relates to physical optics because it basically describes the ideal reference sphere or wave front subtracted by the actual aberrated wave front.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~yullink/Optical_Design_in_Relation_to_Physical_Optics.htm (1238 words)

	Resources for Physics
		Physics.org - from the Institute of Physics, includes a database of recommended Websites ranked by level of sophistication as well as general information about physics, physicists, and the history of the field.
		Center for the History of Physics - a subsite of the American Institute of Physics, including a visual archive of thousand of images and oral histories.
		Physical Reference Data - from the National Institute of Standards and Technology; includes constants and spectroscopy data.
	www.gustavus.edu /oncampus/academics/library/subjectguides/physics.html (1127 words)

	Physical Optics Corp. Press Release I
		July 21, 2003 —Torrance, CA — Physical Optics Corporation (POC) announces an expanded range of optical solutions for OEM, government/military, and commercial applications with their new, 100-page website launch.
		POC has integrated advanced technologies in optics, electronics and software to develop an extremely wide variety of unique products ranging from 3-D visualization and intelligent hypercompression to light shaping products, advanced information display, optical instrumentation, sensor systems and biotechnology products.
		POC (Physical Optics Corporation) based in Torrance, California, has been developing "technologies that make a difference" since 1985.
	www.devicelink.com /press_release/mdl/poc.html (403 words)

	Chip's CD Media Resource Center: CD-DA (Digital Audio) page 3
		Many microscopes are designed to use a drop of oil or other high-index liquid between the lens and the subject in order to improve resolution, which is why the "n" term is important.
		Again, I'm no optics expert, but it seems to me that we should distinguish between (1) the Airy disk created by the laser "spot light" that is illuminating the Compact Disc surface and (2) our ability to resolve surface features in the reflected light.
		If the resolution of surface features uses the same optics (and it does), then I believe you'd have an Abbe resolution of 1.6 microns, which would be needlessly large.
	www.chipchapin.com /CDMedia/cdda3.php3 (1255 words)

	University of Rochester: The Institute of Optics
		The M.S. degree can be completed in nine months by electing the coursework-only option, which requires a total of eight courses and an exam.
		At the present time, those with an M.S. degree in Optics are being eagerly recruited by industry.
		The number of job and career opportunities available is significantly greater than the number of M.S. degrees we grant each year.
	www.optics.rochester.edu /academic_programs/ms/ms_program.html (143 words)

	Physical Optics - Adaptive Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In astronomy, Adaptive Optics (AO) is concerned with combatting the effects of turbulence in the earth`s atmosphere which distorts astronomical images.
		A popular level article on Adaptive Optics in Astronomy called Sharper Eyes on the Sky was published in December 1996 in the Australian magazine Sky & Space.
		Some of the AO principles employed in astronomy have also been applied to the Physical Optics group's confocal microscope systems.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /physopt/ao/ao.html (336 words)

	Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics - Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Dniepropetrovsk National University announces with a deep regret the death of Professor Arkadiy Kudzin that has befallen on March 3, 2006, after a short unexpected disease at the age of seventy one.
		"Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics" contains original and review articles in the field of crystal optics, piezo-, electro-, magneto-, acoustooptics, optical properties of solids and liquids in the course of phase transitions, nonlinear optics, holography, laser physics, atomic and molecular spectroscopy, solid state spectroscopy, biooptics, optical waveguides, optoelectronic devices and systems, which need rapid publication.
		The journal was founded in 2000 by the Institute of Physical Optics of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Certificate of state registration: KB No 4061.
	www.ifo.lviv.ua /journal/index.html (147 words)

	Physics 20 - Optics - Electromagnetic Radiation
		The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous range of electromagnetic radiation from radio waves to cosmic rays.
		The physical nature of the radiation is the same throughout the entire spectrum.
		Frequency, wavelength, and the energy possessed are the only things that vary throughout the spectrum.
	www.sasked.gov.sk.ca /docs/physics/u6c22phy.html (743 words)

	Physical Optics Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Physical Optics Department is part of the School of Physics at Sydney University.
		In addition, we are able to explore aspects of the theory of optics.
		Currently the microscope is using reflection mode, but planned is the addition of a new interference mode.
	oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au /gallery/optics/confocal/confocal.html (142 words)

	Optical Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Optical Physics is part of the School of Physics, which is in the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney.
		Our research interests are in the development of novel optical techniques for nano-optical measurements and in diffractive optics.
		Energy density in the focal region for scalar and polarized waves and beam propagation by direct numerical integration of fundamental diffraction integrals.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /physopt/physopt.html (117 words)

	The UB Physical Optics Research Group
		Montes-Usategui, J. Andilla,E. Pleguezuelos, I. Labastida, S. Vallmitjana, I. Juvells, A. Carnicer, "Generation of Holographic Optical Tweezers with Arbitrary Modulation Operating Curves" presented at Diffractive Optics 2005, September 2005, Warsaw (Poland).
		Although the real and imaginary reconstructions look acceptable for certain distances, full complex reconstruction is always better and is required when arbitrary distances are used.
		In this paper we present a method for reconstructing Fresnel holograms using two liquid crystal devices, one to display the amplitude information and the other to display the phase.
	www.ub.es /optics/publications.html (1337 words)

	Fundamentals of Physical Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The following illustration is from the textbook "Fundamentals of Physical Optics" by Jenkins and White first published in 1937.
		For an electric charge of part at reset the force lines are straight, diverge in every direction, and are uniformly distributed in space as shown in part (a).
		He showed that they behaved as visible light waves, thus showing experimentally the validity of Maxwell's equations across the whole electromagnetic spectrum.
	www.chem.yale.edu /~cas/jenkins.html (580 words)

	Course catalog
		The course will give the student a thorough knowledge of the foundation of physical optics and applications of techniques based on optics in modern engineering.
		This theory forms the basis for the treatment of Fresnel- and Fraunhofer diffraction, the propagation of laser beams, Fourier optics and coherence.
		Laboratory work on diffraction and Fourier optics is included.
	www.luth.se /publ/stuka/1999/1958/KMTM070.en.htm (164 words)

	Matt Young's Home Page
		PhD, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, 1967
		Optics and Lasers, Including Fibers and Optical Waveguides, 5th ed., Springer, New York, 2000.
		Matt Young is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Physics and the Division of
	www.mines.edu /~mmyoung (735 words)

	Physical Optics Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A major aim of the Physical Optics Department is to understand in detail the image formation process, and in particular, formation of three-dimensional images.
		These can be used as novel imaging modes in microscopy, giving new information on physical and chemical structure.
		Knowledge of the phase is, however, necessary in many applications such as image restoration, tomographic imaging, and adaptive optics.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /annrep1999/physicalopticsdept.html (642 words)

	Holography, Flight Data Recorder, Video Monitoring System, User Authentication Systems -POC.com
		Physical Optics Corporation, a small systems integrator in Southern California, is converting advanced opto-electronic technology into products for everyday practice.
		The user authentication system utilizes a joint Fournier transform to verify a customized optical signature in real time without the need for human interaction or a centralized data base.
		Physical Optics has developed a revolutionary 360° video surveillance system called OmniView with capabilities beyond panoramic video imaging systems currently available.
	www.poc.com (439 words)

	Physical Optics physics toolbox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Keep up with news and updates about your favorite physics website.
		Maxwell has shown that the speed of any Electromagnetic (EM) wave, regardless of frequency or wavelength, is
		Figure 7: Intensity distribution for a single slit diffraction pattern.
	www.jcphysics.com /toolbox_indiv.php?sub_id=20 (1400 words)

	Physical optics books, find the lowest prices
		You may browse this category by title or by publication date.
		Optica in De Eeuw Van Euler : Opvattingen over De Natuur Van Het Licht, 1700-1795 = Optics in the Age of Euler Conceptions of the Nature of Light, 1700-1795
		Optics II:Physical and Quantum Optics : Physical and Quantum Optics
	www.allbookstores.com /Physical_Optics_p2sd.html (75 words)

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