Optical telegraph - Factbites

Optical telegraph - Factbites
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Topic: Optical telegraph

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	Telegraphy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first telegraphs were optical telegraphs, including the use of smoke signals and beacons.
		The word telegraph alone generally refers to an electrical telegraph.) Wireless telegraphy is also known as CW, for continuous wave (a carrier modulated by on-off keying, as opposed to the earlier radio technique using a spark gap).
		Telegraphy messages sent by telegraph operators using Morse code were known as telegrams or cablegrams, often shortened to a cable or a wire message.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Telegraph (2500 words)

	Edelcrantz Telegraph System
		Proceedings of a Symposium on "The Optical Telegraph" (Stockholm, Jone 21-23 1994)
		When the last telegraph station at Vinga was closed in 1881, the optical telegraph had become obsolete and was replaced by its electrical counterpart.
		The Swedish optical telegraph network was restricted to the archipelagoes of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Karlskrona.
	people.deas.harvard.edu /~jones/cscie129/images/history/edelcrantz.html (832 words)

	Optical telegraph - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The distance that an optical telegraph can bridge is limited by geography, the shape of the earth, weather, and the sharpness of the human eye.
		There was in France at the end of the 18th century a complete and working installation of optical telegraph.
		Types of optical telegraph are the semaphore, ship flags, smoke signals, and beacons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optical_telegraph (363 words)

	Untitled Document
		The optical telegraph devised by Ove Obelitz, a member of the Commission, operated on the basis of three figures that could be hoisted on a large stand.
		But in 1799, the optical telegraphs came to its attention and members of the Commission made several sketches of optical telegraphs, in competition with Walterstorff.
		One of the Signalling Commission´s proposals for a optical telegraph.
	www.telefonmuseet.dk /ptt-museum/ord_i_sigte/uk/opfindelsen7.html (200 words)

	String Telegraph
		Optical telegraphs, which receive sufficient attention elsewhere, are not included, and neither are means involving physical transport of a message.
		The theory of the string telegraph is explained in Theory of the String Telegraph.
		Linemen installing telegraph lines used to communicate with other parties by knocking on the poles, before the circuits were in service.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tel/morse/stringte.htm (1385 words)

	The Origin of the Railway Semaphore
		Optical telegraphs survived at sea, and for ship-to-shore communication, until the appearance of radio.
		The railway semaphore is an immediate descendant of the apparatus for optical telegraphs that were used from about 1793 until superseded by the electromagnetic telegraph, a process that was complete on land lines by 1850.
		Underwater explosions were a speciality of his, as well as fortification, sieges, and optical telegraphy.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/railway/semaphor/semhist.htm (2333 words)

	David F. Bell / Real Time
		Beginning with both the provincial and the Parisian communications networks of Balzac, Bell proceeds to discuss the roles of horses and optical telegraphs in Stendhal and the importance of domination of communication channels to the characters of Dumas, whose count of Monte-Cristo might be seen as the ultimate fictional master of this accelerated culture.
		The most influential advances included the improvement of the stagecoach, the growth of road and canal networks leading to the advent of the railway, and the increasing use of mail and the optical telegraph.
		Citing examples from a wide range of novels and stories, Bell demonstrates the ways in which trends of acceleration became not just literary devices but also structuring principles of the novels themselves.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /f03/bell.html (283 words)

	MMD Archives: The Telegraph, Binary Code and Music Rolls
		Chappe later devised a quieter optical telegraph (probably at the request of the townsfolk who had to endure the incessant clanging noise).
		Prior to devising his magnetic telegraph in 1837, Samuel F. Morse first created a different design: "[Morse built] a vastly overcomplicated design that involved feeding a prepared rack (or "port rule") of toothed pieces of metal, each representing a letter or number, into the sending apparatus.
		This book traces the history and development of the telegraph.
	mmd.foxtail.com /Archives/Digests/199901/1999.01.06.01.html (868 words)

	Untitled Document
		By the end of 1801, the optical telegraphs on the Great Belt -Korsør, Nyborg and Sprogø -were handed over to the Postal Services.
		There are surprisingly few optical telegraphs that feature in the Romantic literature and art of the period, as in this picture.
		These telegraphs were given special civil functions that lasted until the advent of electrical telegraphs in 1854.
	www.telefonmuseet.dk /ptt-museum/ord_i_sigte/uk/dencivile1.html (88 words)

	Communication Links
		The Optical Telegraph: the proceedings of a symposium on The Optical Telegraph held in Stockholm June 21-23 1994.
		Telegraph Instruments of Europe: a collection of images of some of the instruments in the fantastic collection of Fons Vanden, a collector of 19th century telegraph instruments.
		Telegraph and Scientific Instrument: a set of web museum pages dedicated to the preservation of telegraph history, lore, and instrumentation by Tom Perera (W1TP).
	people.deas.harvard.edu /~jones/cscie129/pages/comm_links.html (3071 words)

	Optical Telegraphs.
		An optical telegraph such as this is obviously vulnerable to fog and other meteorological difficulties.
		A shutter telegraph station had six pivoted boards, which could be swivelled by the ropes leading down to the cabin, so they were either visible or edge-on.
		The first practical telegraph system was inaugurated in France by Chappe in 1794; this was a semaphore or moving-arm type.
	www.dself.dsl.pipex.com /MUSEUM/COMMS/telegraf/telegraf.htm (537 words)

	The Ties That Bound
		An optical telegraph system became practical because each station in the network could be linked visually with the next.
		However, optical telegraphs already had had a track record in Europe of almost half a century.
		The famous Telegraph Hill in downtown San Francisco served as one of three stations; the other two were at the Presidio House and Point Lobos.
	www.inc.com /magazine/19950615/2595.html (1047 words)

	Interesting Thing of the Day: Optical Telegraphs
		The naysayers finally came to their senses and agreed to electric telegraphs in 1846, though some optical telegraphs were still in operation as late as 1881.
		They dubbed their invention the “telegraph,” though nowadays all the early visual transmission systems are referred to as optical telegraphs, and this particular version is called a semaphore telegraph.
		The Optical Telegraph by Maria P. Bakardjieva at the University of Calgary
	itotd.com /articles/527 (1275 words)

	The Early History of Data Networks
		When optical telegraphs were superseded by electrical telegraphs, much of their history was forgotten.
		In most countries similar optical telegraph lines were built, though not quite on the same scale as in Sweden and France.
		Included is also the first complete English translation of a remarkable document on the design of optical telegraphs that was written in 1796 by the Swedish nobleman Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz, the builder of the Swedish optical telegraph network.
	spinroot.com /gerard/hist.html (2035 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Victorian Internet
		The difference between internet and telegraph in arrangements for privacy is crucial to differences in their growth and influence; the development of other technology such as webcams and streaming video amplifies it.
		The fact that unlike the telegraph, there is no human intervention necessary to communicate privately via the Internet, neither via email nor via web site and in chat room, has been a major factor in the growth of the single most important economic driver of the internet, pornography.
		Standage does for the telegraph what the "How and Why Wonder Books" used to do: outline the history and science of a topic in a basic yet interesting format (though their illustrations were superior).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0425171698?v=glance (2211 words)

	The Telegraph Key Timeline
		Claude Chappe developed the system for the French optical telegraph in the 1790's, about 50 years before Morse's electro-magnetic telegraph.
		The Sparks Telegraph Key Timeline is a cumulative and ongoing accumulation of important dates in the history of telegraph key development.
		Albright begins a typewriter sales and service business catering to the telegraph trade
	www.zianet.com /sparks/timeline.html (747 words)

	First Telegraph on Almondnet
		Pictures of the Telegraph and Morse Code and Portrait of Morse Samuel and Picture of Samuel Finley Breese Morse...
		Morse Code and Invention Morse Code and Samuel Morse And the Telegraph and Samuel Morse Born...
		Morse Code and Telegraph and Eli Whitney and Robert Fulton...
	www.disc-jockey-equipment.co.uk /djequipment/first_telegraph.html (454 words)

	ARRLWeb: Surfin': Weird Gear from the Past
		Optical telegraphs are one exhibit you will find in the eclectic collection at
		In the Communications area, you will find the story behind optical telegraphs, acoustic radar, heliographs, pneumatic networks, speaking tubes, and more.
		Other areas in the museum are Computing, Transport, and Power Generation and they each have an eclectic collection of inventions that are fascinating and sometimes amusing (e.g., steam powered lawnmowers and rocket-powered bicycles!).
	www.arrl.org /news/features/2005/06/10/1 (404 words)

	Telegraph Instruments of Europe- Page Eight
		The needle could adopt one of eight positions simulating the signal arm of the (optical) Chappe system.
		Toy single-needle telegraphs; two are from John J. Griffin, London.
		This one is by the Telegraph Works Silvertown (London).
	www.faradic.net /~gsraven/fons_images/Page_8/fons_page_8.html (237 words)

	The Optical Telegraph - Links and References
		This book covers the entire history of the telegraph, beginning with Chappe's Optical Telegraph.
		This site has links to information about the Optical Telegraph in countries all over Europe, including a likn to the site listed just above.
		This site has some information on Chappe's telegraph, as well as other later telegraphs.
	www.stkate.edu /~yng/CLASSES/106/Winter03/KirstenKoehler/links.html (102 words)

	Resume
		"Early Optical Telegraphs", Spring 1995 at the History of Technology Seminar at NCAandTSU
		"Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed Architectures for Optical Passive Star Networks" February 1995 at the Mathmatics Department of UNCG
		"Topological Design of Optically Switched WDM Networks", with Ronald J. Vetter and
	williams.comp.ncat.edu /resume.htm (266 words)

	Book History and Literacies at Minnesota
		“Children of Media, Children as Media: Optical Telegraphs, Indian Pupils, and Joseph Lancaster’s System for Cultural Replication.” New Media, 1750—1914.
		Annotated Bibliography: Electronic Preservation and the Artifactual Materiality of the Text (1996).
		Studies in Print Culture and the History of the Book.
	mh.cla.umn.edu /book.html (2279 words)

	Terra Incognita Links
		Look here for more civilized communications technologies such as pneumatic networks and optical telegraphs.
		Inventor Richard Pearse of New Zealand flew months before the American Wright brothers in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
	www.nagssociety.com /links/links.htm (14098 words)

	telhom.htm
		The graphic shows the Chappe optical telegraph in operation.
		The Electromagnetic Telegraph: A technical history of the 19th-century electric telegraph and the Morse Code.
		Railway Telegraphs in 1863: Preece's report on British railway telegraphs.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tel/telhom.htm (14098 words)

	Beacon [Definition]
		In the latter form, beacons are an ancient form of optical telegraphThe optical telegraph preceded the electrical telegraph.
		The distance that an optical telegraph can bridge is limited by geography, the shape of the earth, weather, and the sharpness of the human eye.
		Beacons are fires lit on hills or high places, used either as lighthousesAn aid for navigation and pilotage at sea, a lighthouse is a tower building or framework sending out light from a system of lamps and lenses or, in older times, from a fire.
	www.wikimirror.com /Beacon (14098 words)

	LL030921.txt
		The Chappe brother's black and white panels gave way to a more sophisticated optical telegraph, a small house with a large swinging arm tower assembly overhead that, depending on how and where the arm was positioned, could be translated into letters and numbers.
		This continental network was actually a large network of several optical telegraph networks and by extension this is the basic definition of an internet.
		I learned in "The Victorian Internet" that pneumatic tube systems were developed during the rise of the electrical telegraph as a means to help increase the volume and distribution of the hand-written message from office to office and building to building.
	www.twiar.org /n2fnh/TNLLLTW/LL030921.txt (1532 words)

	Reconstruction
		The last addition to the optical telegraph network was made in 1854, when the line to Furusund was extended to Arholma and Söderarm.
		In 1811 Carl Wilhelm Venus was appointed the new Telegraph Inspector, a first indication that the shutdown of the telegraph network was not intended to be permanent.
		One of the first assignments Akrell received was to investigate the changes that had to be made in the Telegraph Institution after the lapse of about 25 years.
	labit501.upct.es /ips/libros/TEHODN/ch-2-3.10.html (452 words)

	Semaphore (communication) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The semaphore line, or optical telegraph was a signalling system invented by the Chappe brothers in France.
		Chappe's semaphore (an illustrated history of optical telegraphy)
		In practical use, most optical telegraphs used relay leagues to bridge longer distances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semaphore_(communication) (1563 words)

	The Victorian Internet - Mappa.Mundi Magazine - Reviews
		The telegraph began as an optical system in France after the revolution, invented by Claude Chappe.
		Thankfully, Standage makes the point that the telegraph was the Internet of its age, but then lets the metaphor drop and tells the story of the spread of the telegraph on its own terms.
		This story of the early days of electrical experimentation leads off The Victorian Internet, a fascinating story of the telegraph by Tom Standage, a journalist who writes for The Economist.
	mappa.mundi.net /reviews/victorian (1585 words)

	Photonic Internet Lab.
		BUSINESS WIRE, June 22, 2004: Isocore Launches IP Optical Technology Showcase at SUPERCOMM 2004
		NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation), NEC Corporation, Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation will provide the world's first successfully demonstration of Legacy-MPLS / GMPLS interworking.
		NTT's Legacy-MPLS router can set-up MPLS-LSPs over a multi-layer GMPLS domain that consists of NTT routers, NEC's TDM capable XC, Furukawa's GMPLS edge-router, and Mitsubishi's full optical XC.
	www.pilab.org (838 words)

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Topic: Optical telegraph

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