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Topic: Optimality Theory

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	Optimality theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Optimality theory is usually considered a development of generative grammar, which shares its focus on the investigation of universal principles, linguistic typology and language acquisition.
		OT is often called a connectionist theory of language, because it has its roots in neural network research, though the relationship is now largely of historical interest.
		Many linguists believe that this is a falsifiable prediction, in the sense of Karl Popper and that Optimality Theory is thus a scientific theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optimality_theory (1046 words)

	Optimality and Cumulativity in the Phonology of English (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One of the attractions of the theory for the beginning student is that superficially quite complicated patterns of data in a number of different languages can be described by simply ranking a small set of constraints in various ways.
		Optimality Theorists may differ in their assumptions about the form of the constraints and about the structure of the representations their theory deals with – in short, they can differ in principle about the explanation of any universal aspect of human language.
		Another unfortunate consequence of demonstrating Optimality Theory on the basis of a meticulous analysis of phonotactics and metrical structure in one variant of English, is that the analysis sometimes lacks elegance by necessity.
	www.vanoostendorp.nl.cob-web.org:8888 /fonologie/hammond.html (2547 words)

	Optimality theory (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		'''Optimality theory''' or OT is a linguistic theory proposed by the linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1993.
		OT is often called a connectionist theory of language, because it has its roots in neural network research.
		It arose as a successor to Prince and Smolensky's earlier theory of harmonic grammar.
	optimality-theory.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (619 words)

	Optimality-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Approaches to Implicature (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Optimality Theory (OT) is a linguistic theory which assumes that linguistic choices are governed by competition between a set of candidates, or alternatives.
		to be optimal for the speaker, it has to be the case that she cannot use a more optimal form f ′ to express i.
		In terms of this notion of optimality, however, Blutner is not able yet to explain how the more complex form (4) can have an interpretation at all, in particular, why it will be interpreted as non-stereotypical killing.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/implicature-optimality-games (2872 words)

	Optimality Theory in Phonology - Book Information
		By 'we' I mean everybody who is not a cutting-edge researcher in OT phonology but who hopes to become one, or who needs to know about OT in order to...
		Optimality Theory in Phonology: A Reader is a collection of readings on this important new theory by leading figures in the field, including a lengthy excerpt from Prince and Smolensky's never-before-published Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar.
		Compiles the most important readings about Optimality Theory in phonology from some of the most prominent researchers in the field.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=0631226893 (219 words)

	Optimality Theory - Book Information
		Optimality Theory has transformed the field of linguistics more than almost any other development of the past half-century, and Prince and Smolensky started it all."...
		This book is the final version of the widely-circulated 1993 Technical Report that introduces a conception of grammar in which well-formedness is defined as optimality with respect to a ranked set of universal constraints.
		Alan Prince is Professor of Linguistics and a member of the Cognitive Science Center at Rutgers University and is, along with Paul Smolensky, one of the founders of Optimality Theory.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=1405119330&site=1 (259 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.672: OT (Optimality Theory)
		All generalisations in all theories of linguitics are violable/find exceptions, and this should not be a stumbling block to using them (provided the exceptions don't outnumber the rules!).
		The fact that all theories are based on linguistic data, rather than idealised conceptions, says a great deal about the empiricism built into the field.since its beginnings all those thousands of years ago.
		The fact that one theory has managed to rach its predictions and gramamticality judgements without too much (essentially arbitrary, if we factor out actual linguistic data) architecture, should not be seen as a drawback, but rather as an enviable asset.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-672.html (1133 words)

	Finite State Optimality Theory
		The generate-and-test paradigm initially appears to be appropriate for optimality theory.
		The use of lenient composition, however, is not sufficient for implementing optimality theory.
		The problem of implementing optimality theory becomes considerably harder when constraint violations need to be counted.
	odur.let.rug.nl /vannoord/papers/ot/node4.html (516 words)

	FUNCTIONAL OPTIMALITY THEORY
		Thus, violable constraints can be expressed in such a general way that they yield to the linguist's requirement of universality and simplicity, and to the phonetician's requirement of explicability in terms of the properties of the human speech mechanism.
		The differences between their theories and the view of functional phonology described here, are discussed in Boersma (forthcoming).
		Hayes, Bruce (1996): "Phonetically driven phonology: the role of Optimality Theory and inductive grounding", Proceedings of the 1996 Milwaukee Conference on Formalism and Functionalism in Linguistics.
	www.fon.hum.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings21/PaulBoersma1/PaulBoersma1.html (1622 words)

	LSA.113 \| Introduction to Optimality Theory
		This course will explain the properties and results of Optimality Theory in a way that is accessible to students who may have little or no prior background (or interest) in phonology.
		The focus will be on understanding the theory itself and how it works, rather than on the mechanics of analysis.
		Prerequisite: Familiarity with the goals of linguistic theory and the nature of linguistic analysis.
	web.mit.edu /lsa2005/courses/descriptions/113.html (75 words)

	Optimality Theory eBooks - Reni Kager - Visit eBookMall Today!
		This is an introduction to Optimality Theory, whose central idea is that surface forms of language reflect resolutions of conflicts between competing constraints.
		A surface form is 'optimal' if it incurs the least serious violations of a set of constraints, taking into account their hierarchical ranking.
		Optimality Theory will be welcomed by any linguist with a basic knowledge of derivational Generative Phonology.
	www.ebookmall.com /ebooks/optimality-theory-kager-ebooks.htm (178 words)

	Graded Optimality Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In OT, the linguistic structure of an utterance is computed as the optimal structure of a set of possible candidates, where ``optimal'' is defined as satisfying most of the most highly ranked constraints.
		Like traditional linguistic theories, OT is based on a binary notion of grammaticality: the optimal candidate is grammatical; no assumptions are made about the relative grammaticality of suboptimal candidates.
		To account for graded data, we propose to extend OT such that degrees of grammaticality are assigned to competing candidates according to the number and ranks of the constraints they violate.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /Events/PLC/plc21/abstracts/keller/node3.html (187 words)

	Download prepublications by Joan Bresnan (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Lexicon in Optimality Theory." In The Lexical Basis of Syntactic Processing: Formal,Computational and Experimental Issues, edited by Suzanne Stevenson and Paola Merlo, pp.
		Common cognitive structures for syntax and phonology in Optimality Theory, December 12-13, 1998, Center for the Study of Language and Information.
		Optimal Syntax." In Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax and Acquisition, edited by Joost Dekkers, Frank van der Leeuw and Jeroen van de Weijer, 334--385.
	www-lfg.stanford.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /bresnan/download.html (501 words)

	Amazon.com: A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory (Research Surveys in Linguistics): Books: John J. McCarthy (via ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Optimality Theory (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics) by Rene Kager
		This book describes Optimality Theory from the top down, explaining and exploring the central premises of OT and the results that follow from them.
		Examples are drawn from phonology, morphology, and syntax, but the emphasis throughout is on the theory rather than the examples, on understanding what is special about OT and on equipping readers to apply it, extend it, and critique it in their own areas of interest.
	www.amazon.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Thematic-Optimality-Research-Surveys-Linguistics/dp/052179644X (1306 words)

	Optimality Theory Software
		Hayes, Bruce (2004) "Phonological acquisition in Optimality Theory: The Earliest Stages".
		Optimality Theory (OT) is a wide-employed theoretical framework used in contemporary linguistics.
		The original reference for OT is Prince and Smolensky (1993); good textbooks have been written by René Kager and John McCarthy.
	www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/hayes/otsoft (863 words)

	Schwa in Phonological Theory -- LOT Winter School 1998 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Course level: Knowledge of the basic issues in autosegmental theory, syllable structure theory and optimality theory is presupposed.
		Our main theoretical focus will be on Nonlinear Phonology and Optimality Theory, but proposals from other theoretical frameworks will be discussed as well.
		Noske, R. (1993) A theory of syllabification and segmental alternation.
	www.vanoostendorp.nl.cob-web.org:8888 /fonologie/schwa/schwa.html (361 words)

	Optimal Typology
		The Optimal Typology Project is a collaborative research project led by Judith Aissen at the University of California at Santa Cruz and by Joan Bresnan at Stanford University.
		The project aim is to develop a fully explicit Optimality Theoretic approach to markedness hierarchies in syntax, and to test it against both crosslinguistic typological research and language-internal studies of syntactic structures.
		Joan Bresnan is Principal Investigator of the Optimal Typology Project at Stanford...
	www-ot.stanford.edu (851 words)

	A perl implementation of Optimality Theory's Eval
		Kuhn (2003) presents a model of Optimality Theoretic syntax that allows a (formally) infinite candidate space, such an implementation is specialized to syntax.
		In exchange for a lack of formal and theoretic completeness (by disallowing an infinite candidate space), I present a very simple model of OT flexible enough for any imaginable application of OT- be it phonology, syntax, user-interface design, etc. Note that this model of
		The learnability of optimality theory: an algorithm and some basic complexity results.
	www.albany.edu /~ab9590/papers/ot-perl/report.html (425 words)

	Amazon.com: Optimality Theory (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics): Books: Rene Kager (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Optimality Theory in Phonology: A Reader by John J. McCarthy
		The central goal of linguistic theory is to shed light on the core of grammatical principles that is common to all languages.
		Optimality Theory, Axininca Campa, Lexicon Optimization, Palestinian Arabic, Local Conjunction, Southeastern Tepehuan, Linguistic Inquiry, Basic Model, Timugon Murut, Richness of the Base, Isthmus Nahuat, Southern Paiute, American English, Recursive Ranking, Anti-Loop Provision, University of Massachusetts, Containment Theory, Lyman's Law, Boumaa Fijian, Lexical Phonology, Schema Faithfulness, University of California, Complementizer Phrase, Akademie Verlag, Armin Mester
	www.amazon.com /Optimality-Theory-Cambridge-Textbooks-Linguistics/dp/0521589800 (1220 words)

	Icelandic Phonology in Optimality Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This dissertation provides a unified analysis of a portion of Icelandic phonology within the framework of Optimality Theory.
		The set of constraints proposed are ranked in a hierarchy that is consistent with the phonetic forms that are found in Icelandic.
		While the data appears to be superficially complex, Optimality Theory provides the theoretical mechanisms for the analysis that is simple and transparent and for which level ordering of affixes is not acquired.
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/gibson.html (109 words)

	Optimality Theory
		The prevailing nonsequential approach to phonology, the Optimality Theory, OT, is based not on rewrite rules but on constraints.
		But the fact that OT in principle requires unlimited counting means that even the classical OT of Smolensky and Prince (1993) cannot be modeled by a finite-state device.
		The same is true, even without the counting issue, of some other variants of OT such as John McCarthy's Sympathy Theory and Benua's Output-output constraints.
	www.stanford.edu /~laurik/fsmbook/faq/OptimalityTheory.html (718 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		This volume provides the first survey of optimality theory -- arguably the linguistic theory of the 1990s.
		As a general model, optimality theory has wide applications to a variety of areas in cognitive science, and especially to those related to language: acquisition, production, perception, and deficits.
		The book leads the reader to an understanding of optimality theory via the exploration and resolution of specific problems in phonology, morphology, and syntax, but presumes virtually no background knowledge in linguistics.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=3037 (171 words)

	Equinox - Books - Browse by Series
		Optimality Theory is an exciting new approach to linguistic analysis that originated in phonology but was soon taken up in syntax, morphology, and other fields of linguistics.
		Optimality Theory presents a clear vision of the universal properties underlying the vast surface typological variety in the world's languages.
		The series includes studies with a broad typological focus, studies dedicated to the detailed analysis of individual languages, and studies on the nature of Optimality Theory itself.
	www.equinoxpub.com /books/browse.asp?serid=20 (240 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		Optimality Theory substitutes constraints for rules in universal grammar and linguistic performance.
		OT has revolutionized phonological theory, and its insights are now being applied to other central aspects of language.
		This book presents the first fruits of such research as applied to syntax and to language acquisition, as well as considering the main lines of attack on OT by rule-based grammarians (for example, that constraints are ad hoc, limitless, or themselves contain rules).
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198238430 (483 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.71: Optimality Theory/Multilingual Development
		As a matter of policy, LINGUIST discourages the use of abbreviations or acronyms in conference announcements unless they are explained in the text.
		bi-directional optimality theory, stochastic optimality theory, primitive optimality theory, etc. This workshop aims to bring together researchers using different forms of OT in different fields within linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
		The emphasis is on how different OT dialects support or fail to support the analysis of a certain problems in order to make their differences and similarities more transparent.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/14/14-71.html (552 words)

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