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	Optimates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The optimates favored the nobiles (noble families) and opposed the ascension of 'new men' (plebeians, usually provincials, whose family had no former political experience) into Roman politics.
		The optimate cause reached its peak under the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (81 BC–79 BC).
		Besides Cicero and Sulla, notable optimates included Cato the Elder and Cato the Younger, Titus Annius Milo, Marcus Junius Brutus and (generally excluding his Triumvirate), Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and Pompey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optimates (324 words)

	Roman civiliation, Roman history
		Many of their number, however, were simply interested in preserving the power the constitution afforded members of their class and exploiting the popularity their "conservative" positions achieved to obtain a position of political superiority over other members of the elite.
		Optimates considered his acquittal to be the legal vindication of the senatus consultus ultimum.
		These measures were very unpopular with the optimates and small scale riots ensued when they attempted to have their tribunes veto the laws.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/1st.cen.htm (4472 words)

	Historical background on Julius Caesar - All Julius Caesar
		The optimates argued that the high priest must have been involved too, and Caesar's only way to prevent larger troubles, was to divorce his wife.
		In his reconstruction of the events, the optimates and populares were not political parties (as Mommsen had thought): these words signified two approaches to legitimacy.
		Optimates thought that a decision was legitimate when it was made in the Senate, the populares tried to reach their aims in the People's Assembly.
	www.alljuliuscaesar.bravehost.com /historical-background.html (8373 words)

	THE ROMAN REVOLUTION I: The Late Republic, 122-60 B
		The optimates controlled the senate and the higher magistracies and pursued their goals by traditional means (senatus consulta and decrees).
		The populares, in contrast, would have preferred the prestige of being optimates, but, frustrated in their bid for advancement in the traditional manner, turned instead to the people and obtained commands and powers by laws/leges without the approval of the senate.
		The optimates opposed because they feared the disruption of the traditional system; one man would acquire too great a clientele and threaten the constitution (and their privileged position).
	www.uoregon.edu /~msnic/RepRomeW01/army.htm (1068 words)

	Optimates - TheBestLinks.com - Italy, Pompey, Roman Republic, Sulla, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The irony was that the major champion of the later optimates, Marcus Tullius Cicero, was himself a new man.
		In addition to their political aims, the optimates opposed the extension of Roman citizenship beyond Italy (and even opposed granting citizenship to most Italians).
		The optimate cause reached its peak under the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (81 BC-79 BC).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Optimates.html (316 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		The fatal development in the republic of two parties, optimates (the senatorial conservatives) and populares, grew out of this resistance to change.
		The optimates tried to foster the idea that they represented constitutionalism versus subversion, but after Sulla, who combined the bloodiest illegality with the strictest defense of the senate (which he raised to 600 members), such a claim by optimates was hypocritical and cynical.
		The ruin of the optimates and the senate was accomplished in the proscription of 43 BC after Caesar's assassination.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:senate-r (413 words)

	[No title]
		The Optimates worked through the senate and traditional areas while the Populares worked through the tribunate and popular assemblies.
		Most likely it was a direct response to the underlying socioeconomic causes of the recent slave uprising in Sicily; the displacement of the small farmer, who was the backbone of the Roman army, had reached crisis proportions, and the results were all too visible in the mass of former ploughmen gravitating to the city.
		Optimates emerged as leader to the opposition of the Graccian party.
	www.gracchus.esmartweb.com /paper.htm (3345 words)

	Julius Caesar - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		This party supported agrarian reform and was opposed by the reactionary Optimates, a senatorial faction.
		At the same time he saw to it that young Caesar was appointed flamen dialis, one of an archaic priesthood with no power.
		When Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marius's enemy and leader of the Optimates, was made dictator in 82 bc, he issued a list of enemies to be executed.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761578066___2/Julius_Caesar.html (278 words)

	The First Triumvirate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Their requests were no means outrageous, but the optimates seemed to have been very short sighted and without realising it they were driven into each other’s arms.
		So up until this point they were entirely successful and the objectives of the formation of the triumvirate were all seen to and equally importantly it was proof that the triumvirs were able to defeat the optimates in their measures.
		Cato also was arranged to be removed - to supervise the annexation of Cyprus, which he accepted from early 58 to 56 - He did it because it was a good opportunity for him financially - but also they went because they were afraid that their opposition would lead to civil war.
	www.herodotuswebsite.co.uk /roman/essays/1stTriumvirate.htm (682 words)

	[No title]
		Numero, si quaeris, innumerabiles, neque enim aliter stare possemus; sunt principes consili publici, sunt qui eorum 10 sectam sequuntur, sunt maximorum ordinum homines, quibus patet curia, sunt municipales rusticique Romani, sunt negoti gerentes, sunt etiam libertini optimates.
		Horum qui 20 voluntati, commodis, opinionibus in gubernandEQ \O(a,¯) re publicEQ \O(a,¯) serviunt, defensores optimatium ipsique optimates gravissimi et clarissimi cives numerantur et principes civitatis.
		Hoc qui volunt, omnes optimates, qui efficiunt, summi viri et conservatores civitatis putantur; neque enim rerum gerendarum dignitate 30 homines efferri ita convenit ut otio non prospiciant, neque ullum amplexari otium quod abhorreat a dignitate.
	personal.ecu.edu /stevensj/latn3001/ch8.doc (2613 words)

	Althusius: Politica: XXXVIII
		To make such tyranny publicly acknowledged and recognized it is necessary that the optimates of the realm call a council and assemble a general meeting of all orders of the people, and that they therein undertake to examine and judge the activities and deeds of the tyrant.
		Tyranny is said to be firmly entrenched when the magistrate, having been admonished often by the optimates without effect or correction in the performance of his office, still does not cease from tyranny but instead persists in it, so that he can do anything at all with impunity.
		And to this end the optimates can remove such a person from office, deprive him of his entrusted administration, and, if they cannot defend themselves against force by any other means, even kill him, and substitute another in his place.
	www.constitution.org /alth/alth_38.htm (3504 words)

	Julius Caesar
		In the Roman political world of the sixties the dominance of the optimates was challenged by Pompey and Crassus.
		The optimates, led by Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Lucius Licinius Lucullus, were chiefly men whose careers had been made by Sulla.
		The optimates in control of the senate, now awake to the immense increase in Caesar's personal power, wealth, and prestige, kept Pompey in Italy, allowing him to govern his Spanish provinces by deputies.
	www.studyworld.com /julius_caesar.htm (1937 words)

	PlanetPapers - Explain the formation and the break down of the First Triumvirate
		The most powerful and influential people, the Optimates became increasingly dis empowered, and a sense of desperation to regain power is felt with the use of Pompey in an a final attempt to restore power to the Senate.
		This suggests Pompey’s political naivety and the fact that Pompey thought he had done enough in order to get recognition and acceptance from the Optimates to gain land for his veterans and to have his innumerable arrangements in the East ratified.
		He applied force (using Pompey’s veterans) to scare the assembly and ignored the obstruction of the tribunes and of his fellow consuls.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/4926.php (1021 words)

	Brothers Gracchi
		In this period is a series of events that will culminate in the end of the republic.
		It should be noted, however, that the Optimates came together only when the Populares were able to threaten their economic and social positions.
		It is within the conflict of the optimates and populares that Cataline makes sense.
	www.mccsc.edu /~blaw/Gracchi.htm (2696 words)

	RISE OF SULLA , AND RUIN OF THE DEMOCRATS & SAMNITES! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Sullan Restoration was effected on behalf of the boni, the Optimates.
		At any rate, the plight of the urban proletariat had been sealed less by the Optimates than by the Equites, the "Knights", the tax farming class who invested their proceeds in plantations, who were politically self-serving.
		The remaining Optimates flocked to his camp and the people, weary of the savagery of the democrats, exhibited little or no support for the now suddenly, increasingly forlorn and abandoned, Populares.
	www.rumormillnews.com /cgi-bin/archive.cgi?read=47730 (1494 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Caesar and his forces chased Pompeius and optimates out from Italy, and after taking Spain he followed them to Greece.
		There the optimates were defeated in battle of Farsalos.
		The last army of the optimates and pompeians was defeated in Munda, and the first phase of the civil war was over.
	www.sirius.sgic.fi /~juha/hirtius.doc (407 words)

	The Use of the Tribunate for Reforms
		Of these reasons, the most important is the inward-looking and conservative attitudes and policies of the influential group in the senate, who called themselves the "Optimates".
		Another was the inability of the plebeians to rise up to the responsibilities these tribunes had inevitably put into their hands.
		However, these tribunes were unlikely to have proposed or enacted such solutions with the primary purpose of challenging the Senate, even when they did have understandable reasons for bearing grudges against it.
	janusquirinus.org /essays/Tribunate.html (2119 words)

	Content Management Systems from Brighton Web, Sussex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Optimates - a search engine optimising (SEO) service to improve your ratings with the major organisations such as Google and Yahoo.
		Our content management systems are search engine friendly (SEF) but we can help you boost your ratings with our Optimates service.
		While Optimates provides a low-cost solution to SEO, on many occassions it may be cost-effective to have a full-time specialist on the case.
	www.brightonweb.com /content/view/43/54 (299 words)

	New Optimates: Helping to Advance the Revolution in Media Affairs
		At Optimates we love the free expression and intellectual empowerment that blogging provides.
		After all, the last thing this country needs is political opponents retreating into their own separate "echo chambers," where group-think is the order of the day.
		And people were killed--many by machete--at a pace that the Nazis would have envied.
	optimates.blogspot.com (5555 words)

	Julius Caesar - MSN Encarta
		When Caesar returned to Rome in 60 bc after a year as governor of Spain, he joined forces with Crassus and Pompey in a three-way alliance known as the First Triumvirate; to cement their relationship further, Caesar gave his daughter Julia to Pompey in marriage.
		Thus backed, Caesar was elected consul for 59 bc despite Optimate hostility, and the year after (58 bc) he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul.
		Almost any step forward in education bumps income.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578066/Caesar_Gaius_Julius.html (579 words)

	romanhistory
		The original distinction is that between a free person and a slave: if someone can dominate you, you are no better off than a slave.
		Cicero's optimates (boni) and populares are not partes but descriptions of people who engage in politics in different ways
		Libertas, however, means "license" when used by an optimate to refer to the people.
	www.uvm.edu /~bsaylor/rome/politvocab.html (351 words)

	Historical Background for Spartacus
		Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a patrician leader of the optimates, was elected consul and designated by the Senate as general in the war in Asia Minor although the Assembly had given this command to Marius.
		Sulla marched his legions into Rome itself to enforce his appointment and to stop the reform legislation of the populares; this was the first time in history that a Roman army marched upon Rome.
		Marius returned to Rome and outlawed Sulla; he was elected to his seventh consulship and led a five-day bloodbath against the optimates.
	vroma.rhodes.edu /~bmcmanus/spartacus.html (1541 words)

	Nobiles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Created after the Lex Hortensia(287BC), The Nobiles were a new social class consisting of both Patrician and Plebian families in which the family consisted of governmental officers.
		See also: Roman Republic,populares, optimates, Novus homo, Marcus Tullius Cicero
		This page was last modified 10:22, 26 April 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobiles (105 words)

	[No title]
		In B.C. 52 he was tribune of the people, and took an active part in the disturbances which were caused at Rome in that year by the open struggles between Annius Milo, one of the optimates, who was canvassing for the consulship, and P. Clodius, who was trying to obtain the praetorship.
		Milo slew Clodius on a public road: he was accused by the populares, and defended by the optimates; but the judges, who could not allow such an act of open violence to escape unpunished, condemned, and sentenced him to exile.
		Two years later (B.C. 50), he was ejected from the senate by the censor Appius Claudius, one of the most zealous among the optimates.
	library.beau.org /gutenberg/etext05/debcj10.txt (16496 words)

	TEMPLE OF JULIUS CAESAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At that time Celtic Gaul, to the north, was still independent, but the Aedui, a tribe of Roman allies, appealed to Caesar for help against another Gallic people, the Helvetii, during the first year of his governorship.
		By the following year all Optimate forces had been defeated and the Mediterranean world pacified.
		The basic prop for Caesar's continuation in power was the dictatorship for life.
	sangha.net /messengers/Caesar.htm (1442 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This will consist of 25 Optimates, which are superor Roman Bronze coins usually of the 4th Century.
		With these coins comes: 1 x Identified Roman Bronze coin as an example, plus the ACE CD with 2700 images of Roman Imperial coins, Roman History timeline and a set of ACE documents, including a comprehensive Lesson Plan Below is the order form for New to ACE schools which please complete clearly and return.
		“Gratis” New School “Starter”package Unit consisting of 25 Optimate Roman Coins, an identified Roman bronze coin and the ACE CD as described above — pleased note that only one “Gratis” package is issued per school.
	www.bitsofhistory.com /ace/ACE_Application.doc (749 words)

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