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Topic: Oral contraceptive

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Contraception

Birth control

Carl Djerassi

Natural family planning

Homosexuality and transgender

Ovulation

Western societies

Sexual revolution

Causes of sexual orientation

Sexual Behavior in the Human Female

Sexual morality

The Ashes

Brian Statham

Homosexuality

Adrian Frutiger

	FDA's Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive, Enovid
		The first oral contraceptive was submitted first for regulatory approval in 1957 as a treatment for menstrual disorders and infertility, not as a contraceptive (although the drug had been developed as an oral contraceptive).
		In judging the safety of the first oral contraceptive, regulators were most concerned about it ability to prevent pregnancy because pregnancy and delivery were inherently medically risky.
		The chief danger of oral contraceptives¾ thromboembolism (occasionally fatal obstructions of blood vessels leading to brain, heart, or lungs)¾ was not anticipated by anyone at the time of approval.
	www.fda.gov /oc/history/makinghistory/enovid.html (445 words)

	Oral contraceptive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral contraceptives are chemicals taken by mouth to inhibit normal fertility.
		Generally, all oral contraceptives have different synthetic estrogens and progestins, chemical analogues of the natural hormones, estradiol (an estrogen) and progesterone (a progestagen).
		Oral contraceptives may influence coagulation, subtly increasing the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, stroke and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oral_contraceptive (3815 words)

	Chewable oral contraceptive - Patent 6667050
		The tablet of claim 1, wherein the oral contraceptive agent comprises norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, the carrier comprises dicalcium phosphate, lactose monohydrate, and maltodextrin, and the tablet further comprises sucralose, a flavor agent, sodium starch glycolate, povidone, and magnesium stearate.
		The efficacy of oral contraceptives tends to be particularly patient compliance dependent, largely due to the lack of a disease state or symptoms to remind a human female patient (sometimes referred to simply as "patient" or "woman") to take a pill.
		In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the oral contraceptive agent comprises norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, the carrier comprises dicalcium phosphate, lactose monohydrate, and maltodextrin, and the tablet further comprises sucralose, a flavor agent, sodium starch glycolate, povidone, and magnesium stearate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6667050.html (5813 words)

	Update on Oral Contraceptive Pills American Family Physician - Find Articles
		Oral contraceptive pills are widely used and are generally safe and effective for many women.
		Oral contraceptive pills are associated with few clinically significant drug interactions, although consideration of interactions remains important.
		Oral contraceptive pills are combined formulations of a progestin and a synthetic estrogen (Table 1).1 These pills have been widely used in the United States for almost 40 years.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_7_60/ai_57093475 (833 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Estrogen and Progestin (Oral Contraceptives) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)] and other sexually transmitted diseases.
		Oral contraceptives are usually started on the first or fifth day of your menstrual period or on the first Sunday after or on which bleeding begins.
		Oral contraceptives may also increase the chance that you will develop breast or liver cancer, or have a heart attack, a stroke, or a serious blood clot.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601050.html (1773 words)

	Binovum Oral Contraceptive Tablets. , SPC from the eMC
		When additional contraceptive precautions are required, the patient should be advised either not to have sex, or to use a cap plus spermicide or for her partner to use a condom.
		Binovum is contra-indicated for use during pregnancy or suspected pregnancy, since it has been suggested that combined oral contraceptives, in common with many other substances, might be capable of affecting the normal development of the child in the early stages of pregnancy.
		An increased risk of cervical cancer in long term users of combined oral contraceptives has been reported in some studies, but there continues to be controversy about the extent to which this is attributable to the confounding effects of sexual behaviour and other factors.
	emc.medicines.org.uk /emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?DocumentID=879 (3511 words)

	Oral contraceptive pill may prevent more than pregnancy
		The research concluded that women who used the oral contraceptive pill may be exposed to long-term problems from low values of "unbound" testosterone potentially leading to continuing sexual, metabolic, and mental health consequences.
		Oral contraceptives have been the preferred method of birth control because of their ease of use and high rate of effectiveness.
		Oral contraceptives decrease circulating levels of androgens by direct inhibition of androgen production in the ovaries and by a marked increase in the hepatic synthesis of sex-hormone binding globulin, the major binding protein for gonadal steroids in the circulation.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/bpl-ocp121305.php (1222 words)

	DOES ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE PROMOTE BREAST CANCER?
		According to an article in the October 11, 2000 issue of the Journal of American Medical Association, oral contraceptive use does increase the risk of breast cancer in families in which sisters and daughters of the patient with breast cancer also developed breast cancer (but not among granddaughters and nieces).
		The increased risk applied only to women using oral contraceptives prior to 1975 when the amount of hormone in the oral contraceptive was much higher.
		There is, at present, no persuasive evidence that, when a woman buys and uses oral contraceptives with the hormone dosages used today, she is at any increased risk of breast cancer.
	healthfullife.umdnj.edu /archives/contraceptive_archive.htm (244 words)

	A riskier oral contraceptive? - USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A consumer group petitioned the Food and Drug Administration Tuesday to ban oral contraceptives that contain the synthetic hormone desogestrel because studies suggest that, compared with other birth control pills, they nearly double the risk of potentially fatal blood clots without improving protection against pregnancy.
		On the pills' labels, under the heading "Risks of Taking Oral Contraceptives," a warning ("in barely perceptible 4-point type," Wolfe says) states that the blood-clot risk may be greater with desogestrel-containing pills than with other low-dose oral contraceptives.
		Contraceptives containing desogestrel were developed in the 1980s in an effort to reduce adverse effects such as acne and excess hair, Public Citizen says.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2007-02-06-contraceptives-publiccitizen_x.htm (357 words)

	Birth control pills : American Pregnancy Association
		Oral contraceptives usually come in a package of 28 pills that contain 21 active pills with hormones and 7 placebo pills.
		On average, oral contraceptives are 93-97% effective because women often miss pills or do not start a new pack on time.
		You should not use oral contraceptives if you have a history of stroke, heart attacks, blood clots, liver disease, breast cancer or are over 35 years old and smoke.
	www.americanpregnancy.org /preventingpregnancy/birthcontrolpills.html (735 words)

	Female Contraception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Contraceptives are devices or methods for preventing pregnancy, either by preventing the fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm or by preventing implantation of the fertilized egg.
		Oral contraceptives are the choice of between one-quarter and one-third of American women who use birth control, making them the most popular reversible contraceptives in the US.
		Oral contraceptives are often used to regulate periods in women with menstrual disorders, including dysmenorrhea (severe pain), amenorrhea (absence of periods), and menorrhagia (heavy bleeding).
	www.reutershealth.com /wellconnected/doc91.html (12177 words)

	ScienceDaily: Oral Contraceptive Effective In Controlling Premenstrual Disorder
		Women who were given the oral contraceptive had significantlygreater improvement (48.4 percent compared to 36.1 percent of women onplacebo) in productivity, enjoyment of hobbies, social activities, andinterpersonal relationships, and experienced greater symptom reduction.Forty-four women from both groups withdrew from the study due toadverse effects such as nausea and intermenstrual bleeding.
		Low-dose Oral Contraceptives May Increase Risk For Heart Attack Or Stroke (July 7, 2005) -- Women using low-dose oral contraceptives are at an increased risk for a heart attack or stroke while taking the pill -- however the risk disappears after discontinuation, according to a Virginia...
		Oral contraceptive -- Oral contraceptives are chemicals taken by mouth to inhibit normal fertility.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/08/050831071714.htm (1617 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Women who took the contraceptive pill were 8% less likely to suffer heart attacks and high cholesterol.
		The contraceptive pill cuts women's risk of suffering cardiovascular disease, according to one of the most extensive studies ever done.
		"Everything is lower in the oral contraceptive users," says Victory, who reported the results on 20 October at the meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in Philadelphia.
	www.nature.com /news/2004/041018/pf/041018-13_pf.html (536 words)

	Birth Control Questions: Deciding on Oral Contraceptive Pills - C01
		For example, desogestrel is a very potent and androgenic progestin but its usual oral contraceptive dose is 0.15 mg instead of 1.00 mg for norethindrone.
		In order to classify an oral contraceptive as an estrogen dominant, progestin dominant or androgenic pill, you must multiply the actual dose of the components times the relative potency of that component.
		When your doctor prescribes a given oral contraceptive, most of the time they indicate it can be filled with a generic equivalent.
	www.wdxcyber.com /ncontr13.htm (1169 words)

	Contraceptive Methods: Oral Contraceptives
		Modern combined oral contraceptives are made from very low doses of synthetic estrogen and progestin.
		These combined oral contraceptives (COCs)—often called combined pills, the Pill, and birth control pills—are very effective in preventing pregnancy when taken consistently and correctly (at the same time every day). Their use does not interfere with intercourse.
		Progestin-only oral contraceptive pills, often called progestin-only pills (POPs) and minipills, are estrogen-free oral contraceptives made from very low doses of synthetic progestin.
	www.rho.org /html/cont-ocs.htm (943 words)

	Women's Health: What is an oral contraceptive pill? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An oral contraceptive (“The Pill”) is taken by mouth with the objective of preventing pregnancy.
		Currently oral contraceptives are taken by women only.
		In 1921 it was suggested that extracts from ovaries could be used as oral contraceptives.
	www.2womenshealth.com /15-01.htm (342 words)

	Micronor Oral Contraceptive Tablets , SPC from the eMC
		Additional contraceptive measures (non-hormonal) should be employed during the period of gastro-intestinal upset and for the next seven days.
		It is important to inform patients that users of all contraceptive pills appear to have a small increase in the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer, compared with non-users of oral contraceptives, but that this has to be weighed against the known benefits.
		Micronor Oral Contraceptive Tablets have a progestational effect on the endometrium and the cervical mucus.
	emc.medicines.org.uk /emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?DocumentID=911 (1744 words)

	Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCs)
		During the first cycle of pills, use another a backup contraceptive method, such as a condom, until you have taken the pills for seven days in a row.
		Use another contraceptive method or do not have sexual intercourse until you are well and have taken the pills for seven days in a row without severe vomiting or diarrhea.
		Take a pill each day until you finish the pack and wait to have sexual intercourse, or use another backup contraceptive method (such as condoms), until you have taken one hormone pill each day for seven days in a row.
	www.engenderhealth.org /wh/fp/ccoc2.html (1151 words)

	Treatments: Oral contraceptives - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Count: Oral contraceptives is listed as a: treatment for 9 conditions; alternative treatment for 9 conditions; preventive treatment for 1 conditions; research treatment for 0 conditions.
		Oral contraceptives as a treatment: The following list of conditions have 'Oral contraceptives' or similar listed as a treatment in our database:
		Oral contraceptives as a prevention: The following list of conditions have 'Oral contraceptives' or similar listed as a preventive treatment in our database:
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /treat/oral_contraceptives.htm (181 words)

	Oral Contraceptive Pill
		The Oral Contraceptive Pill is used clinically for
		Injected or implanted contraceptives are associated with side effects such as bleeding, depression and impaired fertility.
		Coronary heart disease, obesity, cerebrovascular disorders/strokes, benign liver tumours, hepatocellular carcinomas, gallbladder disease/stones and hypertension are all attributed to the the Oral Contraceptive Pill.
	www.radianceclinic.com /html/oral_contraceptive_pill.html (1325 words)

	Oral Contraceptive Controversy
		This effect refers to any possible disturbance of the normal function of the early conceptus, or its interaction with the uterus, from the moment of fertilization to the peri-implantation period, which may result in the loss of early human life.
		These papers come to different conclusions about the possible abortifacient effect of oral contraceptives, reflecting in a microcosm the controversy that has recently surrounded this issue in the larger pro-life community.
		We are not currently sophisticated enough to evaluate oral contraceptives (or even IUDs) for a possible effect on the pre-implantation human being in the same rigorous fashion that we can evaluate the effects of a suction dilatation and curettage, mifepristone or methotrexate on an implanted human being.
	www.aaplog.org /oral.htm (663 words)

	Oral contraceptive formulations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations.
		The main division is between combined oral contraceptive pills, containing both estrogen and synthetic progesterones (strictly progestins, but the former term is used in medical context), and progesterone only pills (mini-pills).
		Combined oral contraceptive pills also come in varying types, including varying doses of estrogen, and whether the dose of estrogen or progesterone changes from week to week.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations (765 words)

	Oral Contraceptive Pill
		Oral contraceptive pills, (OCs) are one of the most researched and reliable forms of birth control available.
		Since the oral contraceptive pill is only available by prescription from your doctor, he or she will help you determine if the pill is right for you.
		It is one of the most convenient forms of birth control, and it has many benefits too.
	www.contraception.net /oral_pill/index.asp (216 words)

	Antiretroviral Medications and Oral Contraceptive Agents
		The oral contraceptives ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone may interact in complex ways with protease inhibitors (PIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
		The clinical significance of these drug interactions has not been evaluated thoroughly, but may cause oral contraceptive failure or antiretroviral failure, or medication toxicity, depending on whether drug levels are lowered or raised by the interacting drug.
		A more comprehensive review of oral and nonoral contraceptives for HIV-infected women can be found in the chapter Care of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women.
	www.aids-ed.org /aetc/aetc?page=cm-307_women (393 words)

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