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Topic: Oral culture

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	essay
		Furthermore, in oral culture new styles "are seldom if ever explicitly touted for their novelty, but are presented as fitting the traditions of the ancestors," (Ong, 43).
		In oral culture, knowledge is assimilated to what Ong calls the "human lifeworld," (Ong, 42-3); similarly, in Insular decoration, writing is adapted to the known world by the addition of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures in familiar decorative patterns.
		Aspects of orality that are known from thte study of present-day oral cultures allow for the analysis of oral features that have survived in these manuscripts, providing valuable clues to the lost Celtic culture.
	www.unc.edu /celtic/catalogue/manuscripts/essay.html (2124 words)

	Orality and the Problem of Memory
		The oral mode of abstraction is deemed ‘unreflective’ meaning that it “does not foster a critical distinction between the knower and the known” (28).
		Oral culture requires a face-to-face mode of communication that facilitates the sharing of experiences and living each experience imaginatively, hence, these “encounters preclude the separation of the knower form the known” (22).
		Oral culture finds no use “for preserved communication to store knowledge of everyday practices” as these practices are preserved, not in a container, but through the activity of people living in the oral culture itself (23).
	www.units.muohio.edu /englishtech/eng49501/groffsc/orality1.html (1454 words)

	Section VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An "oral" Bible is one which the people know as "oral culture", that is, a Bible known by stories, passages, proverbs and memory verses the people have heard and remembered so they can recall them and retell them to others.
		An "oral" Bible is immediately available to those who are still pre-literate or who presently live in an oral culture where oral culture is the preferred medium of learning and instructing others.
		Oral culture practitioners will be able to learn the stories and retell them accurately as they do their other stories.
	www.chronologicalbiblestorying.com /MANUAL/section_vii.htm (1825 words)

	Home
		Finally, oral history, at its core is the act of preserving history and memory, culture and beliefs, at the family, local, regional, national, and global level.
		Students, whether conducting oral history interviews and projects at the family, community, regional, national, or international level, will have the opportunity and the power to make connections between the experiences and memories of individuals and overarching historical, social, cultural, political, and economic themes, dynamics, and events.
		In conducting oral histories, students act to preserve family and societal history and memory, culture and beliefs, act against unsound revisionism and the destruction and loss of culture, identity, and memory.
	cuip.uchicago.edu /~kharris/oralhist (649 words)

	[No title]
		Of course, all cultures are different from each other, but because of these basic, deep perceptual forms, many characteristics are generalizable from one oral culture to another, and from one literate culture to another.
		The information content of these oral modes is contextual because the words are spoken in association with the life activities to which the words refer (i.e., words on death when someone dies, words about marriage as the ceremony occurs).
		Thus oral persons would be exceptionally careful to avoid offending someone, not especially for fear of retribution, but because in a highly contextualized mind, such an offense would create internal dissonance or imbalance in a highly interconnected world.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/r/b/rbc4/sci.doc (2477 words)

	Oral tradition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next in a civilization without a writing system.
		In a general sense, "oral tradition" refers to the transmission of cultural material through vocal utterance, and was long held to be a key descriptor of folklore (a criterion no longer rigidly held by all folklorists).
		Oral tradition as a field of study had its origins in the work of the Serb scholar Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic (1787-1864), a contemporary of the Brothers Grimm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oral_culture (1024 words)

	TITLE
		The most ready answer in the past has been the more oral a culture it is, the more unscientific, superstitious, and irrational it is. It is always, whether observed in ancient history or by modern scientific ethnography, more "primitive" by definition, i.
		Such a "primitive" culture has "beliefs" that must be respected and protected because they are not able to stand the free and open discussion of a rational methodology.
		This primevally is the difference between the all-inclusiveness of the oral poet's metaphorization and universalization of religion (not for ideological but very practical reasons) versus religious/ethical/legal codes being frozen in place as the exclusive property of the priest (again, for very practical reasons).
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /oraltradition09.htm (1876 words)

	Orality and the Post-Literate West
		The oral culture, on the other hand, places priority on relationships, which produces a concept of dynamic truth, not a focus on facts.
		Oral communicators are great improvisers, and have great insight into the interpersonal interactions and characterizations in a drama, be it serious or comedy.
		Therefore a study of oral cultures and their communication formats will be highly beneficial to the media producer in communicating cross-culturally.
	endor.hsutx.edu /~obiwan/articles/postliterate.html (1692 words)

	Review of Ong's Orality
		His approach to the subject is both synchronic in that he looks at cultures that coexist at a certain point in time, and diachronic in that he discusses the change in the Wes t from being oral-based to chirographic which began with the appearance of script some 6,000 years ago.
		He reminds us that these primary oral cultures are actually in the majority and that from a historical standpoint writing is a relatively recent development; even among the 3,000 or so languages which currently exist on ly 78 have a literature (page 7, from Edmonson 1971, 323, 332).
		Since primary oral cultures are unable to manage knowledge in elaborate, more or less scientifically abstract categories, Ong explains that the structure of oral narratives is such that it facilitates easy storage and retrieval of informati on; narratives serve as oral storehouses of history.
	www.engl.niu.edu /wac/ong_rvw.html (1799 words)

	Culture and History of Gatlinburg, TN
		Culture and History of Gatlinburg, TN National Park
		Two hundred years ago, in 1807, Martha Jane Huskey Ogle, her children and several other family members arrived in a remote locale of Great Smoky Mountains in East Tennessee to honor the wish of her recently deceased husband, William, to settle in the “land of paradise” he had found for them.
		From William's oral directions, they located his hewed logs, completed the cabin, and started a new life.
	www.gatlinburg.com /culture_history (1763 words)

	ORAL TRADITION IN HOMER, PRESOCRATICS, PLATO, ARISTOTLE Three
		And in true traditional oral poetic culture law, morality, religion, and philosophy were mere aspects and element of play-acting, performance.
		This is obviously a bedrock difference of evaluation as such between oral and written culture.
		In Aristotle, "the golden mean" reflects the first value from oral culture while his incredible desire to comprehend absolutely everything reflects an unrelenting hubris.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /oraltradition03.htm (754 words)

	A new orality? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		That there are sharp differences between oral cultures and literate cultures, though these are often not clear because most of our knowledge of pre-literate cultures has been captured in writing, and we view them in a literate manner.
		For instance four concepts such as hammer, saw, log, and hatchet, would tend to be grouped by oral thinkers in terms of situations (with the hammer the odd one out), whereas literate thinkers tend to group them in terms of categories such as tools (with the log the odd one out).
		Characteristics of Oral Culture in Discourse on the Net a paper by John December (1993)
	www.austega.com /interactive/orality.htm (886 words)

	Visual Metaphor, Cultural Knowledge, and the New Rhetoric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The differences between the print culture of the Western intellectual tradition and the oral culture of American Indians are informative because they demonstrate how the child must accommodate to the dictates of the formal school systems to which they are exposed (see Figures 2 & 3).
		It is not surprising, therefore, that the print culture has a high regard for mathematics, science, and literary criticism while the oral culture values the graphic arts, music, and dance.
		At home, for example, the oral culture framework may pervade with its emphasis on cooperation, being person oriented, seeking affection as a feedback for group sanctioned behavior, and a concern for how things are related to a larger patterns or cultural configuration.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/LIB/LIB8.html (6476 words)

	Navajo orality & literacy
		In the Navajo culture one is born into the mother's clan (ei nishli) but born for the father's clan (ba shishchiin).
		Contrasting a primary oral cultural where there is no knowledge of writing or print, Navajo culture is mediated with the technologies of radio, television, telephone and more recently, computers which are dependent upon writing and print (p.
		In both interviews there seems to be a conflict in straddling between the oral culture, which is considered conservative, and the literate culture, which encourages experimentation.
	members.tripod.com /vitali1868/orality2.html (1466 words)

	McLuhan Program - Toronto School of Communications - Transition from Oral to Written
		In ancient Greek culture, all political and legal processes depended on the oratorical power of those in authority, and on their ability to remember and repeat what had been done in the past as a means of deciding issues in the present, and planning the future.
		Recording the chronicles of oral culture led to the development of prose, a purely written use of language.
		For decades and then centuries, the oral traditions persisted alongside of and in tension with new forms of organization that were emerging in response to the changing technology.
	www.utoronto.ca /mcluhan/tsc_transition_oral_written.htm (714 words)

	Digital-Oral Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An oral culture augmented by digital processing and communication.
		Scholars havetraced the reverse effect in cultures that moved from preliteracy to literacy.
		The recent rise of a digital-textual culture, however revolutionary, thus pales in comparison to the coming digital-oral culture.
	www.tomwbell.com /writings/DigiOral.html (457 words)

	reality check questions for orality and literacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a primary oral culture, to people who exist “without writing, words as such” are not objects to be seen, but rather:
		_____ _____ The culture of a group of people among whom courses of action and attitudes toward issues depend significantly more on effective use of sounded words, and thus on human interaction, and significantly less on non-verbal, often largely visual input from the 'objective' world of things.
		State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the effect of oral communication as opposed to the effect of reading and writing on a person's relationship to the group (68).
	www.accd.edu /SAC/English/mgarcia/oralLit/RealityCheck.htm (2434 words)

	Oral/Literate/Hypertext
		Like oral poetry and storytelling, electronic writing is a highly associative writing, in which the pattern of associations among verbal elements is as much as part of the text as the elements themselves.
		Whereas in an oral culture, elders are respected and appreciated for their indispensable memories, in a print culture one need not heed one's elders in order to benefit from the accumulated wisdom of one's culture.
		Think of the contemporary, urban, oral tradition of "hip-hop" or "rap," in which we witness a revival of an oral, formulaic, bardic tradition, with a sharp, sometimes vicious verbal edge.
	homepages.bw.edu /~rfowler/pubs/secondoral/oral.html (2579 words)

	Home - Newcastle Institute for the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities - University of Newcastle
		Many aspects of Elizabethan culture demonstrate a residual orality: its stock of commonplaces, for example, which were ‘the equivalent of the epic singer’s stock of formulas and themes’.
		While these were embedded in education, other oral elements, such as proverbs, ballads, and the stories of oral tradition, are more obviously from the province of popular culture.
		The purpose of his seminar is to identify those aspects of Shakespeare’s work that we might describe as being part of oral culture, but also to ask questions about their relationship both to the conditions of the theatre and to the conditions of literate culture.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /niassh/shakespeare/seminars/oral_culture.htm (479 words)

	SCRIPTURE IN AN ORAL CULTURE:
		The Yali are an interesting case for the study of the communication and the place of Scripture in an oral culture.
		The Yali are taken as a case which exemplifies typical western approaches to the communication of Scripture to an oral culture, but also the potentiality of oral media, and the response of an oral society, in internalizing Scripture and its message.
		The focus of this paper, with reference to the use of Scripture in an oral culture, is specifically this latter group, who inhabit the Kwik, Heluk, Seng and Solo Valleys of the southern watershed.
	www.irja.org /anthro/oral1.htm (3047 words)

	[No title]
		Although an oral culture is normally not thought of as relying on print, researchers have found orality exhibited in literate forms.
		According to McLuhan, the tedium of print culture was unrelieved until the onset of widespread use of radio and television in the twentieth century.
		In oral societies, the speaker and the listener coexist within the same point in space and time: when a per- son tells a riddle or brags or makes some statement, the listener is challenged to respond.
	www.december.com /john/papers/pscrc93.txt (7364 words)

	The Reliability of Scripture and Oral Tradition
		The ones who are skeptical of the reliability of the oral tradition in relation to the church and scripture is most exemplified by Rudolf Bultmann, and modern scholars such as Dominic Crossan and E. Sanders.
		Supposedly, in oral culture new elements are accommodated and new versions are developed to assist the needs and aspirations of the culture (Anderson 18, 22).
		The culture would not allow such changes as imagined by Bultmann, Sanders, etc. Sanders’ theory that denigrated memorization is refuted by both the study of Hogg and the ancient Lebanese Christian community, both past and present.
	matt1618.freeyellow.com /oraltradition.html (4180 words)

	Oral culture
		It is said that in many early and oral tradition-based cultures, the poet was the most important member of the community, since he or she knew all of the words, and all of the stories which the words made, and therefore they knew the order in which the society existed.
		The traditions of a 40,000 year old culture are transposed upon the geology of Australia, and the whole continent can be sung like a musical score.
		Certainly, when one culture overpowers another, it is the living memory of the story teller which is lost after a single generation.
	home.iae.nl /users/sceav/hgengels/oral.htm (590 words)

	Wycliffe - Scripture Use - Communicating God's Word to an Oral Culture
		In fact, the general culture of our potential audience prefers oral modes of communication.
		Each culture has its own genres of music, and each genre has a particular function.
		In fact, it has been estimated that only 5% of the people in the New Testament churches were literate (Søgaard 1995), certainly no more than 10-15%, and the Word was mediated to most of the believers orally.
	www.wycliffe.org /scriptureuse/RBrown2.htm (679 words)

	Enterprise Systems \| Bridging the IT Cultural Divide, Part 2
		In an oral culture, what you can think is limited to what you can remember and tell—without visual aids.
		Oral thinking is linear, additive, redundant, situational, engaged, and conservative.
		Intranets tend to be over-controlled and, to the extent they contain examples of literate thinking, are rooted in an organizational culture that strives to confine the literate mind to the role of well-pigeonholed expert.
	www.esj.com /enterprise/article.aspx?EditorialsID=1254 (928 words)

	Pietisten: A Reader in an Oral Culture
		In everyday terms, this is what living in an oral culture means.
		The University is, attempting to impose an institution based on book values on an oral culture.
		In a reading culture, students have access to a wide range of ideas and diverse opinions on the same topic.
	www.pietisten.org /summer00/oral.html (1719 words)

	African American Culture Through Oral Tradition
		Storytelling as a means of communication develops in an oral culture because, mentally, it is easier to remember information as a series of events instead of as a set of facts.
		She understood cultural survival as a condition of liberation and cultural affirmation as an essential step in decolonizing the Black mind.
		Oral history is, in the present day, becoming a means with which to record reactions, interpretations and subjective feelings about modern day events.
	www.gwu.edu /~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html (3044 words)

	[No title]
		Even those who are borninto highly literate or even post-literate culture spend their early lives in a primarily oral community.
		Throughout this presentation we will be making comparisons between oral, scribal textual and secondary oral cultures, but we need to be particularly aware of our own difficulty of imagining and reproducing an oral culture.
		Because of the nature of oral communication actual orality is lost the moment it is produced.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~univ302/StudentWork/S96/Sandman/Orality.html (1872 words)

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