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Topic: Oral literature

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	Korean Literature
		Oral literature includes all texts that were orally transmitted from generation to generation until the invention of Hangul (han'gul)--ballads, legends, mask plays, puppet-show texts, and p'ansori ("story singing") texts.
		In contrast to the literature of the earliest ages, which is characterized by collective artistic activity, that of later ages shows the effects of political, economic, and cultural changes as the peninsula increased in wealth and widened its contacts with other areas.
		In contrast to that of Koguryo, the literature of Paekche and Silla tended to be lyrical, perhaps because of the milder climate and easier life in the south.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/art/klit_e.htm (6830 words)

	African Literature - MSN Encarta
		The oral tradition of Liyongo, a 13th-century contender for the throne of Shagga, is preserved in the epic poem Utendi wa Liyongo Fumo (Epic of Liyongo Fumo), written by Muhammad bin Abubakar in 1913.
		The literature produced was either for private amusement or limited circulation, much of it first appearing in magazines, and consists largely of verse and short fiction.
		Although this literature was never written with the intention of reaching a mass audience, its impact was considerable in that it provided models for later authors of writing about social and cultural preoccupations of Africans.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555353/African_Literature.html (1887 words)

	African Literature - MSN Encarta
		Africa’s oral literature takes the form of prose, verse, and proverb, and texts vary in length from the epic, which might be performed over the course of several days, to single-sentence formulations such as the proverb.
		Literatures in African languages have received little scholarly attention, in part because of a Western bias in favor of literature in European languages.
		Literature in Somali is predominantly in verse, and its greatest figure is Sayyid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, who was born in the mid-19th century and died in 1921.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555353/African_Literature.html (1934 words)

	Oral Literature in English
		Oral literature may be composed in performance; transmitted orally over generations, like many Scottish and Irish ballads that have been brought to Canada; or written down specifically for oral performance.
		The process of transmission itself (often in recent years, to collecting folklorists and oral historians) shows that oral literature has not been replaced by the ubiquitousness of books and the electronic media though it persists alongide them as secondary orality.
		The attitudes of scholars and the literate public toward oral literature were largely shaped by the 19th-century Romantic movement.
	www.canadianencyclopedia.ca /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC825719 (343 words)

	Oral Literature in English
		Oral literature has been studied principally by folklorists, who emphasize its ability to act as the voice of a tradition; they collect oral literature in order to preserve something of the culture of ethnic groups facing assimilation into the mainstream.
		The communicative act is changed to a greater or lesser extent by recording methods (eg, gestures are lost when recording is done shorthand or on tape; even on videotapes the ambience of an occasion or ritual is lost, although the speaker is recorded both aurally and visually).
		More significant is the "freezing" of the oral moment into an artifact, when a major characteristic of oral literature is its capacity to be changed through generations, and even from occasion to occasion, by storytellers and bards.
	www.canadianencyclopedia.ca /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC825720 (280 words)

	The Tun Jugah Foundation
		The Foundation also feels that with the declining interest shown in oral literature, the younger generation are getting less insight into Iban thoughts and customs because, embedded in those traditional chants, songs and stories are coded messages to the Iban beliefs, values and ways of life.
		Yet, taken as a whole, oral history/literature tends to express the core symbols and values of a culture and act as an important source of identity.
		The settings in which many oral forms were performed in the past are now disappearing and in many cases the younger generation is no longer able to understand the worldview, values and language reflected in traditional literary and ritual forms.
	www.tunjugahfoundation.org.my /oral.htm (309 words)

	2
		There are two ways of defining oral culture: the first is to describe it from the perspective and in the terms of a literate and literary culture; that is, with reference to its lack of writing.
		Therefore it is necessary to recognise that an oral culture is one in which both oral skills and oral media exist for the transmission, storage and retrieval of tradition and other forms of knowledge, and that within the parameters of such a culture, these can function effectively for the communication of Christian knowledge.
		In an oral culture, to think through something in non-formulaic, non-patterned, non-mnemonic terms, even if it were possible, would be a waste of time, for such thought once worked through, could never be recovered, with any effectiveness, as it could be with the aid of writing.
	www.irja.org /anthro/oral2.htm (4349 words)

	Oral literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word.
		Pre-literate societies, by definition, have no written literature, but may possess rich and varied oral traditions—such as folk epics, folklore and folksong—that effectively constitute an oral literature.
		The telling of urban legends may be considered an example of oral literature, as can jokes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oral_literature (218 words)

	Oral Tradition
		Explores the limited definition of literature as a written medium and charts the simultaneous development of both oral and written traditions of literature in Ireland, emphasizing the impact of oral transmission on the development of early Irish literary history.
		A defense of his theory of oral literature as "fenómeno de colaboración, con trasmisión de tema versificado y con trasfusión de numen" (225) in the light of studies of living oral epic traditions in Yugoslavia and central Asia.
		Discusses the effect of oral transmission and creation on pieces of music (individually) and on repertoires, the kinds of changes that occur in oral transmission, the changes in form from oral to written tradition, the typical history of a piece of music in oral tradition, and other questions associated with oral creation and transmission.
	www.oraltradition.org /bibliography/index/mnop (15358 words)

	AllRefer.com - oral history (Literature, General) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Primitive societies have long relied on oral tradition to preserve a record of the past in the absence of written histories.
		In Western society, the use of oral material goes back to the early Greek historians Herodotus (in his history of the Persian Wars) and Thucydides (in his History of the Peloponnesian War), both of whom made extensive use of oral reports from witnesses.
		The modern concept of oral history was developed in the 1940s by Allan Nevins and his associates at Columbia Univ. In creating oral histories, interviews are conducted to obtain information from different perspectives, many of which are often unavailable from written sources.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/oralhisto.html (442 words)

	Robert Elsie, Albanian Literature in Translation
		Another factor which has undoubtedly had a major influence on the lack of interest in Albanian literature has been the traditional isolation of the Albanians and their culture from the world around them.
		In addition to the historical and political factors, Albanian is not an easy language to learn, and there are few foreigners who have managed to master it sufficiently to be able to translate literary texts.
		The scarcity of translations of Albanian literature has, thus, nothing to do with a lack of quality in the original (although there are admittedly many works of dubious merit which would be better left untranslated), but simply rather with a lack of literary translators from Albanian into English.
	www.albanianliterature.com (445 words)

	LITERATURE
		Oral literature compared with written literature has many distinct features of its own.
		Whereas written literature is the outcome of the cultivated faculties of the artists, oral literature is a spontaneous outburst of the innermost feelings which emerge from the depths of the unconscious mind of the community.
		The greatest imaginative literature of ancient India can be found in the long epic poems, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
	www.punjabilok.com /misc/literature/liter_index.htm (871 words)

	American Forum - Ramayana
		Oral literature transmits culture from one generation to the next, creating a sense of community.
		Often oral literature is the preferred voice of people working for social or political change.
		To decide what the role of oral tradition is in their own lives and contrast this with the role of oral tradition in India.
	www.globaled.org /curriculum/story1.html (635 words)

	Oral Literature in English
		The term "oral literature" is sometimes used interchangeably with &QUOT;folklore,"; but it usually has a broader focus.
		The expression is self-contradictory: literature, strictly speaking, is that which is written down; but the term is used here to emphasize the imaginative creativity and conventional structures that mark oral discourse too.
		Oral literature shares with written literature the use of heightened language in various genres (narrative, lyric, epic, etc), but it is set apart by being actualized only in performance and by the fact that the performer can (and sometimes is obliged to) improvise so that oral text constitutes an event.
	www.canadianencyclopedia.ca /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005960 (109 words)

	Children's Literature
		Those who regard oral and written literature as having equal values might argue that this was achieved because the African child despite being introduced to western literature was at the same time still listening to stories and proverbs at home.
		The introduction of formal education emphasized written literature as mature, civilized, and conscious of its art, and considered oral literature as primitive and lacking in technique.
		The South African Children's Literature Collection at UCT [see the same page for their historical Children's Literature Collection]: "Books published in South Africa from 1989 and exhibited annually by the Children's Book Forum of the Western Cape make up the core of this collection, apparently the only one of its kind in the country.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/children.htm (1213 words)

	oral literature
		Some ancient stories from oral traditions were not written down as literary works until the 19th century, such as the Finnish Kalevala (1835–49); many fairy tales, such as those collected in Germany by the Grimm brothers, also come into this category.
		Oral literatures have continued to influence the development of national written literatures in the 20th century, particularly in Africa, central Asia, and Australia.
		Russian investigations and studies of oral literature in the Balkans, originally undertaken to illuminate the oral basis of Homeric narrative, have prompted collections and scientific studies in many other parts of the world.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019321.html (302 words)

	Homo Narrans: The Poetics and Anthropology of Oral Literature Folklore - Find Articles
		Homo Narrans: The Poetics and Anthropology of Oral Literature.
		Niles places particular emphasis on the somatic nature of oral literature--the importance of physical presence and bio-social communication in the experience of storytelling, wherein bonds of communal affiliation and affection are strengthened and the values of the community can be reaffirmed and/or redefined.
		He continually returns to his assertion that the artificiality of the distinction between the "oral" nature of the text and its status as "literature" causes problems by encouraging readers to assign a greater degree of authority to one rather than the other.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2386/is_2_117/ai_n16676594 (925 words)

	Literature: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Among the genres of oral literature to be found in the Newfoundland context are folksongs and ballads, folk drama, proverbs, rhymes, riddles, jokes, recitations and monologues, local legends, personal experience narratives, and folktales.
		The literature which began to emerge during the second quarter of this century was markedly responsive and particularly reactive to the radical social, cultural, and political changes which marked the period.
		This, in turn, gave rise to a protracted debate in the literature over the relative merits of what was perceived to be the traditional culture and its role in the life of the province generally.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /arts/literature.html (645 words)

	Orality in Beowulf
		Most people are illiterate, and literature is composed not by someone with a pen in hand and plenty of paper, but by people trained in ancient oral traditions, which they learn and adapt to each new performance.
		Oral performers are contestants, so they must compete for their audiences.
		– Oral literature tends to treat the past and the present as essentially the same.
	www.dbu.edu /mitchell/orality1.htm (493 words)

	10: Technology and Literature
		Literature is performance, varying by performer and even, in improvisation, varying by performance, though attempts are made through music, dance and ritualization to preserve important words.
		Oral tradition: the study of Homer's roots in oral tradition was pioneered at Harvard University by classicists Milman Parry and Albert Lord.
		In English literature, the most famous example is Lyrical Ballads, published in 1798 by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, an attempt to write poetry by imitating conversational everyday speech, and avoiding the language of bookish poetry.
	englishare.net /literature/POL-HS-Homer-Technology.htm (7177 words)

	African literature — Infoplease.com
		African literature consists of a body of work in different languages and various genres, ranging from oral literature to literature written in colonial languages (French, Portuguese, and English).
		Oral literature, including stories, dramas, riddles, histories, myths, songs, proverbs, and other expressions, is frequently employed to educate and entertain children.
		Oral histories, myths, and proverbs additionally serve to remind whole communities of their ancestors' heroic deeds, their past, and the precedents for their customs and traditions.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0802673.html (595 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Oral literature
		Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word.
		Pre-literate societies, by definition, have no written literature, but may possess rich and varied oral traditions—such as folk epics, folklore and folksong—that effectively constitute an oral literature.
		The telling of urban legends may be considered an example of oral literature, as can jokes.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Oral_literature (254 words)

	Literature Courses
		Oral Literature (4) An introduction, through the study of recordings of actual oral performance as well as of the written record, to research in oral literature and the theoretical and methodological problems entailed.
		Literature and Philosophy (4) Questions and problems from the history of philosophy or from the various fields of philosophy (e.g., epistemology, ethics, logic) in their interaction with intellectual issues and questions addressed by literary criticism and theory.
		Introduction to the Literature of the British Isles: 1832–Present (4) An introduction to the literatures written in English in Britain, Ireland, and the British Empire (and the former British Empire) from 1832 to the present, with a focus on the interaction of text and history.
	www.ucsd.edu /catalog/0506/courses/LIT.html (12309 words)

	H-Net Review: J. Roger Kurtz on Oral Literature of the Asians in East Africa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Oral Literature of the Asians in East Africa.
		The oral traditions of East Africa have been the subject of fairly intensive study by historians for over fifty years now, and in the process of sifting the oral record for clues to the region's past, scholars have developed a fairly sophisticated set of methodologies by which to do that sifting.
		To meet the demands of that part of the curriculum Kenyan, publishers have produced a number of textbooks on oral literature, and the volume under review is one of a series on that topic from East African Educational Publishers (EAEP).
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=29051105462514 (1434 words)

	Sesotho Web : Oral Literature (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As in most Southern African cultures written literature is based on a great tradition of oral literature.
		Oral literature tend to be very dynamic and is adapted with each retelling.
		Oral literature includes various folk stories such as: myths, legends, fables and folk tales.
	www.sesotho.web.za /oralliterature.htm (298 words)

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