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Topic: Oral vowel

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	Oral vowel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An oral vowel is a vowel that is produced by air that escapes through the mouth only (as opposed to nasal vowels, in which air also goes out through the nose).
		Sometimes the oral vowels are always phonetically oral, but often the phonemically oral vowels become nasalized when adjacent to nasal consonants.
		For example, the vowel /i/ in English teen is phonetically nasal [ĩ] due to the presence of the nasal /n/.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oral_vowel (114 words)

	Nasal vowel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the mouth and the nose.
		In most languages, vowels that are adjacent to nasal consonants are produced partially or fully with a lowered velum in a natural process of assimilation and are therefore technically nasal, though few speakers would notice.
		This is the case in English: vowels preceding nasal consonants are nasalized, but there is no phonemic distinction between nasal and oral vowels (and all vowels are considered phonemically oral).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nasal_vowel (337 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Vowel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
		Furthermore, in English some vowel sounds are represented by combinations of vowel letters, such as the ea in beat or by a vowel letter and an approximant letter, as the ow in how, or the er in her.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Vowel (3265 words)

	Vowel
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong [ɪ], the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong [ɔɪ], and the vowel sounds of way [weɪ], flower (BrE [aʊə] AmE [aʊɚ]) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		For example, the vowel sounds in a two-syllable pronunciation of the word flower (BrE [flaʊə] AmE [flaʊɚ]) phonetically form a disyllabic triphthong, but are phonologically a sequence of a diphthong (represented by the letters ) and a monophthong (represented by the letters ).
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/vowel.html (3757 words)

	Vowel Article, Vowel Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configurationof the vocal tract, in contrast to consonants, which are characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.
		Sometimes vowels are defined by the criterion of whether theyform the nucleus of a syllable, and by that criterion these sounds are vowels, but usually the sounds that can form thenucleus of a syllable are called sonorants.
		Vowels are de-voiced in whispered speech, and in Japanese, vowels that are low pitched and between voicelessconsonants are de-voiced.
	www.anoca.org /vowels/languages/vowel.html (1587 words)

	vowel Information Center - pronunciation english vowel
		The different vowel qualities the great vowel shift are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried vowel movement by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages vowels pronunciation such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_U_-_Z/vowel.html (3414 words)

	As Vogais do Português e do Inglês - English & Portuguese Vowel Phonemes Compared
		Vowels are speech-sounds produced by a continuous flow of air and vibration of vocal cords.
		Therefore, achieving the correct vowel position is perhaps the most significant and persistent problem not only for learners of English as a foreign language that speak Portuguese or Spanish as a native language, but also for speakers of all languages that do not have as large a number of vowels in the spectrum as English.
		The number of vowels with phonemic significance, therefore, is a determining factor in the degree of difficulty to attain oral proficiency and a good pronunciation.
	www.sk.com.br /sk-voga.html (2849 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One type of oral mnemonics in Korea--known collectively as yukpo or sometimes as kuum--exist or are known to have existed for most string and wind instruments and even for percussion.
		Thus the yukpo for the zithers kayagum and komungo consists primarily of syllables beginning with voiceless obstruents or affricates(tang, ttung, ching, etc), reflecting the sharp attack of a plucked sound; the piri, meanwhile, favors liquids and nasals (re, na, etc.), representing the much smoother, less abrupt attack of a reed instrument.
		However, for the other vowels, exceptions or confusion occur mainly when their second formants are quite close in value; thus in almost all systems i and e clearly occupy the top two positions while u is generally at the bottom, but distinctions are less well maintained in the middle.
	ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~unjung/oral.html (474 words)

	lecture 16
		Nasal and non-nasal (oral) vowels are not contrastive in English; they are derived from underlying phonemes.
		Oral and nasal vowels must be separate phonemes in Akan; there are minimal pairs which differ only on the vowel sounds.
		Vowel length is therefore not contrastive in English; it is not phonemic.
	www.ling.udel.edu /colin/courses/ling101/lecture16.html (1275 words)

	Change as Universals
		For instance, the fact that all languages have oral vowel phonemes and only some languages have nasal vowel phonemes is due to the fact that nasal vowels develop out of oral vowels in the context of a nasal consonant, which subsequently is lost.
		Since at all stages oral vowels exist, the statements in (7) and (8) are true: all language have oral vowel phonemes and languages with nasal vowels also have oral vowels.
		In general then, nasal vowels are less common in the languages of the world because there is only one way for them to develop: from oral vowels in a restricted context.
	www.unm.edu /~jbybee/mechs_univ.htm (5548 words)

	Linguistique UNIL - Vowels
		The shape of the oral cavity is determined by the general position of the tongue in the mouth.
		The size of the oral cavity is the last factor considered in the articulatory classification of a vowel.
		The size of the oral cavity depends directly upon the degree of aperture (of the mouth), that is, upon the distance between the palate and the tongue's highest point.
	www.unil.ch /ling/page24437.html (429 words)

	Sketch of Lakhota, Pt.I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The five oral vowels are very comparable in their typical value to the five "cardinal" vowels, for example, as these are realized in Spanish.
		Contracted vowels result from the conflation of syllables through the collapse of a syllable boundary or from the vocalization of consonantal elements followed by conflation with a preceding vowel.
		When a nasalized and an oral vowel are separated by a glide it is quite usual for both of the vowels and the glide to be pronounced with nasalization; this does not happen if the spread is from left to right across the /y/ of a prefix (cf.
	lakxotaiyapi.freecyberzone.com /sk1.htm (10028 words)

	[No title]
		A contrast between five basic vowel qualities is the norm for human language, and in general.
		The number of vowels in a nasal vowel system is equal to or less than the number of oral vowels in the corresponding oral vowel system.
		If a nasal vowel system is smaller than the correspond1ng oral vowel system, it is most often a mid vowel that is missing in the nasal system.
	www.fiu.edu /~yavasf/assign_2.doc (842 words)

	LabPhon 8 - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Storto (1999) proposes an analysis suggesting delayed or anticipatory opening and closure of the velum movements, and states that it is hard to show categorically whether oral vowels tend to spread orality to neighboring nasal consonants or whether the language has a strategy to avoid nasalization of oral vowels contiguous to nasal consonants.
		The nasal vowel following a nasal consonant is always produced with a weaker airflow and a sharp transition in the nasal airflow between the consonant and the vowel.
		This suggests that the co-articulation between the nasal vowel and the nasal consonant plays a crucial role to identify the nasality of the vowel and that Karitiana speakers must co-articulate nasal vowels with nasal consonants, in addition to the strategy to avoid the contact of oral vowels and nasal consonants.
	sapir.ling.yale.edu /labphon8/Talk_Abstracts/Storto.html (719 words)

	LabPhon 8 - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A well-documented universal is that the number of NV never exceeds and is often less than the number of oral vowels (OV) in a language; mid vowels are most likely to be missing.
		In the latter case, the speakers were asked to hold all oral articulators in the same position while pronouncing the sequences, in order to study the acoustic effects of nasal coupling alone.
		If they do, then the differences in the oral articulations are as much a part of the contrast as the soft palate lowering.
	sapir.ling.yale.edu /labphon8/Poster_Abstracts/Delvaux.html (778 words)

	SILEWP 1996-003
		Both languages have five oral vowels /i e a o u/ and their nasalized counterparts.
		Ndyuka long vowels, as we will hereafter refer to sequences of identical vowels, almost all appear to derive from the loss of intervocalic or prevocalic liquids.
		Underlying nasalized vowels in both languages are alternately realized as phonetic nasalized vowel, nasalized vowel plus nasal consonant, or oral vowel plus nasal consonant (for Ndyuka, see Huttar and Huttar 1994:548).
	www.sil.org /silewp/1996/003/silewp1996-003.html (4090 words)

	Words in Mawu
		For instance, it is difficult to maintain sufficient oral air flow for a fricative if the nasal passages are open; similarly, the basic gesture proucing an implosion supposes that the vocal folds are brought together as in voiced speech, that the nasal passages are shut off, and that the oral constriction is complete.
		The complex distribution of the various types of Mawu vowel nasality, laid out in tables 7 and 8 and the subsequent discussion, now follows from two simple principles: VV sequences must be repetitions of the same vowel (nasal or otherwise), and X is an optional syllable-final element, occuring freely after all possible syllables.
		instrinsic nasality of the vowel(s) in the syllable;
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_1998/ling001/mawu/node2.html (8641 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Nowadays, the phonemic character of all these specific vowels of Souletin is doubtful and a revision is recommended.
		Generally speaking, a great instability has always existed in the vowel quality which has motivated the appearance of frequent changes (assimilation, dissimilation and metathesis), favoured by a certain phonetic context (vibrants, nasals, palatals), and with a diatopic distribution.
		The contiguous appearance of two vowels in a spoken chain produces hiatus or diphthongs, depending on its heterosyllabic or homosyllabic pronunciation.
	www.fonatari.org /paginas/ing/euskara/index.php?cod=15 (1456 words)

	Untitled Normal Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		With vowels we are dealing primarily with sound originating at the vibrating vocal cords but which is modified by resonating in the vocal tract above the vocal cords.
		As with consonants, to make sense of the patterning of vowel sounds they need to be systematically classified in a way which indicates how they relate to one another.
		Diphthongs are long vowel articulations during which the tongue moves - shifting its position from one vowel sound to another.
	www.essex.ac.uk /speech/teaching-01/tutorial/vowels.html (852 words)

	f115oral.html
		Able to satisfy partially the requirements of basic communicative exchanges by relying heavily on learned utterances but occasionally expanding these through simple recombinations of their elements.
		French syllables begin with a consonant or consonant or consonant cluster and ends with a vowel.
		Within that chain, syllables are the important units and they are made the same way, beginning with consonant or consonant cluster and ending with a vowel sound (oral or nasal).
	www.utm.edu /departments/french/f115oral.html (714 words)

	Footnote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are 5 VOWELS in Portuguese: a - e - i - o - u
		However, there are 7 "oral vowel sounds": /a/, /é/, /ê/, /i/, /ó/, /ô/, /u/
		If the word has an accent, you can tell whether the vowel is open (with ') or closed (with ^).
	cali.arizona.edu /maxnet/por/por01/foo00029.htm (75 words)

	VOWEL : Encyclopedia Entry
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong [ɪ], the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong [ɔɪ], and the vowel sounds of, flower (BrE [aʊə] AmE [aʊɚ]) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		A fair number of Native American languages, such as Nahuatl and Navajo, have vowel systems that lack /u/, but there is no known language that lacks some form of a.
		Skolt Sami: u o õ å a, i e â ä (normal); long vowels doubled (lääij, nââ'ǩǩted, etc.).
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Vowel (3547 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Therefore (oversimplifying somewhat...), the longer the oral cavity (e.g., bilabials), the lower the frequency of the zeros.
		ßÍÿðÐ¨ØP ð@¡ª ðH ðx ð0“”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ»àã33ÌîQï 1° ðùðð‘ð( ðì ðð ð “ð6Øg»-¿À¸ãÿ ð°è8¨ð,$ñ, ðl¨ Perceived height of nasal vowelsBecause vowel nasalization can heavily influence the F1 region of the vowel spectrum (which primarily correlates with vowel height), it is not surprising that the perceived height of corresponding nasal and oral vowels often differs.
		¡D ¸ãþ êð ð ³ðBxg»-¿ÀíËÔ”Íÿ ðð@ð,$ñD, ðo¨To think about:Relative to their oral counterparts, nasalization tends to lower the perceived height of high vowels and raise the perceived height of low vowels.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~beddor/lsa/PPT_lectures/July7.ppt (1036 words)

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