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Topic: Orapa

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	Orapa diamond mine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orapa ("resting place for lions") is owned by Debswana, a partnership between the De Beers company and the government of Botswana.
		Orapa is of open pit construction and is the largest diamond mine in the world by area.
		Orapa operates seven days per week, and produces 20 million tons per year of ore and an additional 40 million tons per year of waste rock.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orapa_diamond_mine (292 words)

	Debswana - Operations
		Orapa AK1, along with two other significantly diamondiferous kimberlites in the same area, was discovered in 1967 by De Beers geologists and is the largest kimberlite in a cluster of over 50 kimberlites.
		The Orapa AK1 kimberlite forms a single surface expression of 118ha, but geological studies have clearly shown that the pipe consists of two individual intrusions that coalesce near the surface.
		The diatreme facies in the south lobe, in contrast, exhibits a sharp contrast with the overlying crater facies southern volcaniclastic kimberlite, and the possibility of a multiple eruption history, particularly with respect to the diatreme facies units, cannot be excluded.
	www.debswana.com /operations/opsOrapaGeo.asp?Print=Y (349 words)

	Debswana - Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Letlhakane Mine is situated 50 km from Debswana's Orapa operation, or some 190 km West of Francistown, in Central Botswana.
		Letlhakane, which was first discovered during the sampling and evaluation process at Orapa, became Debswana's second mine when it opened in 1975.
		The mine is managed from the larger Orapa operation and produces in the region of one million carats annually.
	www.debswana.com /operations/opsLetlhakane.asp (83 words)

	Mail & Guardian Online:
		Orapa is one of the three diamond mines hit by illegal strikes over deadlocked pay award negotiations, now entering its second week.
		At Orapa and its satellite mine Letlhakane, 1 100 workers are on strike out of a workforce of 3 300.
		Orapa general manager Len Makwinja confirmed there had been production losses, but said the mine could sustain the rate of production it was now achieving.
	www.mg.co.za /articledirect.aspx?area=mg_flat&articleid=136185 (869 words)

	Firestone Diamonds Announces 2 New Joint Ventures Signed with...
		The Orapa and Jwaneng prospecting licences cover an area of approximately 5,000 square kilometers and are considered to be highly prospective for hosting diamondiferous kimberlite as they are located close to the Orapa and Jwaneng diamond mines.
		Orapa and Jwaneng are the two richest diamond mines in the world, producing approximately 29 million carats per annum with a value of over $2.5 billion.
		Under the terms of the new Orapa joint venture agreement, De Beers will carry out an intensive exploration and evaluation programme in the Orapa project area, similar to that being carried out on Firestone's Mopipi project to the west of Orapa, which is currently being explored by De Beers in joint venture with Firestone.
	www.fillyaboots.com /_fybArc1/000003dc.htm (1434 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Orapa kimberlite is host to one of the world's largest and most productive diamond mines and is situated on the northwest side of the ancient continental core making up southern Africa called the Kaapvaal craton.
		Orapa is noted for its well-exposed kimberlite (the diamond host rock), its diamond-bearing and non-diamond-bearing eclogite (high-pressure metamorphosed basalt) xenoliths (rock fragments carried by the kimberlite), and the high proportion of sulfide and silicate in its diamond inclusion population.
		The younger age is interesting because it is identical to the previous 990 million-year-old samarium-neodymium isochron age obtained on Orapa eclogitic garnet and clinopyroxene diamond inclusions.
	www.carnegieinstitution.org /YearBook_99_00/scientists/Shirey/StevenBShirey.html (648 words)

	HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND ISOTOPIC ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSE OF A FRACTURED MULTI-LAYERED AQUIFER TO LONG TERM ABSTRACTION ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The study originated as an attempt to use long-term, well-documented abstraction of ground water at the Orapa mine, Botswana to evaluate critically borehole pumping tests of fractured Karoo aquifers, which are of necessity limited in their duration.
		In the early seventies, recharge to aquifers in the Kalahari was regarded as negligible.
		This was challenged by environmental isotope studies, initially conducted at Orapa and subsequently extended to the Kalahari in general.
	www.fwr.org /wrcsa/565101.htm (2159 words)

	Chapter Two - The Desert Venture
		On board the plane with me were four De Beers engineers who called themselves "the flying circus." Their job was to periodically inspect and evaluate the operations at all of De Beers' diamond mines, and then report back to Oppenheimer's headquarters in Johannesburg.
		Except for the fact that Orapa is in the middle of nowhere, it might have been any suburban city.
		He was De Beers' chief geologist at Orapa, and he had been asked to show me around the mine.
	edwardjayepstein.com /diamond/chap2.htm (2639 words)

	afrol News - New diamond prospecting in Botswana
		The Orapa and Jwaneng prospecting licences cover an area of approximately 5,000 square kilometres and are considered to be highly prospective for hosting diamondiferous kimberlite as they are located close to the Orapa and Jwaneng diamond mines, according to Firestone.
		Orapa and Jwaneng are already the two richest diamond mines in the world, producing approximately 29 million carats per annum with a value of over US$ 2.5 billion.
		For Botswana, the Orapa and Jwaneng exploration projects could mean even larger revenues from the diamond industry, which is already contributing heavily to the relative prosperity in the nation.
	www.afrol.com /articles/14942 (648 words)

	Untitled Document
		Orapa is Hayes School's Marimba and steel drums band.
		The band is conducted and led by Mr Boys, who with the help of several dedicated other members of staff has given the children this unique opportunity as well as providing a group that is both popular and talented.
		Many of events where Orapa take part are publicise by the local press, check out our standards page/local media for more details.
	www.hayes.torbay.sch.uk /Orapa.htm (120 words)

	Economy of Botswana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Orapa 2000 project, which will double the capacity of the country's main diamond mine, will be finished in early 2000.
		The first mine began production at Orapa in 1972, followed by the smaller mine at Letlhakane.
		The Orapa 2000 Expansion of the existing Orapa mine was opened in 2000.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_Botswana (1194 words)

	Mining Technology - DEBSWANA DIAMOND MINES
		Since then, Debswana Diamond Company Ltd has opened three more open pits: Letlhakane, which is 50km from Orapa, in 1977; Jwaneng, 120km west of the capital city, Gaborone, in 1981-2; and the P225 million Damtshaa, which is 20km east of Orapa and is managed from there, in 2003.
		In 1989-99 the P1.6 billion Orapa 2000 project doubled capacity there, while the engineering firm Bateman is currently studying the feasibility of doubling capacity at Damtshaa to 400t/d.
		Orapa contributed 52% of the total, Jwaneng 44%, Letlhakane 3% and Damtshaa 1%.
	www.mining-technology.com /projects/debswana (847 words)

	Press Release - Firestone Diamonds plc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Orapa is the second largest diamond mine in the world in terms of carat production, producing approximately 16 million carats per annum with a value of over $800 million.
		Firestone's Orapa and Mopipi projects, which cover a total area of approximately 4,900 square kilometers and are located in the Orapa area, are being explored by De Beers in joint venture with Firestone.
		Microprobe analysis of the kimberlitic indicator minerals and analysis of the size/distribution frequency of the microdiamond populations from each of the kimberlites is being carried out to allow an initial evaluation of the economic potential of the kimberlites to be made.
	www.firestonediamonds.com /press/pr05032000.htm (1349 words)

	Latest News - Republic of Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He said the Orapa and Letlhakane mines have a total of 3 426 employees, 94 per cent of them citizens.
		He also said the Orapa mine is acclaimed as the first mine in Southern Africa to achieve a five star ribbon, the top most award for the best HIV/AIDS management programme.
		He further said the Orapa and Letlhakane mines are committed to environmental responsibilities while focusing on water conservation and waste management.
	www.gov.bw /cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20050513&i=Orapa_shifts_to_shaft_mining_in_2027 (364 words)

	The Namibian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Plans to double output at Debswana's Orapa mine by January 2000, which will up Botswana's total output by 30 per cent, are going ahead.
		Orapa mine will soon be the biggest diamond mine in the world.
		``Orapa is continuing as planned, the commissioning date is still January 2, 2000,'' said Debswana company secretary Joe Matome.
	www.namibian.com.na /netstories/Econ12-98/diamonds1.html (335 words)

	Press Release - Firestone Diamonds plc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the period, the Company was awarded new prospecting licences for an area of approximately 1,300 square kilometers, also located close to the Orapa and Letlhakane diamond mines, known as the Orapa project.
		Microprobe analysis of the kimberlitic indicator minerals and analysis of the size/distribution frequency of the microdiamond populations from each of the kimberlites is being undertaken so as to allow an initial evaluation of the economic potential of the kimberlites to be made.
		Much of the area around the Orapa and Jwaneng mines is still considered to be highly prospective for the discovery of new diamondiferous kimberlites, as modern geophysical and other exploration techniques have not been fully applied in these areas.
	www.firestonediamonds.com /press/pr05033100.htm (2807 words)

	Tsodilo Resources Ltd. - Ngamiland Project - Sun Mar 5, 2006
		The tectonic setting of the Newdico license ground is considered to be closely comparable to that of the economic Orapa kimberlite in central Botswana in two respects - firstly the close spatial association with the dyke swarm and secondly their location on the craton margin with overthrust Damara age rocks.
		Both the Orapa kimberlite cluster and the Venetia kimberlites are located immediately to the south of this same dyke swarm.
		Thus, of the two biggest producing kimberlites in Botswana, Orapa (110 hectare) is composed of two feeders that coalesce on the surface, while Jwaneng consists of three coalescing feeders with a combined surface area of 43 hectare.
	www.tsodiloresources.com /s/Ngamiland.asp (4018 words)

	Minesite Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		De Beers has an extensive database relating to the geology of the Orapa area, as well as specific information relating to the kimberlites and recent geophysical work suggests that certain of these may be larger than previously thought.
		The Serowe and Orapa north licences will be explored with De Beers' proprietary cutting edge technology and with the use of specialist airborne techniques such as Bell Geospace.
		The essence of the deal was that African Diamonds was handing over control of the joint venture company to De Beers at the outset and could be diluted back to a 30 per cent interest in the event of De Beers funding a bankable feasibility study.
	www.minesite.com /storyFull.php?storySeq=144 (1486 words)

	African Diamonds Plc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From landsat imagery and earlier work on the ground, African Diamonds has identified what we believe to be former river channels draining Orapa to the South East.
		We are analysing the drill samples and have high hopes in particular from BK10, which is far larger than originally estimated.
		Given the quality and value of diamonds in the Orapa kimberlite field we have the possibility of finding large, high value, gemstone quality diamonds.
	www.afdiamonds.com /_news/23_10_03.shtml (432 words)

	AEL - AEL commissions plant at Orapa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In addition to its Jwaneng emulsion manufacturing facility, serving the Debswana Diamond Mine in the south of the country, AEL has invested close to R5-million in a centralised emulsion plant at Orapa to serve Debswana's Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa Mines in the north.
		In addition to the emulsion and prill storage facilities at the open-cast mining operations in the north and south of the country, the company also has explosives magazine facilities at Francistown and Gaberone to supply existing and potential customers in the mining, quarrying and construction industries.
		It is to be officially opened at the end of November, and will offer AEL the opportunity to supply emulsion for other projects in the north of Botswana.
	www.explosives.co.za /content/news/whatsnew/aelcommissions.asp (290 words)

	Tsodilo Resources Ltd. - Gcwihaba Project - Sun Mar 5, 2006
		This tectonic setting is closely comparable with that of the economic Orapa pipe in northern Botswana.
		In such a geological setting, ocean floor basalt subducted beneath the craton is converted to eclogite in the upper mantle, providing a high proportion of eclogite-derived diamonds, as in the Orapa kimberlites.
		Although the significance of the association between this major crustal feature and kimberlites in not well understood, some 25 million carats (16%) of the world's annual diamond production (150 million carats) comes from the Orapa and Venetia clusters, which are also located on the southern edge of this same dyke swarm.
	www.tsodiloresources.com /s/Gcwihaba.asp (1160 words)

	Economic Snapshot - Republic of Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By the year 1999/200, real GDP in constant 1993/94 prices, is estimated to have increased to P15.4 billion, representing a growth rate of 7.7% in 1999/2000 compared to 4.1% in 1998/99.
		This growth was due mainly to the significant increase in mining sector output, following the expansion of the Orapa diamond mine.
		This was due mainly to the relatively sluggish performance of the manufacturing, construction and transport sectors as a result of problems confronting some textile companies, completion of major construction projects, including the Orapa expansion project, and problems affecting rail transport.
	www.gov.bw /economy (908 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| co_releases Firestone Diamonds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The two projects surround the Letlhakane Mine and adjoin the southern and western boundaries of the Orapa Mine, which is the second largest diamond mine in the world in terms of carat production, producing approximately 16 million carats per annum with a value of over $800 million.
		These kimberlites are located in the Orapa Project area, approximately 15 kilometres south of the Orapa Mine, and are the first new kimberlites discovered in the Orapa region in the last seven years.
		Much of the region around the Orapa and Jwaneng mines is still considered to be highly prospective for the discovery of new diamondiferous kimberlites, as modern geophysical and other exploration techniques have not been fully applied in these areas.
	www.mineweb.net /co_releases/410377.htm (1365 words)

	M&J Engineering - R3 million Transfer Chutes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The R3-million transfer chutes for the Orapa 2000 expansion project in Botswana were supplied by bulk materials-handler M&J engineering of Wadeville, Gauteng.
		M&J reports that they had an estimated 40 chutes in operation at Orapa before the start of the expansion project.
		The company's chute system was developed through an intensive study carried out in the early 1990's by MD Werner Baller into the negative and cost-incurring aspects of conventional chute designs.
	www.weba.co.za /3m_transfer_chutes.html (321 words)

	allAfrica.com: Botswana: Fun Time At Orapa Engen Golf Event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Koster posted a 150 gross score to win the A division by a 20 point margin while Mpabanga is the champion of the B division.
		Orapa golfers Walter Seokemong and Daniel Lucas finis hed second and third respectively.
		The oil company was supporting the Orapa event for the second year after boosting the sponsorship from P15,000 to P20,000.
	allafrica.com /stories/200603010819.html (296 words)

	African Diamonds Plc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are four diamond mines, Jwaneng in the southern Kalahari, Orapa, Damshaa and Lethlakane in the central Kalahari, whose combined earnings have accounted for 77 percent of the total export earnings and 45 percent of the GDP.
		The Orapa and Jwaneng pipes are of exceptional size and as a consequence these mines host ore reserves and resources that would support these operations at present mining rates for a period in excess of 40 years.
		Six of these licences are in the Orapa area, four in Serowe and one in the far east of the country at Shashe.
	www.afdiamonds.com /_operations/botswana.shtml (711 words)

	An MBendi Profile: Botswana - Mining: Diamond Mining - Overview
		The Letlhakane mine near Orapa was founded in 1973, as was the much larger Jwaneng mine in the south of the country but, while Letlhakane came into production by 1977, Jwaneng did not start mining operations until 1982.
		The mine consists of four small pipes of the BK cluster 20 km east of Orapa and commenced production in October 2002 and in 2003 produced 292,000 ct at a grade of 0.24 ct/t.
		As many as 90 kimberlites have been discovered on the Molopo property, of which the M1 pipe is considered to be one of the largest pipes in the world.
	www.mbendi.co.za /indy/ming/dmnd/af/bo/p0005.htm (1038 words)

	De Beers partners with Firestone in Botswana
		The agreements cover Firestone's Orapa and Jwaneng kimberlite exploration projects in Botswana, on 5,000 square kilometers of land close to Orapa and Jwaneng, two of the world's richest diamond mines.
		Under the terms of the agreements, De Beers will hold a 61 percent interest in each project in exchange for financing and carrying out all exploration and evaluation work on the projects and completing a bankable feasibility study on any kimberlites discovered in each project area.
		Orapa and Jwaneng produce about 29 million carats per year, with a value of more than $2.5 billion.
	www.ja-newyork.com /janewyork/headlines/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000732915 (300 words)

	Debswana - Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After further exploration, the pipe at Orapa was found later that year.
		During the sampling and evaluation at Orapa, two smaller pipes were uncovered some 40 kilometres south-east of Orapa, near the Letlhakane village.
		The lucrative Debswana mines have contributed enormously to the economic growth of Botswana, not only in terms of direct foreign exchange and government revenues generated by diamond sales, but also through the multiplier effect on taxes, employment and infrastructure in remote areas.
	www.debswana.com /company/coHistory.asp (281 words)

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