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	Chapter Two - The Desert Venture
		Diamond mines, unlike most other kinds of mining operations, could not measure, or even reasonably estimate the value of their own product.
		Gold mines can calculate how many ounces they produce each day, and copper mines can estimate their tonnage, but the Orapa mine could not immediately determine whether its production of gem diamonds that day was worth $ioo,ooo or a million dollars.
		Both the diamond mine and the Botswana government had to await the outcome of the official evaluation by the De Beers-trained appraisers.
	edwardjayepstein.com /diamond/chap2.htm (2639 words)

	Orapa diamond mine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orapa ("resting place for lions") is owned by Debswana, a partnership between the De Beers company and the government of Botswana.
		Orapa is of open pit construction and is the largest diamond mine in the world by area.
		The mine is located on two kimberlite pipes that converge near the surface, covering 1.18 square kilometres at ground level.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orapa_diamond_mine (274 words)

	Orapa diamond mine -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Orapa diamond mine is the world's largest (Very hard native crystalline carbon valued as a gem) diamond (Excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted) mine.
		Orapa is of (Click link for more info and facts about open pit) open pit construction and is the largest diamond mine in the world by area.
		Orapa operates seven days per week, and produces 20 million tons per year of (A metal-bearing mineral valuable enough to be mined) ore and an additional 40 million tons per year of waste rock.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/or/orapa_diamond_mine.htm (437 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam.
		Turquoise was also mined in pre-Columbian America in the Cerillos Mining District in New Mexico, where a mass of rock 200 feet (60 m) in depth and 300 feet (90 m) in width was removed with stone tools; the mine dump covers 20 acres (81,000 mÂ²).
		Wyoming coal mine Anthracite coal strip-mining with the Marion shovel in the anthracite Coal Region Heckscherville-Minersville, Pennsylvania area, Pennsylvania Coal mining is the extraction of coal from the Earth for use during combustion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mining (3842 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of diamond mines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Catoca diamond mine, This article is about the nation, for the prison see Angola Prison Angola is a maritime country in southwestern Africa bordering Namibia, Congo-Brazzaville and Zambia and with a west coast along the Portuguese colony, it has considerable natural resources, among which oil and diamonds are the most relevant.
		Murowa diamond mine, The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Victoria Falls, Zambezi river, Kariba Dam and Limpopo river.
		Williamson diamond mine, The United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania in Swahili) is a country on the east coast of central Africa.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-diamond-mines (1213 words)

	Damtshaa diamond mine - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Damtshaa diamond mine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Damtshaa diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Botswana about 220 kilometers (140 miles) west of the city of Francistown.
		The mine is forecast to produce about five million carats of diamond from 39 million tons of ore over the projected 31-year life of the mine.
		The Damtshaa mine is also managed from the Orapa mine, and is included in Orapa's and Letlhakane's safety and environmental programs, meaning that Damtshaa is also ISO 14001 certified.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Damtshaa-diamond-mine.html (269 words)

	African Diamonds Plc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		African Diamonds is pleased to announce that they are finalizing a joint venture agreement with Kalahari Diamonds Ltd. to explore the 4,000 sq km of diamond licences in Botswana held by African Diamonds.
		The Falcon airborne exploration technology is revolutionizing diamond prospecting particularly in areas of deep cover such as the Kalahari sands and the salt pans north of the Orapa diamond mine.
		The potential in the Orapa ground, a 1,000 sq km block north of the Orapa diamond mine, is enormous.
	www.afdiamonds.com /_news/17_02_04.shtml (580 words)

	Newsvine - Orapa Diamond Mine, Botswana
		Diamonds are produced when volcanic activity causes carbon to be forced at extremes of pressure and temperature through a vent towards the surface.
		To the South of the mine is the Orapa settlement.
		The mine is awesome to view, and the diamond-bearing core is clearly visible as a blue-grey area.
	geebee.newsvine.com /_news/2007/09/23/979812-orapa-diamond-mine-botswana (1110 words)

	Orapa diamond mine - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Orapa diamond mine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Orapa diamond mine - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Orapa diamond mine.
		The mine is located on two kimberlite pipes that converge near the surface, covering 118 hectares at ground level.
		In 2003, the Orapa mine produced 16.3 million carats of diamond.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Orapa-diamond-mine.html (326 words)

	Encyclopedia: Orapa diamond mine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Jump to: navigation, search The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam.
		The El Chino mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
		Jump to: navigation, search The Damtshaa diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Botswana about 220 kilometers (140 miles) west of the city of Francistown.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Orapa-diamond-mine (790 words)

	8th INTERNATIONAL KIMBERLITE CONFERENCE (8IKC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Diamond was recovered from 24 of the kimberlites.
		Diamond content and size distribution is controlled by normal sedimentary processes, where coarse grained kimberlite containing abundant heavy minerals will preferentially be enriched in larger diamonds, while finer well sorted kimberlitic material abundant in heavy minerals will be enriched in small diamonds.
		For micro diamonds, the frequency curve is linear and it is often speculated that the micro and macro populations are unrelated.
	www.venuewest.com /8IKC/s1post.htm (13979 words)

	Economy of Botswana
		Diamond mining and tourism also are important to the economy.
		Substantial mineral deposits were found in the 1970s and the mining sector grew from 25% of GDP in 1980 to 38% in 1998.
		The Orapa 2000 project, which will double the capacity of the country's main diamond mine, will be finished in early 2000.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/economy_of_botswana.html (1339 words)

	Debswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Debswana Diamond Company Ltd, or simply Debswana, is a mining company located in Botswana, and is the world's leading producer of diamonds by value.
		All diamond mining in Botswana is controlled by Debswana; there are no private diamond mining operations in the country.
		Diamond mining activities have fueled much of the growth in Botswana's economy, allowing it to grow from one of the poorest countries in the world when it became independent in 1966 to a "middle income" nation, with $8,800 per capita income in 2003.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Debswana.htm (395 words)

	Economic Snapshot - Republic of Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		By the beginning of the 1980s, diamonds had well overtaken beef as the country's leading foreign exchange earner and in 1982, diamond exports accounted for 40% of total exports and rose rapidly thereafter to reach approximately 80% of total foreign exchange earnings by 1989.
		This growth was due mainly to the significant increase in mining sector output, following the expansion of the Orapa diamond mine.
		The shares of diamonds and in total exports rose to 79.4% in 1999 from 69.5% in 1998 while that of copper/nickel declined slightly from 5.0% to 4.6% during the same period.
	www.gov.bw /economy/index.html (908 words)

	Largest Open Diamond Mine - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Udachnaya pipe is the largest diamond deposit in Russia and one of the...
		The Argyle diamond mine is the largest open diamond mine in the world...
		workers have fled the open-pit diamond mine that is the epicenter...
	mine.fabcc.com /index.php?k=largest-open-diamond-mine (1209 words)

	Diamond mine world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		On May 23, De Beers officially opened the Orapa Mines in Botswana, claimed to be the world's largest diamond mines.
		This diamond mine in eastern Siberia (Mirny, to be exact) is so deep that the surrounding...
		The Argyle Diamond Mine in Western Australia is the...
	mines.insidedope.info /diamond-mine-world-r.html (202 words)

	MSN Encarta - Kalahari Desert
		The Orapa diamond mine opened there in 1971 and diamond mining soon became a key part of the Botswana economy.
		In Namibia, the urban areas are served by paved roads, and the smaller settlements by gravel and sand roads.
		In the second half of the 20th century settlement in the Kalahari increased as mining and tourist operations grew.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555808/Kalahari_Desert.html (931 words)

	African Diamonds Plc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The six prospecting licences comprising the Boteti Exploration joint venture in the Orapa area lie predominantly to the north and east of the massive, 118ha Orapa Diamond Mine, at the heart of the Orapa kimberlite province, the world's most prodigious diamond producing area.
		In the case of AK6, which lies 21 km to the south-west of the Orapa mine (Map 3), the overburden is about 35 metres.Although the sampling grade of 25 cpht in AK6 is significant, it is important to note that these results are preliminary in nature and based on limited data.
		Unfortunately, the high sensitivity of this system is particularly vulnerable to severe turbulence caused by high heat conditions in Botswana during the summer months and this survey was suspended towards the end of 2004.
	www.afdiamonds.com /_operations/orapaLicense.shtml (855 words)

	Diamonds Info - Where Diamonds are Mined
		Ekati diamond mine is owned by BHP Billiton and located south of the artic circle in the Northwest Territories of Canada.
		In 2004, this mine produced a 78.9 carat D color flawless diamond that sold for more than 1.8 million dollars (US), as well as a 27.67 pink diamond that was sold for over 1 million US dollars.
		This mine is owned by the De Beers Company and was renamed The Cullinan Diamond Mine in 2003 in celebration of its centennial.
	www.diamonds-info.com /where-diamonds-are-mined.html (398 words)

	Gem, Rock, and Mineral Postage Stamps Featuring Diamond
		Despite diamond's unequalled hardness (resistance to scratching) diamond cleaves (breaks along flat planes) easily when struck sharply.
		Diamonds stick to grease and cannot be wet with water--a property which is used to separate diamonds from crushed rock and dirt.
		Industrial diamonds, which are used for abrasives, are sometimes referred to as bort or carbonado.
	stampmin.home.att.net /diamond.htm (386 words)

	Open Diamond Mine - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Founded in a diamond rush the town still exudes the whiff of the pioneer diggertown Various attractions as well as an open mine museum and original mine where the 971-carat Excelsior diamond was found in 1893...
		This mine is actually the oldest diamond mine of its kind in...
		Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
	mine.fabcc.com /index.php?k=Open-diamond-mine (1092 words)

	Botswana - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The economy, closely tied to South Africa's, is dominated by cattle raising and mining.
		Botswana's impressive economic record has been built on the foundation of wisely using revenue generated from diamond mining to fuel economic development through prudent fiscal policies and a cautious foreign policy.
		The Orapa 2000 Expansion of the existing Orapa mine was opened in 2000.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /botswana.htm (2758 words)

	Endnotes
		While the Diamond Trading Company was extremely cooperative in showing me through their headquarters in London and explaining the sorting and distribution procedures, I did not have an opportunity to interview a number of key executives there, including Monty Charles.
		There were no synthetic diamonds in those days, and the only source for many important types of diamonds were the mines and fields in the British Empire under the control of the diamond cartel.
		The International Diamond Annual, a review of the world's diamond industry and trade, published by De Beers in two volumes in 1971 and 1972, furnishes a comprehensive picture of a diamond pipeline from the diamond mines to the cutting center to the retail business.
	www.edwardjayepstein.com /diamond/endnotes.htm (4356 words)

	Mining Technology - DEBSWANA DIAMOND MINES
		Since then, Debswana Diamond Company Ltd has opened three more open pits: Letlhakane, which is 50km from Orapa, in 1977; Jwaneng, 120km west of the capital city, Gaborone, in 1981–2; and the P225 million Damtshaa, which is 20km east of Orapa and is managed from there, in 2003.
		In 1989–99 the P1.6 billion Orapa 2000 project doubled capacity there, while the engineering firm Bateman is currently studying the feasibility of doubling capacity at Damtshaa to 400t/d.
		The Orapa process plant will be replaced by 2010, and that at Jwaneng in 2011, at which time a new tailings dump-treatment plant should start work at Letlhakane.
	www.mining-technology.com /projects/debswana/index.html (861 words)

	enableafrica.net / Features_departure
		Francistown itself used to be a gold mining town, but today it is a fairly modern, bustling town with little for the tourist to see or do other than enjoy the feeling of being in a civilised country- a world apart from present day Zimbabwe.
		You forget that to make a community like Orapa work, you need not only the people working directly within the mining industry, but also teachers, to teach the children of the families working there, doctors, nurses, the list is endless.
		We visited the tourist centre for the Diamond Mine and were given an in-depth talk on how the diamonds are sourced, mined and valued.
	www.enableafrica.net /features/feature_74.htm (3380 words)

	australia diamond mine
		Embassy of Australia, Washington, DC The Argyle Diamond Mine, in Australiaâs remote north-west wilderness area, is named after Lake Argyle, which lies to the north of the site.
		Mine Location The Argyle Diamond Mine, the world's largest diamond-producing mine, is located in the Kimberley Region of north Western Australia.
		Diamonds, Gold, and South Africa The richest diamond mines in southern Africa are new fields in Botswana.
	www.great-diamonds.net /diamond-mine/australiadiamondmine.html (510 words)

	Brokers say this share is worth three times its current price - Firestone Diamonds plc
		The mine has yielded 1,583 carats of diamonds in the last year with 85% gem quality with an average size of 0.2 carats and an average selling price of $103.
		This exploration area is around 35 miles to the west of the De Beer's extremely profitable Orapa diamond mine.
		The Oena Mine will be up and running later this month and it is estimated it could be generating $9m of operating profits within three years.
	www.firestonediamonds.ac.psiweb.com /articles/ar00061000.htm (717 words)

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