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Topic: Orbital decay

	Orbital decay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orbital decay is the process of prolonged reduction in the height of a satellite’s orbit due to drag produced by an atmosphere.
		Orbital decay thus involves a positive feedback effect, where the more the orbit decays, the lower its altitude drops, and the lower the altitude, the faster the decay.
		Orbital decay exerts a significant effect at the altitudes of space stations, space shuttles and other manned Earth-orbit spacecraft, and satellites with relatively high orbits such as the Hubble Space Telescope.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbital_decay (400 words)

	PHYS146 Notes Conservation Laws
		There are too many decays in the full table to check all of them, but it is a good idea to check a few of the decay processes to make sure that you understand the rules.
		To complicate matters the decay products may leave the point of decay with orbital angular momenta as well as spins, and it is the total which must be conserved.
		However, all orbital angular momenta are an integer times h-bar and cannot change the total angular momentum from half-integer to integer or vice versa.
	www.udel.edu /mvb/PS146htm/146nocl.html (2237 words)

	Wentz and Schabel
		Over intervals of high solar activity, the observed orbital decay rate is, 2 km/yr, while periods of low solar activity show a smaller rate of 0.3 km/yr.
		Thus the orbital decay causes TL to warm relative to TN at a rate of 0.044 K per decade, in close agreement with the anomalous trend mentioned above.
		Removing the effect of orbital decay, the corrected TN and TL are both warming at nearly the same rate.
	www.eden.rutgers.edu /~meenal/wentzSchabel.html (782 words)

	NASA Orbital Debris FAQs
		Orbital debris is any man-made object in orbit about the Earth which no longer serves a useful purpose.
		Our ability to detect orbital debris at such heights is limited, but studies indicate that the orbital debris population is probably less severe there than in low Earth orbit.
		An excellent primer on the many aspects of orbital debris is the Interagency Report on Orbital Debris (Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, 1995).
	www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov /faqs.html (1616 words)

	Wikinfo \| Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Where P is the orbital period, a is the sum of the semi-major axes of the ellipses in which the centers of the bodies move (which is equal to their constant separation for circular orbits), M
		When atomic structure was first probed experimentally early in the twentieth century, an early picture of the atom portrayed it as a miniature solar system bound by the coulomb force rather than by gravity.
		This was inconsistent with electrodynamics and the model was progressively refined as quantum theory evolved, but there is a legacy of the picture in the term orbital for the wave function of a energetically bound electron state.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Orbit (1890 words)

	4.5 Post-Keplerian parameters
		The orbital decay, which corresponds to a shrinkage of about 3.2 mm per orbit, is seen most dramatically as the gradually increasing shift in orbital phase for periastron passages with respect to a non-decaying orbit shown in Fig.
		The observations of the orbital decay, now spanning a 25-year baseline, are in agreement with general relativity at the level of about 0.5% and provide the first (indirect) evidence for the existence of gravitational radiation.
		Hulse and Taylor were awarded the Nobel prize in Physics in 1993 [241, 101, 234] in recognition of their discovery of this remarkable laboratory for testing general relativity.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2001-5/node22.html (559 words)

	Orbit (celestial mechanics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		First, he found that the orbits of the planets in our solar system are elliptical, not circular (or epicyclic), as had previously been believed, and that the sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one focus.
		Second, he found that the orbital speed of each planet is not constant, as had previously been thought, but rather that the speed of the planet depends on the planet's distance from the sun.
		Orbital decay can also occur due to tidal forces for objects below the synchronous orbit for the body they're orbiting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbit (2781 words)

	4.3 Binary pulsars
		For binary pulsars, the timing model described in § 4.2 needs to be extended to incorporate the additional radial accelerations of the pulsar as it orbits the common centre-of-mass of the binary system.
		An important general relativistic prediction for eccentric double neutron star systems is the orbital decay due to the emission of gravitational radiation.
		The orbital decay, which corresponds to a shrinkage of about 1.5 cm per orbit, is seen most dramatically as the gradually increasing shift in orbital phase for periastron passages with respect to a non-decaying orbit.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-1998-10/node18.html (894 words)

	White Dwarf Merger Movie
		The merger theory postulates that the binary orbit will shrink due to the loss of orbital angular momentum, either through magnetic interaction between the stars and their atmospheres or by the generation of gravitational waves.
		The orbital period and the separation of the white dwarfs are governed by Kepler's laws.
		The accretion disk is allowed to decay during the expansion until all material has been transferred from the disk to the merged star.
	www.arm.ac.uk /~csj/movies/merger.html (711 words)

	Bibliography: Orbital Decay
		Orbital Decay (1990, SFBC, #15887, $7.98, 306pp, hc)
		Orbital Decay (1990, Legend, 0099741903, L3.99, 414pp, pb)
		Orbital Decay (1991, Legend, 0099741903, L4.99, 414pp, pb)
	isfdb.tamu.edu /cgi-bin/title.cgi?1434 (109 words)

	4 Conclusions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We explored how the relative importance of several secular effects depends on the parameters of the model, namely, the osculating elements of the satellite trajectories, surface density of the disc, and the mass and compactness of the orbiter bodies.
		Decay of the orbit due to interaction with the gaseous environment brings the orbiter gradually towards the center.
		One could thus expect the final stages of the orbital decay to be governed by emission of gravitational waves and by tidal interaction, while the initial transport from the outer cluster is ensured by other causes, possibly the hydrodynamical collisions together with dynamical friction.
	aanda.u-strasbg.fr:2002 /papers/aa/full/2001/35/aa1036/node4.html (592 words)

	Orbital Debris Reentry
		Because of the increasing number of objects in space, NASA has adopted guidelines and assessment procedures to reduce the number of non-operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth.
		One method of postmission disposal is to allow reentry of these spacecraft, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry.
		Spacecraft that reenter from either orbital decay or controlled entry usually breakup at altitudes between 84-72 km due to aerodynamic forces causing the allowable structural loads to be exceeded.
	www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov /reentry/reentry.html (486 words)

	SF REVIEWS.NET: Orbital Decay / Allen Steele
		The books that are the least pretentious, the most modest and unassuming, usually turn out to be the ones that kick your butt the hardest.
		Its episodic yet cohesive narrative takes place in the early 21st century aboard Olympus Station, unaffectionately known as Skycan by the crew of blue-collar riffraff living aboard it while they labor to contruct a massive power satellite designed to capture solar energy and send it to Earth as electricity.
		But even Popeye, along with "Virgin Bruce" Neiman the ex-biker and Hamilton the pot-growing hydroponicist, ultimately registers along with all of the cast as the coolest bunch of space opera heroes you're likely to find—mainly because they're such believable ordinary guys, rather than the mythic archetypes of space opera.
	www.sfreviews.net /orbitaldecay.html (410 words)

	The Decay of ASCA's Orbit
		ASCA was launched into a roughly circular orbit with an initial altitude of 570 km, and an orbital period of 96.1 minutes.
		Thus, the lifetime of the satellite was determined by the inevitable aging of the components and by the decay of the satellite orbit.
		The end of the ASCA mission was the result of the decay of its orbit, and a large geomagnetic storm.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/asca/outreach/asca_orbit.html (445 words)

	Thomas Tauris' Papers and Preprints
		We also present a tabulation of lambda as a function of stellar radius and mass, which is useful for a quick estimation of the orbital decay during a common envelope and spiral-in phase.
		Furthermore, we discuss the orbital evolution prior to RLO in X-ray binaries with low-mass donors, caused by the competing effects of wind mass loss and tidal effects due to expansion of the (sub)giant.
		We estimate the magnetic inclination angles of all the observed wide-orbit low-mass binary pulsars in the Galactic disk using the core-mass period relation and assuming that the spin axis of an accreting neutron star aligns with the orbital angular momentum vector in the recycling process of the pulsar.
	www.astro.ku.dk /~tauris/publications.html (3880 words)

	Orbit \| MKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As the map is laid out flat in a two-dimensional view, the orbital ground track appears as a wavy line (sine curve), but it is in reality straight as the Station circles the Earth.
		The decay is variable as solar activity causes changes in the density of the outer atmosphere.
		Spaceref diagram showing the rate of ISS orbital decay (and reboosts) from the first week of orbit to 4 November 2004.
	suzymchale.com /mks/orbit.html (1141 words)

	The Gatherings Presents: The Ministry of Inside Things + Orbital Decay
		Terry Furber produces Orbital Decay's live, onscreen display (a mixture of field photography, fractals and celestial images) with obvious careful planning and detail toward synchronization with the music.
		Unlike Orbital Decay's maintained level of ultra-intensity, peaks and valleys (sometimes deep, dark valleys) ruled the MoIT set, and this was all "marvelously" light-show enhanced by Jeff Towne's "hometown" utilization of the sanctuary's space.
		Having heard Orbital Decay live a few times before, I had known them to be well-informed in the ways of classic 70's space music and backed by an impressive collection of vintage musical gear.
	www.thegatherings.org /62gather.html (1806 words)

	MIT Physics Faculty: Saul Rappaport
		Moreover, the method of handling the common envelope phase of the binary evolution (likely involved in the production of most collapsed stars in binary systems), and the distribution of 'kick' velocities imparted to the neutron star during its birth in a supernova explosion, are also testable.
		These involve precise determinations of orbital parameters, orbital decay rates, apsidal motion, and the constituent masses, including the neutron stars.
		The combination of the wide orbital separation (about 2 AU) and the small orbital eccentricity (0.11) has significant implications for the 'kick' velocities imparted to neutron stars at their birth.
	web.mit.edu /physics/facultyandstaff/faculty/saul_rappaport.html (636 words)

	Back In Time Concert 3
		At 2:00Am October 29,2006 Orbital Decay will perform a live on-air concert on WXPN 88.5FM, Philadelphia PA.
		Orbital Decay will be on-air going "Back In Time" to the late 70's with a concert featuring the synthesizers from this time period.
		Chuck Van Zyl the host of "Stars End" on WXPN 88.5 in Philadelphia, PA. has graciously invited us back for a third "Back In Time 3" concert.This piece will be played with mostly the older analog synthesizers.
	mysite.verizon.net /vze6s1hi/index.html (129 words)

	Warehouse 23: Transhuman Space: Orbital Decay
		Vandegrift Station, a top-secret orbital research lab, has suddenly stopped all transmission.
		Orbital Decay includes maps and stats of typical orbital facilty, character descriptions, and an adventure for up to six 200-point Transhuman Space characters, either biological or cybershell.
		The ideas and maps in Orbital Decay can be used with any roleplaying system.
	www.warehouse23.com /item.html?id=SJG6705 (108 words)

	electro-music.com :: View topic - Soundscapes #3 with Orbital Decay and Tom Shaw - Announce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Orbital Decay consists of electric guitarist Scott Watkins and synthesist Terry Furber of Quakertown, Pennsylvania, located north of Philadelphia and south of Allentown/Bethlehem.
		Originally founded in 1979, the year when Skylab's orbit decayed, returning it to Earth in a firey display, Terry and Scott formed a band influenced by the likes of Tangerine Dream, Klaus Shulze, and Pink Floyd.
		This means that Orbital Decay charts unexplored territory of sound and mood.
	electro-music.com /forum/ptopic-88.html (757 words)

	Orbital Decay
		Orbital Decay has produced several self-released CDs of music realized out of their lengthy home studio jams.
		Following their 15 November 2003 performance at The Gatherings Concert Series, Orbital Decay moved themselves and their music-making gear up to STAR'S END for a live on-air in-studio radio concert of all new original spacemusic on the 11.16.03 broadcast.
		Orbital Decay returned to STAR'S END with a live on-air in-studio radio concert on the 10.31.04 broadcast.
	www.starsend.org /orbitaldecay.html (775 words)

	SF REVIEWS.NET: Orbital Decay / Allen Steele (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		SF REVIEWS.NET: Orbital Decay / Allen Steele (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu)
		Orbital Decay is hard SF at its gritty best.
		Action, suspense, and genuine human warmth combine to make Orbital Decay one of SF's strongest debuts, from an author whose future novels are only likely to take him higher and higher into orbit.
	www.sfreviews.net.cob-web.org:8888 /orbitaldecay.html (420 words)

	Orbital Decay - Allen Steele - Printed Books Shopping at dooyoo.co.uk
		The beamjacks are the men and women who are building the future - construction workers hired to assemble gigantic satellites in the vacuum of space.
		Orbital Decay - Allen Steele : Steele- and I'm sure many of you- are space enthusiasts; the NASA administra...
		Not really- first of all it's seldom actually the case, and there is always a new twist on an old idea or a story so archetypal as to still be worth hearing to be told; secondly...
	www.dooyoo.co.uk /printed-books/orbital-decay-allen-steele (288 words)

	Soundscapes Concert #1 Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Orbital Decay (Terry Furber and Tim Richardson of Quakertown, PA) performed at the IceHouse in Bethlehem, PA on Saturday February 16.
		I didn't want to set my expectations too high, knowing that this was a debut for both Soundscapes and for Orbital Decay.
		Orbital Decay played two sets and an encore, a total of a little less (I think) than 2 hours of music.
	www.tadream.net /soundscapes/concert001/index.html (459 words)

	STS 107 Mystery Object (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Based upon the available facts, and what I believe are reasonable assumptions (Section 1), I have deduced 2003-003B's approximate initial orbital elements (Section 2), and from them, its area to mass ratio (A/m) (Section 3).
		Analysis of their orbital elements places one of them in the vicinity of the shuttle during the EVA.
		The uncertainty in A/m due to uncertainty in the rate of decay is 10 to 20 percent.
	www.satobs.org /columbia/STS107mysteryobject-1.html (2963 words)

	SPACE.com -- The Starshine 3 satellite will fall to the Earth in a re-entry could light up the night sky enough to read ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		That's why Starshine 3 is so important," says solar physicist Judith Lean of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. "The satellite's well-defined spherical geometry allows us to estimate its ballistic coefficient with a reasonable degree of certainty.
		As it sinks into ever-denser layers of the atmosphere, its rate of orbital decay will accelerate.
		Scientists are using data from that mission to predict the decaying trajectories of satellites and bits of orbiting space debris.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/planetearth/starshine_decay_011011.html (557 words)

	The Gatherings Concert Series News
		While referencing the spacemusic of the '70s, Orbital Decay charts unexplored territory in both mood and in sound.
		MoIT and Orbital Decay returned to The Gatherings Concert Series and a benefit concert on 20 May 2006.
		Concepts to be covered include: recording and importing audio, the creation of edit fades and crossfades, stereo mixes, audio editing and processing, and ultimately, insight into how these components and concepts may be integrated with the aim of realizing musical productions.
	www.nothinbut.net /~gather/news.html (934 words)

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