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Topic: Orbital flight

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	Sub-orbital spaceflight
		A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight) is a spaceflight that does not involve putting a vehicle into orbit.
		Sub-orbital flights have been undertaken to test spacecraft and launch vehicles intended for later orbital flight, but some vehicles, such as the X-15 and SpaceShipOne have been designed exclusively to reach space sub-orbitally.
		Sub-orbital flights are appealing because it is very much easier to reach space (which simply means going higher than the edge of space) than to achieve orbit (which requires a velocity of about 18,000 mph).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/sub_orbital_spaceflight (527 words)

	Project Mercury - A Chronology. Part 3 (A)
		Overall, the flight was highly successful: the Atlas booster performed well and demonstrated that it was ready for the manned flight, the spacecraft systems operated well, and the Mercury global tracking network and telemetry operated in an excellent manner and was ready to support manned orbital flight.
		Especially relevant to manned space flight were its measurements of solar radiation in high frequency ranges, of cosmic dust effects, and of the thermal properties of spacecraft surface materials.
		Flight and ground tests disclosed that retrorocket heater blankets were unnecessary to the spacecraft, and this item was removed.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4001/p3a.htm (7676 words)

	The Partnership - Appendix B
		Orbital data somewhat similar to 18 Mar. Voskhod II flight; exploded in orbit.
		All flight objectives met successfully during 24-day stay on Salyut; crew was killed during landing procedures when a seal in the spacecraft failed before the ship entered earth's atmosphere; all scientific logs and films were recovered.
		Operation of orbital workshop as a habitable space structure for up to 28 days; acquisition of medical data on crew for use in extending duration of manned flight; in-flight experiments.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4209/appb.htm (3011 words)

	Orbital Space Colonies
		Even someone born and raised in a 1g orbital space colony (meaning a colony rotating fast enough to produce 1g of pseudo-gravity on the inside of the rim) would be physically strong enough to move to Earth without hardship.
		Orbital colonies near Jupiter can be essentially identical to orbital colonies around Earth, the main difference being that near Jupiter colonies will likely require a nuclear power source and improved shielding for radiation.
		Orbital flight is so much more difficult than suborbital that the government will probably need to put up the prize for that challenge (the X-Prize is privately funded).
	members.aol.com /oscarcombs/excerpts.html (7761 words)

	Dynasoar
		Air-drop flights of the Dyna-Soar I were expected in March 1963, followed by single-stage booster flights a year later, and two-stage near-orbital booster flights by the end of 1965.
		Boeing's vague proposal was to use Atlas-Centaur for suborbital flights, and a booster 'to be determined' for orbital flights.
		Flight nine in the series would take the Dynasoar to a far earth orbit, and flights 10 to 15 would be dedicated to demonstration of satellite inspection and orbital reconnaissance.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/dynasoar.htm (11246 words)

	Definition of Sub-orbital spaceflight
		Manned and unmanned sub-orbital flights have been undertaken to test spacecraft and launch vehicles intended for later orbital flight, but some vehicles have been designed exclusively to reach space sub-orbitally: manned vehicles such as the X-15 and SpaceShipOne, and unmanned ones such as ICBMs and sounding rockets.
		During freefall the trajectory is part of an elliptic orbit as given by the orbital equation.
		If the objective is just to reach space, sub-orbital flights are appealing because this is very much easier (it simply means going higher than the edge of space) than to achieve orbit (which requires a velocity of about 8 km/s (18,000 mph)).
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Sub-orbital_spaceflight (753 words)

	STS-1 PRESS KIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		A major portion of the flight and detailed test objectives is aimed toward wringing out orbiter hardware systems and their operating computer software, and toward measuring the overall orbiter thermal response while in orbit with payload doors opened and closed.
		After the flight, these data will be supplemented by orbiter-derived data of velocity, altitude, angle-of-attack, yaw and roll conditions existing during the period of observation by the Infrared Imagery of Shuttle.
		Apollo 10 verified the performance of the docked spacecraft configuration during translunar coast and lunar orbit insertion, and verified lunar orbital performance during lunar module separation and descent to within 8 nautical miles of the lunar surface, and lunar rendezvous.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /kscpao/presskit/sts1.htm (6496 words)

	Scaled.com SpaceShipOne - Historic Space Launch Attempt Scheduled for June 21
		Sub-orbital space flight refers to a mission that flies out of the atmosphere but does not reach the speeds needed to sustain continuous orbiting of the earth.
		The view from a sub-orbital flight is similar to being in orbit, but the cost and risks are far less.
		The pilot (to be announced at a later date) of the up-coming June sub-orbital space flight will become the first person to earn astronaut wings in a non-government sponsored vehicle, and the first private civilian to fly a spaceship out of the atmosphere.
	www.scaled.com /projects/tierone/062104.htm (974 words)

	Apollo 15 Flight Journal - Orbital Science and Crew Rest
		Experience on previous flights has shown that soon after a water or urine dump, it can be difficult to distinguish the stars among the cloud of tiny ice crystals reflecting the sunlight.
		The flight controllers who are monitoring the data from the SIM bay, report that it looks good, and the status check indicates that all systems on Endeavour are normal.
		And the Flight Activity Officer [FAO] reports that we should be pretty much back on the normal Flight Plan by the scheduled time for the crew to begin their rest period tonight, which would be at 203 hours, 40 minutes, or a little over 3 hours from now.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/ap15fj/19orbital_science.htm (19124 words)

	Orbital Workshop
		Wet workshop flights would be followed by ‘dry’ workshop launches by Saturn V. These missions would extend in rapid sequence for two to three years from the initial launch, resulting in continuous occupation of stations in the final year.
		Maurice J. Raffensperger, Earth Orbital Mission Studies Director in NASA Hq, spelled out revised criteria for design of a one-year Workshop in space (criteria to be incorporated by MSFC and MSC planners into their proposed configurations): This 'interim space station' should be ready for launch in January 1971.
		Two additional AAP flights were planned for 1969 to revisit the OWS and the ATM using refurbished command modules flown initially on Earth-orbit Apollo flights in 1968.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/orbkshop.htm (11477 words)

	Orbiter - A free space flight simulator
		ORBITER is a free flight simulator that goes beyond the confines of Earth's atmosphere.
		Be prepared to invest some time and effort to brush up on your orbital mechanics background.
		It calculates the osculating orbital elements of the primary gravity source, and dynamically propagates only the perturbations of this 2-body model.
	www.medphys.ucl.ac.uk /~martins/orbit/orbit.html (729 words)

	Orbital Mods - Addons for Orbiter Space Flight Simulator
		Orbital Mods - Addons for Orbiter Space Flight Simulator
		After a whole year long break I'll be slowly resuming work in projects that were put on hold.
		As of now two developmental and 1 commercial flights have taken place.
	www.orbitmods.com (462 words)

	Orbital Flight Tests Supersonic Sea-Skimming Target Missile
		The flight test, conducted at the Navy's missile test range in southern California, is part of a series of flights Orbital will conduct under the company's SSST Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) contract from NAVAIR.
		Orbital was awarded the EMD contract in 2000 to meet the Navy's requirement for an affordable SSST to simulate supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles for fleet training and weapon systems research, development, test and evaluation.
		They included verification of booster ignition and stable first stage flight; the verification of the transition of the ducted rocket ramjet from booster separation to inlet start; and the verification of the ducted rocket ramjet ignition and powered flight performance.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/missiles-04z.html (812 words)

	Space Adventures — Orbital Spaceflight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In addition to Space Adventures' dedicated flights to the International Space Station (ISS), there are also opportunities to fly on the twice yearly Soyuz "swap out" missions, also referred to as "taxi" flights.
		The taxi flights are typically in the spring and fall each year.
		Space Adventures is currently seeking candidates who wish to participate in one of the greatest experiences of a lifetime by becoming a part of the historic SA-1 mission or by flying on an ISS taxi mission.
	www.spaceadventures.com /flight/orbital (428 words)

	...$50 Million For An Orbital Flight, Virgin Galactic And More...
		Wednesday's flight was used as the launch pad for an even more ambitious private space race.
		Hotel chain owner Robert Bigelow is sponsoring a $50 million prize to the first team to put into orbit a private spacecraft carrying five to seven people.
		American Mojave Aerospace Ventures ships would carry up to five passengers on suborbital flights, but Branson said orbital flights and establishing a space hotel are also on his mind.
	www.avweb.com /newswire/10_40b/leadnews/188249-1.html (258 words)

	NPR : Cronkite Essay on 40th Anniversary of Glenn Orbit
		John Glenn in 1962 (top) before his orbital flight, and in 1998 before his Space Shuttle mission.
		Three weeks before, when NASA announced the tenth postponement of Glenn's flight, it reminded us again that in the Cold War, the politics of space began at the waters edge.
		In the New York subway system, for the first time ever, loudspeakers were permitted to carry news reports of the lift-off and flight progress between train stops.
	www.npr.org /programs/atc/features/2002/feb/cronkite_glenn/020220.cronkite_glenn.html (1798 words)

	Astronaut Bios
		Carpenter's autobiography including his Project Mercury flight and the controversy over his reentry and splashdown as well as his experiences as an underseas explorer.
		Written by physicist Gibson prior to the Skylab flight as the authoritative textbook on the sun existed.
		Irwin's experiences as a test pilot then astronaut, his Apollo flight and the lunar experiences which led him to become a Christian upon his return.
	www.boggsspace.com /astronaut_autobios.htm (3295 words)

	The Space Review: Suborbital spaceflight: a road to orbit or a dead end? (page 1)
		I’ll first review the basics of suborbital and orbital flight and then report on the views of a sample of aerospace experts working inside and outside the suborbital industry.
		This means that you need at least twenty-five times more energy for orbital flight than suborbital, since kinetic energy goes as the square of the speed.
		He goes on to note that the huge mainframes were for a long time not threatened technically by microcomputers but eventually the mainframes went away almost entirely, to be replaced by server farms of commodity boxes, and small data warehouses, with a little climate control and surveillance cameras.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/73/1 (1845 words)

	NASA Project Mercury Mission MA-6
		Place a man into earth orbit, observe his reactions to the space environment and safely return him to earth to a point where he could be readily found.
		The Mercury flight plan during the first orbit was to maintain optimum spacecraft attitude for radar tracking and communication checks.
		During reentry, however, the retropack was not jettisoned but retained as a safety measure to hold the heat shield in place in the event it had loosened.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /history/mercury/ma-6/ma-6.html (598 words)

	Sub Orbital Space Flight \| Gift Experiences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Prior to the start of regular space tourism flights, each RLV utilized will be rigorously tested and licensed for operation in accordance with safety standards set by the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
		With the same anticipation and excitement that astronauts and cosmonauts experience before their orbital space launch, our flight specialists will help you don your flight suit and guide you through the final launch checklist.
		After the most amazing experience of your life, to commemorate your completion of this 30-150 minute flight of a lifetime(dependent on the space flight chosen), you will be awarded with astronaut wings and a lifetime membership in the Exeo-Atmosphere Club, an exclusive club for those who have experienced space flight first hand.
	www.gift-experiences.co.uk /gift-experience-17.html (434 words)

	Ride, Sally -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Walker, a professor of physics at Stanford University from 1974 until his death, encouraged minorities and women to pursue careers in science, and among...
		She was selected as an astronaut candidate by the NASA space travel program in 1978 and became the first American woman to walk in space when she did so during a 1984 flight of the space shuttle Challenger, with Robert Crippen, Jon McBride, Sally Ride, David...
		U.S. astronaut Robert L. Crippen served as pilot on the first U.S. space shuttle orbital flight.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9002815 (687 words)

	Selected Bibliography about John Glenn
		Flight.” Paper presented at the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Third International Space Science Symposium, Washington, D.C., 1962.
		Kolcum, Edward H. “Spacecraft to be Simplified as Result of MA-6 Flight.” Aviation
		Flight, February 20, 1962.” Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962.
	library.osu.edu /sites/archives/glenn/glennbiblio.htm (670 words)

	SPACE.com -- Poll Shows Space Flights Would Be Hot Ticket
		High-flying passengers would earn their astronaut wings while eyeing the planet during their free fall flight.
		They are up and down hops to the edge of space, but at speeds below that needed to hurl people and payloads into Earth orbit.
		It means that the sub-orbital experience, while not an orbital flight, satisfies the public desire for spaceflight," Anderson said.
	www.space.com /news/tourism_poll_011016-1.html (600 words)

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