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Topic: Orbital inclination change

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Inclination

Orbital maneuver

Delta V

Axial tilt

Equator

Earth

Northern Hemisphere

	CSA - Orbital
		The effect of this burn is to change the satellite's orbit from a circular orbit to an elliptical orbit whose apogee (highest point), is at the altitude required for a geosynchronous orbit.
		This circular orbit is called a geosynchronous orbit because the orbital period (24h) of a satellite in this orbit is synchronized with the rotational period (24h) of the Earth.
		For reasons of fuel efficiency the changes in the orbital plane of a satellite are almost always made at the largest possible orbital distance from the Earth.
	www.space.gc.ca /asc/eng/educators/resources/orbital/orbital_planes.asp (508 words)

	Inclination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particular, the inclination is one of the six orbital parameters describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit.
		It is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of reference (usually the primary's equator or the ecliptic), normally stated in degrees.
		In particular, for the Earth, the obliquity of the ecliptic is the angle between the plane of the ecliptic and the equator.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inclination (645 words)

	Inclination - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Inclination is one of the six orbital parameters describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit and is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the reference (usually planet's equator or the ecliptic), stated in degrees.
		In the solar system, the inclination of the orbit of a planet is defined as the angle between the plane of the orbit of the planet, and the ecliptic, which is the orbit of Earth.
		The inclination of a binary star is defined as the angle between the orbital plane and the direction to the observer.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Inclination (280 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Inclination
		Inclination is one of the six orbital parameters describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit.
		In the solar system, the inclination (i in figures 1 and 2, below) of the orbit of a planet is defined as the angle between the plane of the orbit of the planet, and the ecliptic, which is the orbit of Earth.
		The inclination of distant objects, such as a binary star, is defined as the angle between the normal to the orbital plane and the direction to the observer, since no other reference is available.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Inclination (341 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Orbital
		The inclination of the plane of the moon's orbit is 5°9â² with respect to the plane of the ecliptic (the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun).
		The inclination of the plane of the ecliptic relative to...
		Orbital welds leave smooth weld surfaces: orbital welding passes inspection in powdered milk plant.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Orbital&StartAt=21 (815 words)

	Orbital Mechanics
		Inclination is the angular distance between a satellite's orbital plane and the equator of its primary (or the ecliptic plane in the case of heliocentric, or sun centered, orbits).
		An inclination of 180 degrees indicates a retrograde equatorial orbit.
		The total change in velocity required for the orbit transfer is the sum of the velocity changes at perigee and apogee of the transfer ellipse.
	www.braeunig.us /space/orbmech.htm (6414 words)

	Variable Star Projects at SSUO
		Changes in orbital periods can be associated with mass transfer events between the components, elliptical orbits, or third bodies in the system.
		IU Aur is noteworthy in that the line of apsides and the orbital inclination are changing at a very high rate.
		The orbital changes are presumably due to the presence of an additional massive component in the system, although the confirmation of the existance of such a component has not yet been obtained.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /observatory/research/varstarp.html (861 words)

	Space Future - Orbital Considerations in Kankoh-Maru Return Flight Operations
		Of these factors, orbital considerations are the most fundamental since they determine the physical frequency of landing opportunities from a given orbiting hotel to a given landing site, the time taken from departure to landing for a given orbital hotel-landing site pair on each occasion, and other matters.
		The viewpoint of a commercial operator planning orbital passenger flights is different from that of a government space agency performing a research mission; in particular they will generally be trying to maintain or increase their profitability, which leads to a continuous interest in both increasing revenues and reducing costs.
		The fundamental orbital property that is used to achieve correct phasing for landing at a selected site is that lower orbits have shorter periods: For instance, an orbit at 350 km altitude has a period of 91.5 minutes, whereas one at 150 km has a period some 4 minutes shorter.
	www.spacefuture.com /archive/orbital_considerations_in_kankoh_maru_return_flight_operations.shtml (6322 words)

	Chapter 5 -- Orbital Mechanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Orbital mechanics is the study of the motion of human made objects as they travel around a principal body, in the majority of flights the Earth.
		This orbital change will occur only if the thrust is unbalanced, in other words, it causes the spacecraft to move in a single direction and is not countered by an opposing thruster to cause rotation around an axis.
		Since the speed of the spacecraft has not changed and the size of the orbit's major axis has not changed because it is equal to the diameter of the old circular orbit, the orbit's period remains the same.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter5.html (5633 words)

	Space Future - Orbital Sports Stadium
		A further consequence is that orbital sports stadia may well be sited in an equatorial orbit, since this would achieve launch cost economies of some 10-20% over inclined orbits, and would also provide many launch and return flight opportunities every day (from near-equatorial launch sites).
		In the case of an orbital sports stadium there are no places which people cannot use, at least in principle, as there are in terrestrial cases, and so the decision on which zones will need to be controlled and to what specifications requires consideration "de novo".
		Clearly the removal of orbital debris is highly desirable, and recent work has shown that this need not require a major investment of resources (13).
	www.spacefuture.com /archive/orbital_sports_stadium.shtml (4914 words)

	Inclination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination of asymptomatic adults.
		Predictors of young dating adults' inclination to engage in extradyadic sexual activities: a multi-perspective study.
		It is therefore speculated that an inclination towards dating infidelity may be related...
	hallencyclopedia.com /Inclination (624 words)

	Orbits
		The (3) orbit's inclination is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator (or from the ecliptic plane, if you're talking about heliocentric orbits), stated in degrees: an inclination of 0 degree.
		A geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit where inclination = 0 and the period is equal to the rotation period of the earth (approx 1436 minutes), corresponding to a circular orbit of approx.
		For 63.4 inclination orbit with a perigee in the southern hemisphere the position of perigee remains fixed, which is why this inclination is used for Molniya orbits.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec06.html (3325 words)

	Milankovitch and Tuning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The equatorial plane precesses with a period of 25.8 Kyr and the orbital plane precesses with a period of 70 Kyr.
		Matching is accomplished by changing the chronology of the record such that its correlation with the target curve is increased, subject to the discretion of the individual conducting the tuning.
		Orbital, precessional, and insolation quantities for the earth from -20 myrs to +10mrs.
	www.mit.edu /~phuybers/General (7419 words)

	[No title]
		ORBCOMM is authorized to launch and operate twelve additional satellites to its constellation (an increase from 36 to 48 satellites in total), change the inclination of one of its high inclination orbital planes from 70 to 108 degrees, and increase the orbital altitude of the non-high inclination satellites from 775 kilometers to 825 kilometers.
		These modifications include: i) a request to change the downlink frequency band to be utilized by ORBCOMM's Little LEO system; and ii) a request to increase the altitude of the non- high inclination satellite planes and to shift the inclination of one of the high inclination planes.
		ORBCOMM requests authority to change its satellite constellation orbital parameters by: (i) increasing the orbital altitude of its satellites in the four lower inclination planes from approximately 775 kilometers to 825 kilometers; and (ii) changing the inclination of one of the near-polar orbital planes from 70 degrees to 108 degrees.
	www.fcc.gov /Bureaus/International/Orders/1998/da980617.txt (4005 words)

	Untitled
		The amplitude of garmonic is correlates with an orbital inclination, the coefficient of regression is:
		O-the change of the ordinates of sinusoids axes
		It may be seen from the equation (3) that the amplitude of the first garmonic of the curve of t change, with a period of 0.5 day, is near to zero, that is this garmonic practically absent.We observed it for the controlled satellites with a small orbital inclination to the equator.
	www.mao.kiev.ua /ast/1_last_k.htm (1959 words)

	Vadim P.Lukashevich. Prodecessor of Shuttle and Buran. Spiral orbital aircraft programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The orbital aircraft would bring a payload of up to 10.3 tonnes to the circumpolar orbit of 130-150 km at the carrier offset of up to 750 km, if boosted by a launch aircraft with liquid hydrogen power plant, or 5 tonnes if the launch aircraft burnt kerosene.
		The manned reusable single-seated orbital aircraft would be employed in daytime photographic reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, space targets interception or ground attack, equipped with a space-surface missile for the latter function.
		Specialised equipment of the combat manned orbital aerospaceplanes in reconnaissance and interceptor configurations was placed behind the cockpit in a 2 cu.m compartment, which was increased at the expense of the fuel compartment to allow housing the space-surface missile in the ground-attack configuration.
	www.buran.ru /htm/molniya3.htm (3444 words)

	What Are Keplerian Elements? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A set of orbital elements is a snapshot, at a particular time, of the orbit of a satellite.
		The orbital plane always goes thru the center of the earth, but may be tilted any angle relative to the equator.
		Inclination is the angle between the orbital plane and the equatorial plane.
	www.amsat.org /amsat/articles/houston-net/kep.html (1237 words)

	Orbital Speed
		Changes in the inclination of a satellite's orbital plane are most efficient at apogee. Large inclination changes require very large expenditures of fuel, so are rarely done. A common plane change moves geosynchronous satellites to orbit directly over the equator.
		Combining a change in altitude with a change in inclination is more efficient than using a separate engine burn for each.
		Whether increasing or decreasing altitude or changing orbital inclination, the most efficient engine burns are parallel to the planet's surface. When the Space Shuttle returned a large satellite to Earth, the de-orbit burn was deliberately made in an inefficient direction to use up extra fuel and lower the spacecraft's mass below the landing safety limit.
	www.freemars.org /jeff/speed/index.htm (655 words)

	Orbital Characteristics of Spectroscopic Binaries
		To investigate the effect that changes in mass, separation, eccentricity, and inclination angle have on the characteristics of the radial velocity curves of a spectroscopic binary.
		In this exercise, we examine the characteristics of spectroscopic binaries by noting the effects changes in mass, separation, eccentricity, and inclination angle have on the shapes of the radial velocity curves and the Doppler shifts of the lines in their spectra.
		Be sure,however, to only change one at a time to see what effect it hason the motion of the stars and the velocities we see.
	www.astro.washington.edu /labs/clearinghouse/labs/Spectbin/spectbin.html (991 words)

	B Gravitation
		Changes in the gravity field caused by this oblateness lead to the major perturbations to a satellite orbit.
		First, the orbital plane of the satellite rotates about the Earth axis in a direction opposite to the satellite motion; and secondly, the major axis of the orbit rotates in the orbital plane.
		Cook [RD B.3] has derived expressions for the average rates of change of orbital elements due to the gravitational attraction of a third body.
	www.spenvis.oma.be /spenvis/ecss/annexb/annexb.html (1123 words)

	Cnes - Some classic orbital manoeuvres
		The apogee kick motor is fired on several passes at apogee, which is almost at the final orbital altitude, to bring the satellite gradually closer to its intended orbit on each pass.
		Where the orbital plane intersects the equatorial plane, the satellite is oriented so that the thrust propels it in the right direction.
		A geostationary satellite’s orbital “slot” is a box a few tens of km on a side, corresponding to a latitude and longitude window on the Earth’s surface.
	www.cnes.fr /web/1097-some-classic-orbital-manoeuvres.php (356 words)

	Orbital Operations Manual - Aligning, Syncing, and Docking with a Space Station
		An inclination of 90 degrees is an orbit that crosses over both the north and south poles and passes over the equator at two points.
		Inclination and LAN are both measures of the orientation of an orbital plane.
		The inclinations of Mir and the ISS is also quite different from that of the moon or any other planet, making them poor places from which to start interplanetary travels, because a large orbital plane change is required.
	smithplanet.com /stuff/orbiter/orbitaloperations.htm (10596 words)

	P3E Orbit
		After that, a change of attitude of the satellite/rocket motor by the angle β is necessary, in order to change at apogee the inclination (from 7° to 50°) as well as increase the height of perigee (from 560 to 2000 km).
		The calculations have been done for the ideal case of an infinite thrust and an inclination change exactly at an argument of perigee of 180° (apogee at the ascending node).
		Alternatively to a single burn for change of inclination and increase of perigee height, we can achieve that goal with several smaller burns, where the directions of the acceleration are always perpendicular to the current orbital plane.
	cacofonix.nt.tuwien.ac.at /~oe1vkw/p3e/orbit.htm (2230 words)

	AIR TEMPERATURE
		Variations have occurred in the degree of orbital eccentricity around the Sun, in the axial tilt, and in the timing of the perihelion (closest to the Sun) with respect to seasons on the Earth (precession of the equinoxes)
		The effect of this wobble is to change systematically the timing of the solstices and equinoxes relative to the extreme positions the Earth occupies on its elliptical path around the Sun (mean period of ~21,700 yr)
		It is possible that changes in heat transport caused by variations in ocean gateways may have played a significant role in cooling trends over the last 60 millions years, and, in particular, may help explain some of the relatively sudden cooling events
	www.iupui.edu /~geogdept/g305/causesofclimatechange.htm (1275 words)

	Artemis Project: Option for Staging in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit
		Orbital inclination is the angle between the plane of an orbit and the plane of Earth's equator.
		If you wanted to change between 28.5 degress and 51.6 degrees of orbital inclination, it would take less fuel to land and then take off again than to burn your rockets to push your orbital inclination up or down to get where you want to go.
		(See section M 3.12 for more details about the orbital mechanics of the moon.) However, the moon is a quarter million miles away from Earth, so we have a much smaller difference in energy to get to the moon from a high-inclination orbit vs. a low-inclination orbit.
	www.asi.org /adb/04/01/01/01/gto-staging.html (830 words)

	The Nine Planets Glossary
		a direct, circular, low inclination orbit in which the satellite's orbital velocity is matched to the rotational velocity of the planet; a spacecraft appears to hang motionless above one position of the planet's surface.
		the inclination of a planet's orbit is the angle between the plane of its orbit and the ecliptic; the inclination of a moon's orbit is the angle between the plane of its orbit and the plane of its primary's equator.
		A synchronous satellite with an orbital inclination of zero (same plane as the planet's equator) stays fixed in the sky from the perspective of an observer on the planet's surface (such orbits are commonly used for communications satellites).
	www.nineplanets.org /help.html (4842 words)

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