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Topic: Orbital insertion

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insertion sort

insertion loss

Insertion gain

insertion loss vs frequency characteristic

orbital insertion

orbit insertion

linear insertion sort

zero bit insertion

insertion mission

binary insertion sort

Orbital band

Avg Orbital Speed

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	Orbital Insertion Pod - Halopedia - a Wikia wiki
		The Orbital Insertion Pod is a ubiquitous, one-man Covenant-manufactured high-altitude deployment vehicle.
		The Orbital Insertion Pod is a mode of transportation currently in use by the Covenant.
		When the Covenant decide to capture a planet rather than simply glassing it from orbit, they use orbital insertion pods to drop Elites to the planet’s surface as shock troops.
	halo.wikia.com /wiki/Orbital_Insertion_Pods (368 words)

	NEAR Shoemaker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Earth gravity assist swingby occurred on January 23, 1998 at 7:23 UT. The closest approach was 540 km, altering the orbital inclination from 0.5 to 10.2 degrees, and the aphelion distance from 2.17 to 1.77 AU, nearly matching those of Eros.
		A new plan was put into effect in which NEAR flew by Eros on December 23, 1998 at 18:41:23 UT at a speed of 965 m/s and a distance of 3827 km from the center of mass of Eros.
		Orbital insertion around Eros occurred on 14 February 2000 at 15:33 UT (10:33 AM EST) after NEAR completed a 13 month heliocentric orbit which closely matched the orbit of Eros.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker (1452 words)

	CSA - Orbital
		Orbital insertion launches the spacecraft into a new orbit which moves outwards, towards the orbit of Mars.
		The perihelion of this orbit is 1AU (the orbital radius of the Earth), and its aphelion is 1.5AU (the orbital radius of Mars).
		The time of orbital insertion (called the "launch window"), must be selected so that the orbital motion of Mars and the spacecraft cause them to converge simultaneously.
	www.space.gc.ca /asc/eng/educators/resources/orbital/mars.asp?printer=1 (366 words)

	ch7
		The orbital altitude and shape of the Mercury orbit were selected based on launch-vehicle performance, accuracy, and abort operational considerations.
		Since the atmospheric densities at orbital altitudes were not well-defined at the time Project Mercury was initiated, it was believed that 21 conservative value for density must be used for estimating lifetime.
		The curves shown are given for a constant orbital lifetime; that is, the apogee altitude decreases as the insertion altitude increases.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-45/ch7.htm (2489 words)

	ESA Prepares For Venus Express Orbital Insertion
		Mission controllers at ESA's Space Operations Centre are preparing for the April 11 orbital insertion of the Venus Express spacecraft.
		During orbit insertion, the spacecraft will be about 125 million kilometers (80 million miles) from Earth, so round-trip signal time will be 13 minutes and 32 seconds.
		During orbital insertion, the low-gain antenna will transmit data on the spacecraft's velocity.
	www.spacedaily.com /reports/ESA_Prepares_For_Venus_Express_Orbital_Insertion.html (907 words)

	NEWS - S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET & SPACE CORPORATION ENERGIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Accuracy in implementation of the specified orbital parameters used for SC correct orbital insertion has a direct impact on duration of spacecraft active operation, because correction of the deviations from orbital parameters requires consumption of propellant from SC propulsion systems.
		An actual accuracy in orbital insertion of more than two hundreds of SC by DM Upper Stages (being unparalleled worldwide in the number of launches) having the flight-proven reliability of 0.973 has always been characterized by a large margin with respect to all the parameters.
		The lower accuracy in SC orbital insertion exhibited by Breeze-M does not seem to be occasional, because it is not outfitted with the facilities designed to provide required accuracy, which were implemented and tested on DM Upper Stages.
	www.energia.ru /english/energia/news/news-2003/news_12-29_01.html (456 words)

	Chapter 5 -- Orbital Mechanics
		Orbital mechanics is the study of the motion of human made objects as they travel around a principal body, in the majority of flights the Earth.
		The orbit's size, major axis, and the orbit's shape, eccentricity, are determined by two factors at orbital insertion: the spacecraft speed and its flight path angle.
		The inclination is the angle between the orbital plane and the equatorial plane.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter5.html (5633 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment (1995)
		Orbital debris is inextricably linked with these operations: debris is created in the course of these operations and is important because it poses a potential threat to future operations.
		While the orbital lifetimes of individual particles are relatively short, a considerable average population is suggested by examinations of impacts on exposed spacecraft surfaces.
		As orbital altitude increases, the effect of the atmosphere in accelerating orbital decay becomes small, and typical large objects in orbits higher than approximately 600 km can remain in orbit for tens, hundreds, or even thousands of years.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309051258/html/17.html (4276 words)

	Polyus-Energia
		Since the interface of the replaceable space station with the Proton launch vehicle was adapted to interface it with the central module, the rocket engines for orbital insertion had to be placed in the nose of the vehicle.
		It appears that the nuclear warhead launch control system for the Orbital Weapons Platforms was being developed in a very rushed manner and the instability of the Orbital Weapons Platforms scared the Soviet leadership.
		Since the engines for orbital insertion would then be in the nose it would be necessary for Polyus to yaw 180 degrees and then roll 90 degrees before they could be fired and Polyus placed in its working orbit.
	k26.com /buran/Info/Polyus/polyus-energia.html (1329 words)

	Space Shuttle Phases
		Normally, two thrusting maneuvers using the two orbital maneuvering system engines at the aft end of the orbiter are used in a two-step thrusting sequence: to complete insertion into Earth orbit and to circularize the spacecraft's orbit.
		The orbital altitude of a mission is dependent upon that mission.
		At the completion of orbital operations, the orbiter is oriented in a tail first attitude by the reaction control system.
	students.db.erau.edu /~kalier/shuttle_phases.html (1862 words)

	FM 44-100 Appendix C Space Support
		Generally, the orbital characteristics of a space system are related to the function of the satellite.
		The greater the velocity imparted to the satellite during orbital insertion, the greater the orbital period and average distance from earth.
		Orbital periods range from 90 minutes for the lowest orbits to 24 hours or more for deep space orbits.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/policy/army/fm/44-100/appc.htm (3573 words)

	Soyuz 16
		It was agreed that during the upcoming manned Soyuz flight which is a precursor test flight for the ASTP mission, the American side will perform Soyuz spacecraft tracking with their own ground tracking stations and the two sides will subsequently compare tracking data.
		Subsequently, the Soviets added the restriction that this information would be given to NASA only if the agency agreed to withhold it from the press until the flight had actually begun.
		Orbital Module pressure vent by 125 mm Hg.
	www.astronautix.com /flights/soyuz16.htm (1656 words)

	Orbital Mechanics: From Earth to Mars
		A spacecraft traveling between the planets is said to follow a transfer orbit, which is itself an ellipse with the sun at one focus.
		The orbital transfer used by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft is shown in Figure 12.
		As the spacecraft's trajectory is bent by the planet's gravity, the command sequence aboard the spacecraft places the spacecraft in the correct attitude, and fires its engine(s) at the proper moment and for the proper duration.
	math-ed.com /Resources/GIS/Geometry_In_Space/part1.htm (933 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Streamlining Space Launch Range Safety (2000)
		Orbital vehicles are tracked and FTS commands are issued only to the horizon (i.e., only as long as uprange systems have direct contact with the vehicle).
		The responsibility for safety from launch to orbital insertion (for space vehicles) and from launch to impact (for ballistic vehicles) is consistent with knowing the vehicle’s position and its predicted impact point at all times during these periods of flight.
		Vehicles that successfully complete uprange staging events are highly reliable, and their IIPs are travelling very fast—much faster even than the vehicles themselves as they approach orbital velocity; the IIP disappears as soon as the vehicle reaches orbital velocity.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=9790&page=20 (1086 words)

	STAR Astronomy - Space - Planetary Missions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)*
		The Mars Climate Orbiter was lost due to miscalculations during orbital insertion in September, 1999.
		MPL was launched January 3rd 1999 and carries the Deep Space 2 Microprobes which will penetrate the subsurface of the polar area and bake the soil in search of water.
		A few months after orbital insertion, the Huygens Probe will be launched into the surface of Titan, a large and enigmatic moon of Saturn.
	www.starastronomy.org /Space/missions.html (254 words)

	Mercury Ice
		At Aphelion, its furthest orbital position from the Sun, Mercury is 43.4 million miles = 69.5 million kilometers away from the solar furnace.
		In 1974 and 1975 roughly 45% of Mercury was mapped by the Mariner 10 spacecraft at an average resolution of 1 kg/pixel, with less than 1% mapped at resolutions between 100 and 500 meters.
		These are spring- or pyrotechnically-released so as to separate from the spacecraft, not interfere with the spacecraft's orbital insertion, and be aimed to violently impact near the North Pole of Mercury.
	www.magicdragon.com /ComputerFutures/SpacePublications/Mercury_Ice.html (4235 words)

	Selden's List of Spacecraft Orbits for Celestia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Orbital positions were obtained from the Horizons Ephemeris System using its telnet interface.
		After increasing the number of xyz samples for Stardust's trajectory from 1 every 2 days to 100 per day during the time of closest approach, Celestia v1.2.5pre6 showed the minimum distance between the probe and the asteroid to be a little more than 600km at about 04:43 on 2-Nov-2002.
		The initial orbital elements in the Grace August Newsletter are dubious, since they place the satellites on almost opposite sides of the globe when they should be only about 200km apart.
	www.lns.cornell.edu /~seb/celestia/spacecraft.html (2406 words)

	SIGHTINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Due for STS launch and orbital insertion in 2003, the NGST - Next Generation Space Telescope - will be an incredible 40 times more powerful than the current Hubble Space Telescope (HST).
		The peculair gravitational fluxes observed in all orbital bodies that swing around our sun have been theoretically attributed to these large, unknown trans-solar objects, but this has never been conclusively defined.
		NGST is tentatively scheduled for high Earth Orbital insertion via STS in late 2003.
	www.rense.com /ufo2/ngst.htm (364 words)

	ch10-6
		Another midcourse correction would use up the extra pressure without closing off the gas line, and if the pressure continued to rise after the maneuver it would not be excessive at the time of the final orbital insertion maneuver.
		After orbital insertion, the line between the helium tank and the faulty regulator was closed and the remaining helium posed no further threat.
		After orbit insertion, the orbital period was only l2 minutes shorter than planned, even though the mission could have accepted a much larger error at that stage.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/SP-4212/ch10-6.html (7699 words)

	Freelance Traveller - The Shipyard - Designs for Traveller: The New Era - Poni-class Heavy Shuttle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Conventional turbofans are used to provide motive power to raise the shuttle to its orbital insertion point (90%) whilst the new contra-grav system neutralized the crafts weight.
		At the high orbital insertion point, the shuttle’s fusion rocket could be safely ignited to boost the shuttle out of the upper reaches of the atmosphere and into orbit.
		The fusion rocket requires 16.8 minutes burn (0.14G) for orbital insertion and de-orbit burn, the remainder can be used for orbital maneuvering.
	www.freelancetraveller.com /features/shipyard/tne/poni.html (421 words)

	Kliper (Clipper) spacecraft
		Animation illustrating proposed sequence of orbital insertion for the Kliper, where eight solid-propellant motors mounted on the adapter ring would be fired in pairs shortly after separation of the spacecraft from the last stage of its launch vehicle, giving it final push into orbit.
		The emergency escape system, resembling that of the Soyuz spacecraft, would be capable of pulling the crew capsule away from the launch vehicle at every stage of the launch and orbit insertion.
		The unmanned Parom orbital tug, carrying propulsion system for orbital manuevering and additional habitation volume, could be launched first, awaiting the manned Kliper in orbit.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /kliper.html (2081 words)

	Cassini-Huygens-Operations-Saturn Arrival
		This timeline shows an overview of key events between May 14 and July 30, 2004 -- also known as "tour sequences number one and two," abbreviated as S1 and S2.
		These sequences include Phoebe flyby and Saturn Orbit Insertion, the vital maneuver that will place the spacecraft in orbit around the ringed planet, therefore determining the fate of the rest of the mission.
		A more detailed list of events occurring just before Cassini arrives at Saturn is also available.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /operations/saturn-arrival.cfm (305 words)

	PtyS/LPL - Team X Class - Mission Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Should they be released prior to the orbital insertion burn or after the orbiter has completed aerobraking?
		Releasing them prior to the orbital insertion burn is cheap (they get direct trajectories to the surface) and potentially a plus for mission survivability (if the orbiter is lost during aerobraking, the penetrators still made it to the surface).
		However, in this scenario, the ground stations begin their nominal mission 6 months (or however long aerobraking takes) before the nominal mission for the orbiter even begins, and there is a question of being able to relay data through the orbiter while it is aerobraking.
	www.lpl.arizona.edu /grad/teamX/timeline (203 words)

	A Planet Too Far - Chapter Three
		The four sister ships were practicing an orbital insertion to a planetary surface against opposition, preparing for the upcoming operation.
		Boone and his fellow ship captains hadn't yet been told exactly which planet they would be attacking, but based on the numbers of ships and soldiers, it was going to be one of the biggest orbital assaults so far in the war.
		The ships were practicing the insertion of the initial elements of a planetary assault, one of the most dangerous of all assault maneuvers.
	www.bettnet.com /startrek/planettoofar/chapterthree.html (2357 words)

	[No title]
		While scientists are still drooling over photos of Saturn taken during Cassini's orbital insertion, the craft has sent back a new set of images of the mysterious moon Titan.
		The craft attempted to cut through Titan's hydrocarbon haze to view the surface during a flyby over the south pole at a distance of around 200,000 miles.
		The orbital insertion and analysis of the last few day's photos will be the subjects of a news briefing at 1 p.m.
	arstechnica.com /news.ars/post/20040703-3961.html (360 words)

	Phobos 1 & 2 to Mars
		This resulted in a loss of lock on the Sun, resulting in the spacecraft orienting the solar arrays away from the Sun, thus depleting the batteries.
		Phobos 2 operated nominally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases, gathering data on the Sun, interplanetary medium, Mars, and Phobos.
		Contact was lost shortly before the final phase of the mission, during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 meters (110 feet) of Phobos' surface and release two landers, one a mobile 'hopper', the other a stationary platform.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/phobos12.htm (609 words)

	Comments
		The SOI was completed successfully, though Cassini plowed through substantial amounts of dust nothing fatally injured the vehicle.
		Propellant needed for the two maneuvers is also lower than the direct orbit, saving about 320 m/s of delta-v.
		The penalty is the +30 weeks spent getting into the right orbital positions.
	crowlspace.blogdrive.com /comments?id=46 (381 words)

	Dan's Galileo page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		By carefully adjusting the probe's orbit when it is farthest from Jupiter, each flyby is directed to pass close to one of the three outer Galilean satellites.
		Note that the fifth orbital pass did not come close to any of the moons.
		The amount of radiation that Galileo encountered when it passed close to Jupiter during its orbital insertion would be deadly to a human being.
	www.msu.edu /~simkinda/galileo.htm (636 words)

	Final approach for NASA's Saturn probe - Space.com - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		About a week later, Cassini will ignite its engine to make a one last course adjustment, expected to be about a one-minute burn to align it properly for orbital insertion at the end of the month.
		Since the orbital insertion maneuver will bring Cassini the closest to Saturn's ring than at any other time in its mission, the spacecraft will conduct some ring studies during the maneuver, researchers said.
		Launched in October of 1997, the Cassini-Huygens mission is a joint effort by NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency, to study Saturn's atmosphere, rings and many moons for at least four years.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/5131004 (656 words)

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