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Topic: Orbital motion (quantum)

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Magnetism

	Quantum Theory - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Quantum theory is more general than classical physics, and in principle, it could be used to predict the behavior of any physical, chemical, or biological system.
		Quantum mechanical equations show that accurate measurement of both the position and the momentum of a particle at the same time is impossible.
		Using the quantum mechanical model of the atom, physicists found that all the elements in the same column of the periodic table also have the same number of electrons in the outer energy level of their atoms.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761559884__1/Quantum_Theory.html (6765 words)

	Quantum Theory - Mechanics - Crystalinks
		Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of theoretical physics that replaces Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism at the atomic and subatomic levels.
		Quantum mechanics is a more fundamental theory than Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism, in the sense that it provides accurate and precise descriptions for many phenomena that these "classical" theories simply cannot explain on the atomic and subatomic level.
		For instance, the well-known model of the quantum harmonic oscillator uses an explicitly non-relativistic expression for the kinetic energy of the oscillator, and is thus a quantum version of the classical harmonic oscillator.
	www.crystalinks.com /quantumechanics.html (4216 words)

	Hydrogen Schrodinger Equation
		This relationship between the magnitude of the angular momentum and the quantum number is commonly visualized in terms of a vector model.
		The orbital quantum number is used as a part of the designation of atomic electron states in the spectroscopic notation.
		The orbital quantum number plays a role in the Zeeman interaction since the orbital motion contributes a magnetic moment, and is important as an indicator of subshell differences in electron energies.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/hydcol.html (315 words)

	Quantum Theory - MSN Encarta
		The quantum theory explanation of the atom led to a deeper understanding of the periodic table of the chemical elements.
		In 1928 British physicist Paul Dirac refined the theory that combined quantum theory with electrodynamics.
		In the early 1950s Japanese physicist Tomonaga Shin’ichirō and American physicists Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger each independently improved the scientific community’s understanding of QED and made it an experimentally testable theory that successfully predicted or explained the results of many experiments.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559884_2/Quantum_Theory.html (4351 words)

	Vector Model of Angular Momentum
		The orbital angular momentum for an atomic electron can be visualized in terms of a vector model where the angular momentum vector is seen as precessing about a direction in space.
		When orbital angular momentum L and electron spin angular momentum S are combined to produce the total angular momentum of an atomic electron, the combination process can be visualized in terms of a vector model.
		As in the case of the orbital angular momentum alone, the projection of the total angular momentum along a direction in space is quantized to values differeing by one unit of angular momentum.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/vecmod.html (565 words)

	Quantum Physics .....................................
		Quantum mechanics is a theory that extends the ideas about motion that Isaac Newton developed, helping to describe the motions of sub-atomic particles where Newton's equations don't work.
		The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics (where a particle's position, for example, is a region of space where 'its probability of being there' is measured) is one of the most difficult concepts in quantum physics to understand.
		Quantum physics is used to understand and describe radioactivity, semi-conductors, solid-state computer chips, radiation from fl holes, and many other phenomena.
	www.worsleyschool.net /science/files/quantum/physics.html (2157 words)

	Quantum Model
		The quantum model is a probability area an electron may be located in.
		This equation was a representation of the probability of where an electron may be with reference to the nucleus and not where it is. It is not possible to determine the exact spot an electron.
		When this test is run a diffraction pattern telling where the electron was is produced but in the process the momentum of the photon of light pushes the electron to a different location, this is known as the Compton effect.
	library.thinkquest.org /28582/history/quantum.htm (286 words)

	Quantum Mechanics in Three dimension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The existence of both orbital and spin moments for the electrons lead to their mutual interaction known as the spin-orbit interaction.
		In either case four quantum numbers are required, one for each of the four degrees of freedom possessed by a single electron.
		The energy of an orbital depends on both its size and its shape because the electron spends more of its time further from the nucleus of the atom as the orbital becomes larger or the shape becomes more complex.
	physics.berea.edu /~king/Teaching/ModPhys/QM/Quantum3d_part2.htm (2500 words)

	Orbital motion Summary
		Orbitals are described by a set of quantum numbers that describe their location shape and electron capacity.
		In physics, orbital motion is the either a motion of a planet in a planetary orbit, or a motion of an electron around the nucleus of an atom, or any other motion of parts of a bound system.
		In quantum mechanics, orbital motion contributes to the angular momentum, but there are also other contributions such as spin.
	www.bookrags.com /Orbital_motion (832 words)

	History of Quantum Theory
		Yet these frequencies were different from the orbital frequencies and their harmonies of the electrons circling around the nucleus, and this fact showed at once that the theory was still full of contradictions.
		In Bohr's theory the discrepancy between the calculated orbital frequency of the electrons and the frequency of the emitted radiation had to be interpreted as a limitation to the concept of the electronic orbit.
		The equations of motion in Newtonian mechanics were replaced by similar equations between matrices; it was a strange experience to find that many of the old results of Newtonian mechanics, like conservation of energy, etc., could be derived also in the new scheme.
	www.meta-religion.com /Physics/Quantum_physics/history_of_quantum_theory.htm (4013 words)

	Quantum Primer
		For example, the wave motion of a vibrating guitar string is defined by the displacement of the string from its center as a function of distance along the string.
		In the extreme case of a quantum particle whose location is known exactly, the probability wavelet would have zero width which could be achieved only by combining waves of all wavelengths-- an infinite number of wavelengths, and thus an infinite range of momentum dp and thus kinetic energy.
		Each kind of orbital is characterized by a set of quantum numbers n, l, and m These relate, respectively, to the average distance of the electron from the nucleus, to the shape of the orbital, and to its orientation in space.
	www.chem1.com /acad/webtut/atomic/qprimer (5724 words)

	Glossary
		The eccentricity e of the orbital ellipse is one of the "orbital elements" characterizing it.
		Orbital inclination is one of 6 orbital elements.
		The semi-major axis of an orbital ellipse is one of the "orbital elements" characterizing it, and is directly related to the energy of the motion.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/Sgloss.htm (14613 words)

	6.1 Direct, Indirect, and Spin-Orbit Effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The resultant expansion of the d and f orbitals and the associated shift of the orbital energies is generally classified as an indirect relativistic effect.
		This may be observed the plots of the large and small components of the 1s-like DHF orbitals of Rn, Xe, and Kr depicted in Figure 3.
		The Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian accounts for this sort of spin-orbit coupling in multi-electron atoms, but the interaction of the spin of an electron with the orbital motion of another electron and the interaction of one electron spin with that of another are not treated by the DC Hamiltonian.
	zopyros.ccqc.uga.edu /lec_top/rltvt/node27.html (771 words)

	Quantum Motion
		The quantum force is the negative spatial gradient of a context-dependent quantum potential that appears in the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the particle derived from the linear Schrodinger wave equation.
		The recombination of the waves from both slits exerts a quantum force on the particle whose effects exactly reproduce the observed statistical coherent wave patterns for ensembles of particles whose initial positions are postulated to obey the Born probability rule.
		The combination of the quantum force of wave on particle with the counter-force or back-action of particle on wave forms a feed-back control loop which is able to control the formerly uncontrollable guidance of the particle by its wave.
	www.qedcorp.com /pcr/pcr/qmotion.html (18595 words)

	Quantum Mechanics Examples
		Quantum descriptions must be quite different because quantum mechanics asserts that a particle does not have a position and a velocity.
		The aim of quantum mechanics is to calculate this range of possible particle positions and the relative probability of those positions.
		In quantum mechanics the topic is the motion of an electron under the influence of the electrostatic attractive force of the nucleus...atomic physics.
	www.physics.csbsju.edu /QM/index.html (2551 words)

	Using Itzhak Bentov's 'Stalking the Wild Pendulum' to Expose Classical Analyticities' Failings in Attempting to ...
		The laws of classical mechanics tell us that at the point of rest the acceleration of the body is maximum; its potential energy is maximum; its velocity is zero; and the time required for changing the velocity of the pendulum is zero.
		Classical mechanics, quantum matrix mechanics, quantum wave mechanics, all field theories, and string theory are unreal CTMs of 'modern' sciences.
		Quantum systems are absolutely animate (both macrocosmically and microcosmically), EIMA, and are heterogeneous in all quantum measures.
	www.quantonics.com /A_Quantum_Pendulum.html (3439 words)

	quantum mechanics
		Search results for 'quantum and (mechanics or mechanic) or quantum or schrodinger'
		In Richard Feynman's formulation of quantum theory, the probability that a photon ends up at a particular spot is calculated by summing up over all possible trajectories for the photon.
		But applying quantum theory to the entire universe -- where the experimenters are part of the experiment -- is tricky.
	newton.ex.ac.uk /aip/catagories/quantum_mechanics.html (532 words)

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