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Topic: Orbitofrontal cortex

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cerebral cortex

adrenal cortex

Primary visual cortex

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prefrontal cortex

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	Prefrontal cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.
		Cytoarchitectonically, it is defined by the presence of an internal granular layer IV (in contrast to the agranular premotor cortex).
		The classic case of earlier studies of prefrontal cortex function involved a railroad supervisor of construction - one Phineas Gage - who in 1848, despite a metal rod piercing his left cheek and exiting the top of his head, survived the incident and healed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prefrontal_cortex (775 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional ...
		Orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices are in a strategic position to influence the expression of emotions through their robust and bidirectional connections with the amygdala (e.g., [23-25],[30-36]).
		The pathways from orbitofrontal cortex to the amygdala are equally robust and specific, terminating heavily on presumed inhibitory neurons in the intercalated masses [24] (Fig.
		The nomenclature for the prefrontal cortex is according to the map of Barbas and Pandya [62], as modified from the map of Walker [63].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/4/25 (5272 words)

	Integrating Orbitofrontal Cortex into Prefrontal Theory: Common Processing Themes across Species and Subdivisions -- ...
		in the orbitofrontal cortex in response to cues represents, in
		Neurons in rat orbitofrontal cortex were recorded during acquisition and reversal of new two-odor discrimination problems in a go/no-go paradigm.
		Orbitofrontal cortex is activated during breaches of expectation in tasks of visual attention.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/8/3/134 (8010 words)

	NMR in FOOD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste and olfactory cortices, in which the reward value of taste, smell, and the texture and temperature of food in the mouth is represented, as shown by neuronal recordings in macaques (Rolls, 1999, 2004).
		The pleasantness of odours is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex (Rolls et al, 2003), and flavor representations are formed by combining taste and olfactory inputs in the orbitofrontal cortex (De Araujo et al, 2003).
		The orbitofrontal cortex and connected areas this play key roles in representing the sensory qualities and affective value of food, and thus in the control of eating.
	www.models.kvl.dk /NMRinFood/inv_abs01.asp (367 words)

	Oxford Eprints - The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
		The orbitofrontal cortex also receives information about the sight of objects and faces from the temporal lobe cortical visual areas, and neurons in it learn and reverse the visual stimulus to which they respond when the association of the visual stimulus with a primary reinforcing stimulus (such as a taste reward) is reversed.
		In complementary neuroimaging studies in humans it is being found that areas of the orbitofrontal cortex (and connected subgenual cingulate cortex) are activated by pleasant touch, by painful touch, by rewarding and aversive taste, and by odor.
		This evidence thus shows that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decoding and representing some primary reinforcers such as taste and touch; in learning and reversing associations of visual and other stimuli to these primary reinforcers; and in controlling and correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion.
	eprints.ouls.ox.ac.uk /archive/00000140 (284 words)

	Morten L.Kringelbach's scientific research and papers
		The human orbitofrontal cortex is among the least understood regions of the human brain but has been proposed to be involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision making and expectation.
		The human orbitofrontal cortex is an important brain region for the processing of rewards and punishments, which is a prerequisite for the complex and flexible emotional and social behaviour which contributes to the evolutionary success of humans.
		The orbitofrontal cortex activation was related to the affective aspects of the touch, in that the somatosensory cortex (SI) was less activated by the pleasant and painful stimuli that by the neutral stimuli.
	www.kringelbach.dk /science.html (3083 words)

	eMedicine - Frontal Lobe Syndromes : Article Excerpt by: Daniel H Jacobs, MD
		The dorsolateral portion of the prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal portion, the portions of the frontal lobes on which this article focuses, maintain separate and discrete projections to different areas of both the thalamus and neostriatum (caudate nucleus, putamen) and serve different functions.
		Because the dorsolateral frontal cortex is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and executive function, patients with dorsolateral frontal lesions tend to have apathy, personality changes, abulia, and lack of ability to plan or to sequence.
		Because the orbitofrontal cortex is concerned with response inhibition, patients with orbitofrontal lesions tend to have greater difficulty with disinhibition, emotional lability, and memory disorders.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/byname/frontal-lobe-syndromes.htm (364 words)

	Decision Science News: The Orbitofrontal Cortex, Regret and Decision Formation
		The orbitofrontal cortex is a small area of the brain that is located just behind the eyes.
		We propose a different role whereby the orbitofrontal cortex exerts a top-down modulation of emotions as a result of counterfactual thinking, after a decision has been made and its consequences can be evaluated.
		The orbitofrontal cortex integrates cognitive and emotional components of the entire process of decision making; its incorrect functioning determines the inability to generate specific emotions such as regret, which has a fundamental role in regulating individual and social behavior."...
	www.dangoldstein.com /dsn/archives/2004/08/the_orbitofront.html (693 words)

	APStracts 2:0354N, 1995.
		To investigate how olfactory information is encoded in the orbitofrontal cortex, the responses of single neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex and surrounding areas were recorded during the performance of an olfactory discrimination task.
		The findings show that the olfactory representation within the orbitofrontal cortex reflects for some neurons (65%) which odour is present independently of its association with taste reward, and that for other neurons (35%), the olfactory response reflects (and encodes) the taste association of the odour.
		The additional finding that some of the odour responsive neurons were also responsive to taste stimuli supports the hypothesis that odour-taste association learning at the level of single neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex enables such cells to show olfactory responses which reflect the taste association of the odour.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/jn/December/354n.html (353 words)

	Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go-Nogo Task Performance in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex -- Tremblay and ...
		The orbitofrontal cortex appears to be involved in the control of voluntary, goal-directed behavior by motivational outcomes.
		One of the least charted territories of the primate cortex appears to be the orbitofrontal part of the frontal lobe.
		Morecraft, R. Geula, C., and Mesulam, M.-M. Cytoarchitecture and neural afferents of orbitofrontal cortex in the brain of the monkey.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/1864 (6510 words)

	Orbitofrontal cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a region of association cortex of the human brain involved in cognitive processes such as decision making.
		This region is named based upon its location within the frontal lobes, resting above the orbits of the eyes.
		Because of its functions in emotion, the orbitofrontal cortex is considered to be a part of the limbic system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex (1082 words)

	A solution to violence in in our hands
		Researchers have identified the orbitofrontal cortex as the cerebral area where dysfunction is likely to be located in individuals subject to hostile outbursts and aggression.
		The orbitofrontal cortex is part of the prefrontal cortex, the area of grey matter most involved in social intelligence, impulse control, and attention.
		The greater the deprivation, the less optimally the orbitofrontal cortex is likely to develop and function, and the greater the predictable difficulties in self-regulation.
	www.scatteredminds.com /press/globe5.htm (823 words)

	What catatonia can tell us about "top-down modulation": A neuropsychiatric hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		This is reflected in one-way connections from prefrontal cortex to motor cortex and absence of major affective and behavioural symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
		Consequently the right hemispheric neural network between posterior parietal, dorsolateral prefrontal and lateral orbitofrontal/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may be crucially involved in "implicit" and "explicit internal monitoring" of the spatial position of movements resulting in updating of spatial location and representation of movements (Colby 1999).
		Amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex have been shown to be activated particularly during negative emotions whereas both are either less or not activated during positive emotional processing (see Northoff et al.
	bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/22/44/bbs00002244-00/bbs.northoff.htm (11439 words)

	The anatomical connections of the macaque monkey orbitofrontal cortex. A review. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The orbitofrontal cortex (OfC) is a heterogeneous prefrontal sector selectively connected with a wide constellation of other prefrontal, limbic, sensory and premotor areas.
		Among the limbic cortical connections, the ones with the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex are particularly salient.
		The medial sector of the OfC is selectively connected with the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal cortex, posterior cingulate and retrosplenial areas, and area prostriata, while the lateral orbitofrontal sector is the most heavily connected with sensory areas of the gustatory, somatic and visual modalities, with premotor regions, and with the amygdala.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a22.html (249 words)

	Involvement of Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Hunger-Enhanced Memory for Food Stimuli -- Morris and Dolan ...
		The orbitofrontal activation is displayed on coronal and transverse MRI sections from a representative subject.
		and that surgical disconnection of amygdala and orbitofrontal
		Critchley HD, Rolls ET (1996) Hunger and satiety modify the responses of olfactory and visual neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/14/5304 (4468 words)

	Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex: Evidence from Human Neuroimaging Studies -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Mesulam MM, Mufson EJ, Levey AI, Wainer BH (1983) Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey.
		Morecraft RJ, Geula C, Mesulam M-M (1992) Cytoarchitecture and neural afferents of orbitofrontal cortex in the brain of the monkey.
		Petrides M, Pandya DN (1988) Association fiber pathways to the frontal cortex from the superior temporal region in the rhesus monkey.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/10/3/308 (7372 words)

	CiteULike: Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The orbital part of prefrontal cortex appears to be crucially involved in the motivational control of goal-directed behaviour.
		The activity of orbitofrontal neurons increases in response to reward-predicting signals, during the expectation of rewards, and after the receipt of rewards.
		Thus, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex appear to process the motivational value of rewarding outcomes of voluntary action.
	www.citeulike.org /article/120039 (370 words)

	Neafsey, E.J. (1993) Frontal Cortex, the Mind, and the Body, Psycoloquy: 4,#15 Frontal Cortex (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex projects directly to the superior colliculus (Goldman and Nauta, 1976), a midbrain structure that has a prominent role in the control of eye and head movements (Sparks, 1991).
		The orbitofrontal cortex, in contrast, projects directly to brainstem and and spinal visceral motor structures related to the autonomic nervous system and is also an important olfactory and visceral sensory area (see review by Neafsey, 1990).
		Frysztak, R.J. and Neafsey, E.J. (1991) The effect of medial frontal cortex lesions on respiration, "freezing," and ultrasonic vocalizations during conditioned emotional responses in rats.
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /archive/00000309 (2427 words)

	Lesions of Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala Complex Disrupt Acquisition of Odor-Guided Discriminations and ...
		Lesions of Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala Complex Disrupt Acquisition of Odor-Guided Discriminations and Reversals -- Schoenbaum et al.
		Effects of lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex on sensitivity to delayed and probabilistic reinforcement.
		Saper, C.B. Convergence of autonomic and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/10/2/129 (7557 words)

	CiteULike: Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		This article reviews and interprets neuronal activities related to the expectation and delivery of reward in the primate orbitofrontal cortex, in comparison with slowly discharging neurons in the striatum (caudate, putamen and ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens) and midbrain dopamine neurons.
		Orbitofrontal neurons showed three principal forms of reward-related activity during the performance of delayed response tasks, namely responses to reward-predicting instructions, activations during the expectation period immediately preceding reward and responses following reward.
		The processing of reward expectations suggests an access to central representations of rewards which may be used for the neuronal control of goaldirected behavior.
	www.citeulike.org /article/118543 (484 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		The orbitofrontal cortex comprises the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, and is critical for functions ranging from olfaction and emotion to learning and behavioral flexibility.
		Simultaneously, advances in the clinical neurosciences increasingly implicate the orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent ventral frontal regions in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions including anxiety, mood and addictive disorders, as well as frontotemporal dementia.
		This volume provides the first comprehensive review of the orbitofrontal cortex, and should be a standard reference for established clinicians and researchers as well as trainees in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, and neuroscience.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198565741 (1387 words)

	Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion-Cognition Interactions -- Beer et al. ...
		Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion-Cognition Interactions -- Beer et al.
		Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion–Cognition Interactions
		The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in social behavior remains
	jocn.mitpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/18/6/871 (243 words)

	Dissociable Contributions of the Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex to Incentive Motivation and Goal Selection -- ...
		B, rCBF in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex (x = -14, y = 42, z = -24) covaried significantly with choice difficulty (x-axis: greater choice difficulty is indicated by a lower rating).
		Morris JS, Dolan RJ (2001) Involvement of human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in hunger- enhanced memory for food stimuli.
		Schoenbaum G, Setlow B, Nugent SL, Saddoris MP, Gallagher M (2003) Lesions of orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala complex disrupt acquisition of odor-guided discriminations and reversals.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/29/9632 (5720 words)

	eMedicine - Frontal Lobe Syndromes : Article by Daniel H Jacobs, MD
		A failure in the task (visual grasp) may reflect dysfunction in the frontal eye field and/or orbitofrontal cortex.
		Traumatic lesions: These lesions frequently occur in the orbitofrontal cortex and are often bilateral.
		They occur because a rigid bony structure that is susceptible to contrecoup injury encases this region of the brain, with the temporal poles.
	www.emedicine.com /NEURO/topic436.htm (4299 words)

	Substance use disorders and the orbitofrontal cortex: Systematic review of behavioural decision-making and neuroimaging ...
		Substance use disorders and the orbitofrontal cortex: Systematic review of behavioural decision-making and neuroimaging studies -- Dom et al.
		cortex functioning in cases of substance misuse were reviewed.
		studies was hypoactivity of the orbitofrontal cortex after
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/abstract/187/3/209 (257 words)

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