Orders of magnitude (frequency)

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Topic: Orders of magnitude (frequency)

Note: these results are not from the primary (high quality) database.

In the News (Fri 4 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

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Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Source Parameters of the 15 November 1995 Border Town, Nevada, Earthquake Sequence
		For instance, as the magnitude decreases and the corner frequency increases for a Brune (1970) source spectrum with a constant static stress-drop, the effect of kappa is to cause the spectrum to roll off at frequencies less than the corner frequency.
		Although an order of magnitude variation in static stress drop was observed in that study over a range of magnitudes, earthquakes recorded on the deep borehole instrument confirm the contribution of near-surface attenuation in source scaling relationships.
		Moment magnitudes are systematically a tenth of a magnitude unit smaller at station BRD1 than BRD2, possibly from the assumption in radiation pattern that depends on the location of the stations with respect to the fault plane geometry.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /htdocs/WGB/BorderTown95

	Displaying a Power Spectrum
		ANSWER: The power spectrum is a representation of the the magnitude of the various frequency components of a 2D image that has been transformed with the FFT command from the spacial domain into the frequency domain.
		Since the power can vary by orders of magnitude in an image, the power spectrum is usually represented on a log scale.
		The power at each location in the power spectrum is an indication of the frequency and orientation of a particular feature in the image.
	www.dfanning.com /ip_tips/power_spectrum.html (403 words)

	Cell phones could keep atomic time Tech News on ZDNet
		Atomic clocks long have provided the most accurate measurements of time and frequency but also have traditionally been large--up to two meters in height--as well as power-hungry and expensive to build, according to NIST.
		But compared to quartz crystal oscillators--the most precise time and frequency references of equivalent size and power--chip-scale atomic clocks potentially offer a thousand-fold improvement in long-term timing precision, NIST said.
		The new clock is based on the same general idea as other atomic clocks, such as the NIST-F1 fountain clock, which measures time by the natural vibrations of cesium atoms, at 9.2 billion "ticks" per second.
	zdnet.com.com /2100-1103_2-5330743.html (403 words)

	ScienceWeek
		For single thermal atoms, the coherence length is determined by the thermal de Broglie wavelength and is thus limited to the micron range, even for temperatures as small as 1 microkelvin.
		The twins are strongly correlated in that one always accompanies the other, born simultaneously (within the inverse of their frequency bandwidth), with complementary frequency and direction.
		All particles in nature are either fermions or bosons, with fermions (always elementary particles) having half-integer spin (spin-states characterized by half-integer multiples of Planck's constant divided by 2 pi), and bosons (all other particles) having integer spin (spin-states characterized by integer multiples of Planck's constant divided by 2 pi).
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030404.htm (403 words)

	Time
		In physics, time is defined as the distance between events along the fourth axis of the spacetime manifold.
		Special relativity showed that time cannot be understood except as part of spacetime, a combination of space and time.
		Time scales: astronomical year numbering, British Summer Time, calendar, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), daylight saving time, ephemeris time, geologic timescale, Greenwich Mean Time, International Atomic Time (TAI), metric time, sidereal time, solar time, standard time and frequency signal service, Terrestrial Time, time zone, Universal Time
	www.city-search.org /ti/time.html (403 words)

	Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields (EHC 35, 1984)
		The magnitude of these internal currents is determined by the radius of the current path, the frequency of the magnetic field, and its intensity at the location within the body.
		The magnitude of the current density is also influenced by the conductivity of the tissues, and the exact paths of the current flow depend in a complicated way on the conducting properties of tissues.
		In principle, an electric field of sufficient magnitude could have a direct effect on biological tissues by acting directly on the free ions in the extracellular milieu, on the charged portions of the biomolecules, or by interaction with electric moments of molecular electronic structure.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc35.htm (403 words)

	Piezoelectric Ceramics for High Temperature Applications
		Approach: In the earlier phase of the project, a donor dopant (Nb) is used to reduce the electrical conductivity of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics by more than three orders of magnitude.
		Results: At relatively small concentrations (<= 0.2 atom % on B-site of the perovskite cell), Nb decreases p-type conductivity of nominally pure Bi4Ti3O12 by more than three orders of magnitude.
		Many compositions in this family, however, exhibit a high conductivity and dispersion of the dielectric permittivity at temperatures above 200deg.C, and dependence of the piezoelectric response on the amplitude and frequency of the driving field.
	dmxwww.epfl.ch /lc/Research96-7/b316.html (403 words)

	Finesse Voltage Regulator Noise!
		The ultimate rejection of the circuit is better than the apparent rejection in the plot; low frequency performance is impacted by the size of the coupling capacitors and the noise floor is limited by the performance of the LM833 and resistor noise.
		The effective emitter resistance is on the order of 0.25 ohms so an emitter resistor near 0.75 ohms is needed for a series-pass 1 ohm resistor.
		The values are not critical except that the gain of the amplifier should be very near the ratio of the transistor emitter resistor to the series shunt resistor.
	www.wenzel.com /documents/finesse.html (1272 words)

	Money & Internet--Presentation to Western Economics Association
		Money increased the frequency and speed of transactions in virtually every field of activity by making it possible for people to convert the fruits of their labor into a common currency that could be exchanged for any products or services.
		Money is a commodity such as gold or an officially issued coin or paper note that is legally established as an exchangeable equivalent of other commodities and is used as a measure of their comparative values on the market.
		Money provides a means for individuals to save the fruits of their labor, store them indefinitely, transmute them into any form, transfer them to others or exchange them for any other social commodity.
	www.icpd.org /development_theory/presentation_to_western_economic.htm (1272 words)

	Magnetic fields (EHC 69, 1987)
		The magnitude of these internal currents is determined by the radius of the current path, the frequency of the magnetic field and its intensity at the location within the body.
		Unlike the electric field for which the internal field strength is many orders of magnitude less than that of the external field, the magnetic field strength is virtually the same outside the body as within.
		The magnitude of the current density is also influenced by tissue conductivity where the exact paths of the current flow depend in a complicated way on the conducting properties of the various tissues.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc69.htm (1272 words)

	Chapter-05.doc
		The intrinsic carrier densities for Si and GaAs as a function of temperature are shown in Figure 5.6 (a).
		The intrinsic carrier density may be determined by using either the Hall effect measurements on a bulk semiconductor or the high-frequency capacitance-voltage measurements on an Schottky barrier or a p-n junction diode.
		However, when the doping density is greater than 1019 cm—3 (i.e., for the cases of silicon and germanium), the semiconductor becomes degenerate, and hence changes in the fundamental physical properties of the semiconductor result.
	www.sli.ece.ufl.edu /eel6382/Chapter-05.doc (1272 words)

	english
		the magnitude of the calculation of some quality should be divided by the frequency of the phenomena raised to the corresponding power (if the measure of time is located in denominator).
		All properties of material objects (weight, density, solidity, etc.) - as well as the magnitude of the forces of interaction between objects - are relative conceptions and depend on the such quality as the spatial dimensions and mass of the observer.
		The diameters of the atoms and galaxies, the size of their respective nuclei, and their speeds of rotation can vary by many orders of magnitude.
	www.unifieduniverse.8m.com /english.html (1272 words)

	Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields (EHC 35, 1984)
		The magnitude is expressed as the root mean square (rms) value of the field strength in volts per metre or amperes per metre, respectively.
		Data on the biological effects of exposure to sinusoidally varying fields are mainly concerned with effects in the range of 5 - 20 Hz or at 50 and 60 Hz, while limited data are available on effects scattered throughout the ELF spectrum.
		Data (Zaffanella & Deno, 1978) concerning human beings exposed to spark discharges of various intensities showed that 50% of the population perceived spark discharges in a field of 2.7 kV/m and that 50% of the population found the spark discharges annoying at 7 kV/m.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc35.htm (16436 words)

	The Physics Factbook™: Topic Index
		acceleration, angular-velocity, area, density, dimension, electric-current, electric-field, electric-voltage, electrical-resistivity, energy, force, frequency, friction, length, magnetic-field, mass, money, number, power, pressure, refraction, temperature, time, velocity, volume
		Energy in a cubic meter of natural gas
		Energy in a barrel of petroleum [crude oil]
	hypertextbook.com /facts/index-topics.shtml (450 words)

	The Physics Factbook™: Topic Index
		Volume of water in New York City reservoirs
		Volume of water consumed by New York City
		Volume of [US, other country or region, or world] gin consumption
	hypertextbook.com /facts/index-topics.shtml (450 words)

	Time-of-flight spectrometers
		It is possible to install a pulse-frequency reduction chopper optionally after the sample position, in order to adapt the length of the time-of-flight period for the multidetector.
		However, since the repetition rate of the pulsed source, (10 Hz in the case of AUSTRON), is considerably lower than the optimum pulse rate (for most applications at least one order of magnitude), the actual peak flux is reduced to an effective neutron flux.
		NBS is intrinsically a time-of -flight technique and therefore particularly suited for operation at a high flux pulsed neutron source.
	www.ati.ac.at /austron/instruments/tof_spec.html (450 words)

	Re: "Framing" natural peril probabilities
		I recently saw an analysis of celestial body diameter vs. frequency of impact on Earth done over 5 orders of magnitude in diameter and 8 orders of magnitude in time.
		It was done using a fractal (non-linear) statistical approach.
	www.contingencyanalysis.com /archive/archive00-2/00000a18.htm (450 words)

	The Physics Factbook: Topic Index
		Temperature of an arc welder [but not a MIG or TIG welder]
		Temperature of a healthy human (body temperature) *
		acceleration, angular-velocity, area, density, electric-current, electric-field, electric-voltage, electrical-resistivity, energy, force, frequency, friction, length, magnetic-field, mass, money, number, power, pressure, refraction, temperature, time, velocity, volume
	hypertextbook.com /facts/index-topics.shtml (450 words)

	: Article - Noncontact Laser Speed Measurements :
		It is expensive and difficult to build a signal processor to cover 8 orders of magnitude in frequency, especially if one also needs to maintain very good noise characteristics.
		The total power consumption of current SpeedReader sensors typically varies betwen 1-5 W. With sufficient production volumes to justify the development cost, the entire sensor package and power consumption can be reduced dramatically.
		In practice the speed range is limited entirely by the electronics.
	www.lightworksllc.com /news/page117.htm (520 words)

	Orders of magnitude
		To help students understand orders of magnitude, and also perhaps to brighten up physics teaching for years 10 to 13, the UK Institute of Physics' Post-16 Physics Initiative has devised a competition for students to design a poster illustrating the key orders of magnitude of the units used in science.
		The quantity must be one of the following: mass, time, distance, speed, volume, density, force, temperature, energy, power, resistivity/conductivity, frequency/wavelength.
		Students are being asked to design an A3 poster bearing a logarithmic scale running from the very biggest to the very smallest size for a quantity of their choice.
	stacks.iop.org /0031-9120/33/i=5/a=005 (351 words)

	High-Speed Turbulence Aberration Correction with Resonant Optical Phase Conjugation
		This is more than two orders of magnitude lower than the pump intensities required to achieve gain in sodium vapor in previous work.
		Dark resonance in atomic vapor is used to enhance the efficiency of nonlinear optical phase conjugation for aberration correction while simultaneously reducing the pump intensity threshold by two orders of magnitude.
		This jet had an exit speed estimated at 170 m/s and was driven acoustically at a frequency of 18 kHz to match a resonance in the flow.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/0006/SN9905.html (805 words)

	High Power Helicon
		The testing to date shows excellent power and gas efficiency over two orders of magnitude in power and gas flow rate.
		The high power helicon is a state of the art electrodeless plasma thruster.
		The plasma itself is generated by high power radio frequency waves that allow substantial felixbility in operational characteristics.
	www.ess.washington.edu /Space/HPH (120 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
		The Average Estimate is not very meaningful when exposure across a population varies by several orders of magnitude or when the population has been truncated, e.g., at some point prescribed distance form a point source.
		Answering these questions requires some knowledge of the exposure frequency distribution in the population.
		Population risk refers to an assessment of the extent of harm for the population as a whole.
	www.nap.edu /books/030904894X/html/371.html (791 words)

	Orders of magnitude
		To help students understand orders of magnitude, and also perhaps to brighten up physics teaching for years 10 to 13, the UK Institute of Physics' Post-16 Physics Initiative has devised a competition for students to design a poster illustrating the key orders of magnitude of the units used in science.
		The quantity must be one of the following: mass, time, distance, speed, volume, density, force, temperature, energy, power, resistivity/conductivity, frequency/wavelength.
		Students are being asked to design an A3 poster bearing a logarithmic scale running from the very biggest to the very smallest size for a quantity of their choice.
	stacks.iop.org /0031-9120/33/i=5/a=005 (350 words)

	Orders of magnitude
		The quantity must be one of the following: mass, time, distance, speed, volume, density, force, temperature, energy, power, resistivity/conductivity, frequency/wavelength.
		To help students understand orders of magnitude, and also perhaps to brighten up physics teaching for years 10 to 13, the UK Institute of Physics' Post-16 Physics Initiative has devised a competition for students to design a poster illustrating the key orders of magnitude of the units used in science.
		Students are being asked to design an A3 poster bearing a logarithmic scale running from the very biggest to the very smallest size for a quantity of their choice.
	stacks.iop.org /0031-9120/33/i=5/a=005 (350 words)

	Mars Network- Marsats
		MARSat would be using a high-power, very high frequency Ka-band transceiver and a large, high-gain, dish antenna to provide a high capacity, long-haul data link to the Earth.
		Combined with the continuous contact time associated with the areostationary orbit, these data rates would enable orders of magnitude more data return than with the Microsats alone.
		To the extent that the exploration elements are also equipped with X-band transmitters or transceivers, the first MARSat's equipment would enable data rates of up to 1 megabits per second, or fast enough to allow streaming video from the exploration elements.
	marsnet.jpl.nasa.gov /elements/marsats.html (459 words)

	The Physics Factbook™: Topic Index
		Mass of trash produced by New York City
		acceleration, angular-velocity, area, density, dimension, electric-current, electric-field, electric-voltage, electrical-resistivity, energy, force, frequency, friction, length, magnetic-field, mass, money, number, power, pressure, refraction, temperature, time, velocity, volume
		Cost of living for the average person on earth
	hypertextbook.com /facts/index-topics.shtml (450 words)

	Au
		The color of solid gold as well as of the intensely colored, often purple, colloidal solutions that can be made from it is caused by the fact that the plasmon frequency of this element lies in the visible range, which causes red and yellow light to be reflected and blue light to be absorbed.
		Gold is also a good conductor of heat and electricity and is not affected by air and most reagents.
		Silver's catalytic properties make it ideal for use as a catalyst in oxidation reactions; for example, the production of formaldehyde from methanol and air by means of silver screens or crystallites containing a minimum 99.95 weight-percent silver.
	www.websters-dictionary-online.org /definition/english/Au/Au.html (450 words)

	Units: O
		Two quantities differ by one order of magnitude if one is 10 times the other, by two orders of magnitude if one is 10·10 = 100 times the other, and so on.
		Thus a difference of n orders of magnitude means the larger quantity is 10
		Two notes differ by one octave if the higher note has exactly twice the frequency of the lower one.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/dictO.html (450 words)

	17.1 RESEARCH PROJECT
		This technique is the analogue of the interferometric technique at microwave frequencies [J52] and was shown to have the potential to improve laser stabilisation techniques by a few orders of magnitude.
		Recent advances in frequency standards have seen the development of new experiments worldwide to test the foundations of physics.
		80 K) secondary frequency standards for flywheels of atomic fountain clocks", Proc.
	internal.physics.uwa.edu.au /~mike/Papers.Cat.html (7484 words)

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Topic: Orders of magnitude (frequency)

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In the News (Fri 4 Dec 09)