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Topic: Orders of magnitude (density)

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Orders of magnitude

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	Computer storage density
		Also, storage densities computed for comparison of technologies usually ignore physical containment; that is, memory density is computed based upon the number of bits relative to the surface of the integrated circuit, rather than the surface of the encasement.
		Computer storage density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume; of a computer storage medium.
		Computer storage density is compared by density in order to measure the efficiency of the storage.
	www.mediastoragedevices.com /storage-density.html (541 words)

	Is the cosmological constant nonzero?
		This term acts like a vacuum energy density, an idea which has become quite fashionable in high energy particle physics models since a vacuum energy density of a specific kind is used in the Higgs mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking.
		We don't know what this mechanism is, but it seems reasonable that suppression by 122 orders of magnitude, which would make the effect of the vacuum energy density on the Universe negligible, is just as probable as suppression by 120 orders of magnitude.
		And 124, 126, 128 etc. orders of magnitude should all be just as probable as well, and all give a negligible effect on the Universe.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/cosConstant.html (1477 words)

	Order of magnitude Summary
		An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it.
		An order of magnitude estimate of a variable whose precise value is unknown is an estimate rounded to the nearest power of ten.
		For extremely large numbers, a generalized order of magnitude can be based on their double logarithm or super-logarithm.
	www.bookrags.com /Order_of_magnitude (731 words)

	IBM RD 50-1 \| Development of the magnetic tunnel junction MRAM at IBM: From first junctions to a 16-Mb MRAM ...
		Most apparent are the enduring roles played in secondary or permanent computer system storage, evolving more or less continuously through approximately ten orders of magnitude in density from tape and drums in the late 1940s to the disk and tape storage systems of today.
		Device resistance was shown to scale with area over many orders of magnitude, and deep-submicron devices (~125 nm × 250 nm) with high TMR values were demonstrated [33, 35].
		This is in contrast to Figures 1(b–d), in which the two magnetic electrodes of the tunnel junction have reversal fields of similar magnitudes.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/501/gallagher.html (8238 words)

	Access: Guides to the Galaxies - Zooming in on Galaxies
		Even at this low level of detail, one run of this coarse universe simulation consumes more than 15,000 CPU-hours on the SGI Origin2000 supercomputer at NCSA.
		This simulation of a cluster of galaxies represents four orders of magnitude in density, with yellow being the most dense and blue the least.
		A second simulation focuses on one of the clusters seen in the first simulation, with the rest of the universe fuzzed out.
	www.ncsa.uiuc.edu /News/Access/Stories/GalaxyFormation/Galaxy2.html (606 words)

	Cosmological Constant
		This term acts like a vacuum energy density, an idea which has become quite fashionable in high energy particle physics models since a vacuum energy density of a specific kind is used in the Higgs mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking.
		We don't know what this mechanism is, but it seems reasonable that suppression by 122 orders of magnitude, which would make the effect of the vacuum energy density on the Universe negligible, is just as probable as suppression by 120 orders of magnitude.
		Cardona and Tejeiro (1998, ApJ, 493, 52) claimed that this effect could set limits on the vacuum density only ten or so times higher than the critical density, but their calculation appears to be off by a factor of 3 trillion.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/cosmo_constant.html (2264 words)

	Calphysics Institute: Introduction to Zero-Point Energy
		The spectral energy density is determined by the density of modes times the energy per mode and thus increases as the cube of the frequency per unit frequency per unit volume.
		If that is the case, the zero-point energy density would be 110 orders of magnitude greater than the radiant energy at the center of the Sun.
		The fact that the orbital angular momentum is zero in the quantum ground state is mirrored in the SED orbiting-electron interpretation by random changes in the orbital plane (due to the zero-point fluctuations) yielding a time averaged zero net angular momentum.
	www.calphysics.org /zpe.html (3519 words)

	[No title]
		The density radio plasma imager (RPI) onboard the IMAGE spacecraft measures electron density distribution from the satellite location to as low as 2000 km in altitude.
		The measured density profiles not only provide the density at each height but also the trend which may be used for extrapolations.
		In this preliminary report, we show examples of extrapolations of the measured electron density profiles in the polar region down to the ionospheric altitudes to connect to the topside electron densities computed with the IRI models.
	image.gsfc.nasa.gov /publication/abstract/2005_nsumei_etal.txt (261 words)

	Institut für Theoretische Physik II - Areas of research
		Between the cold and thin interstallar gas and the hot and dense white dwarfs lie 30 orders of magnitude in density and 8 orders of magnitude in temperature.
		In order to improve the quality of an ion beam it can be mixed with an electron beam, whose high quality is transferred successively to the ion beam by scattering between the electrons and the ions (electron cooling).
		In order to keep the computing effort on an acceptable level hierarchical algorithms are developed, in which slow processes of long spatial range run on large scales, while fast short range processes are treated on fine scales.
	www.theorie2.physik.uni-erlangen.de /research (1170 words)

	Need math help \| Ask MetaFilter
		Density of water is 1 metric ton per cubic meter.
		Density of Aluminum is 2.7 metric tons per cubic meter.
		Density expressed as grams per cubic centimeter, or a kilograms per liter, or as metric tons per cubic meter are all the same value.
	ask.metafilter.com /48479/Need-math-help (705 words)

	Speculative consequences of the negative equivalent mass of gravitational fields.
		This creates a very sharp density profile, such that the negative equivalent ratio for galaxies may be one or even two orders of magnitude higher that as indicated on the table.
		This alone would raise the negative equivalent mass ratio by an order of magnitude, and the sharp density profile could raise it another, meaning that a galaxy could have as much as a 5% ratio of negative equivalent mass in its gravitational field to its total mass.
		Unless there is an enormous amount of mass in the form of intergalactic non-luminous dust clouds that would raise the average density of intergalactic space by three orders of magnitude, the negative equivalent mass of the entire universe is about one tenth of one percent of its total mass.
	www.concentric.net /~pvb/conseq.html (1480 words)

	E-Cass:2000-JS - UofT Theses
		Therefore, in order to understand the overall picture of the evolution of galaxy clusters, it is necessary to understand the role magnetic fields have played in this evolution.
		The general behavior of the Fe II emission lines and their sensitivity to density and radiative pumping conditions are investigated.
		Calculations of Fe II emission for grids spanning several orders of magnitude in density and ionizing flux are performed in the framework of "locally optimally-emitting clouds." It is shown that strong selection effects are at work.
	www.astro.ubc.ca /E-Cass/2000-JS/theses.html (1324 words)

	Local Galactic Mass Distributions
		If the total mass density were substantially greater than that of the luminous matter, this would demonstrate the existence of significant disk dark matter.
		Most previous measurements of the local mass density relied on stellar radial velocity and density measurements in a cone perpendicular to the galactic plane.
		FAME will provide an estimate of the local density of matter (which can be directly compared with the local density of stars and gas) that is essentially free of systematic error, by measuring proper motions within 30° of the galactic plane.
	www.usno.navy.mil /FAME/science/MassDistributions.html (657 words)

	Tohline: Formation and Destruction of Binary Stars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The effective potential (density profile) in the equatorial plane of the system is also illustrated by the solid (dashed) nested contour lines in the top frame of Fig.
		Third, in order to determine whether or not the process of fission is sensitive to the rate at which the cloud contracts, we propose to repeat at least one of these simulations but introduce a rate of cooling that is two or three times slower that the rate employed by Cazes.
		In order to ascertain what is physically reasonable, we will take certain cues from the properties of the two CAREs that have been constructed by Cazes using dynamical simulation tools, as well as from the somewhat simpler "Dedekind-like" configurations that have been examined recently by Uryu and Eriguchi (1999).
	www.phys.lsu.edu /faculty/tohline/NSF99 (6280 words)

	Millipede: Probing the Future
		The data storage density in these disks has been increasing by 60% annually over the past 10 years- more recent improvements are giving 100% growth a year.
		The limit, and the fast-growing density, makes it clear alternative approaches to the current longitudinal recording scheme need to be explored.
		The ultimate storage density is given by the tip, whereas the high data rates are a result of the massive parallel operation of such tips.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/01/article2/article2.html (1461 words)

	White Paper
		The high density IGM relates directly to the story of galaxy formation and evolution, and to the uncharted relationship between the dark matter and the galaxies we see.
		In order to produce this both dense and expansive grid, we must measure high resolution spectra from the faintest and most numerous QSOs with superb efficiency, wide angular coverage, over a major fraction of a multi-year mission.
		Since the comoving UV luminosity density of the universe appears to increase significantly for z>1, the proper luminosity density is much higher, and we expect the resonance scattering emission to be detectable even at high redshift.
	www.srl.caltech.edu /sal/white_paper.htm (4272 words)

	Laboratory of Electromagnetic and Electrical Systems
		The significant enhancement in the achievable DLC power density derives from the high conductivity obtainable with CNTs, which in the limit of a few microns in length present ballistic conduction.
		The energy density improvement of a “nanotube enhanced electrode” is due to the higher effective surface area obtainable with a structure based on vertically aligned nanotubes over activated carbon.
		SEM of a SWNT surrounded by catalyst particle and impurities on the surface of the Si substrate.
	lees.mit.edu /lees/ultracapacitors.htm (449 words)

	Conclusion
		The density of dark matter in the solar system, obtained using Icarus' precession and data from the Voyager satellite, is found to have an upper bound of approximately 7 orders of magnitude larger than the values found for dark matter density in the local neighbourhood.
		Using estimates of the local dark matter density, and a sample of 6 possible white dwarfs in the Thick Disk, it was shown that this population could account for 85 percent of the expected dark matter density.
		The values obtained for the density of white dwarfs in the Thick Disk is based only on six possible Thick Disk white dwarfs, and better observations will be needed to either support or counter this assertion.
	www.astro.queensu.ca /~mcrosby/localdarkmatter/node5.html (162 words)

	UW HPCC GROUP Picture Gallery
		ARSC Power4 to complete and will allow us to measure the density profile of a galaxy sized dark matter halo with unprecedented detail down to its very center.
		The color coding is by density and shows about half a dozen planets formed between 8 and 20 AU from a solar-type star.
		The Sloan Volume, a 100 Mpc slice of a 1,000 Mpc volume at a redshift of 0 and bias of 1 using CDM initial conditions in a critical density Universe.
	www-hpcc.astro.washington.edu /picture/picture.html (718 words)

	Fluids
		The distinction between a gas and a liquid is quantitative in that the density of a liquid, ie.
		Thus because the density of liquids are three orders of magnitude larger than in a gas the atomic spacings are a typically a factor 10 smaller in liquids.
		A result of this is that while gases can typically be compressed by a large amount and their density is strongly temperature dependent this is not so for liquids where the atoms are already packed about as close as they want to get.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~broholm/l31/node1.html (398 words)

	Ecological mechanisms of outbreaks (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Population outbreaks are characterized by rapid change in population density over several orders of magnitude.
		However, the magnitude of change in these factors was always much smaller than the magnitude of change in population density.
		When the density of adults is high, then they cause considerable damage and the tree looses its resistance to developing larvae of this species.
	www.ento.vt.edu /~sharov/PopEcol/lec13/ecol.html (456 words)

	Respiratory Disorders Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital Faculty Members
		In one biopsy, silica and asbestos fiber counts were at the low end of the range seen with silicosis and asbestosis; however, the absence of asbestos bodies and silicotic nodules suggested that the fibrosis was due to another cause.
		Metals occurred in amounts several orders of magnitude above background, and the majority was aluminum as Al2O3 and aluminum alloys.
		However, the magnitude of the increase could not be predicted from resting tests, even when multilinear regression equations were used.
	www.brighamandwomens.org /respiratorydisorders/Faculty/Epler.aspx (4545 words)

	Compressible Thermonuclear Flames with the FLASH Code
		At this high density, we see the flame front is very steep and quickly moves across the domain.
		Note that the domain is almost two orders of magnitude larger to accommodate the larger flame width.
		The density drop behind the front is larger for the low density case.
	www.ucolick.org /~zingale/flame_vortex/flames_FLASH.html (989 words)

	LONG TERM TECHNOLOGY PUSH
		Yet another method of overcoming the barrier to increasing the areal density of magnetic recording imposed by superparamagnetic effects is to use patterned or structured media.
		In conventional magnetic recording, to achieve an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio, it necessary that there be of the order of 100 grains in the volume of a bit cell.
		However, in order to be able to compare layered disks with conventional disks we will use the effective areal density as the figure of merit.
	www.wtec.org /loyola/hdmem/07_03.htm (5714 words)

	Semiconductor Switching in Melanins
		Switching occurs reversibly at potential gradients two to three orders of magnitude lower than reported for inorganic thin films, and comparable to gradients existing in some biological systems.
		Since the current density in the "on" state is several orders of magnitude higher than that in the "off" state for the same applied potential, one can obtain an estimate of the protonic contribution as follows: approximately 10 mg of water must be dissociated to produce a current of 25 ma for 1 hour.
		Equine cytochrome c switched at 4 X 105 volt/cm, three orders of magnitude higher than the potential gradients of melanins and comparable to those of inorganic amorphous semiconductors (4).
	www.drproctor.com /os/amorphous.htm (1600 words)

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