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Topic: Orders of magnitude (energy)

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Orders of magnitude (power)

Orders of magnitude

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	Orders of magnitude (energy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		J — energy released by combustion of one gram of gasoline
		J — energy released by explosion of one kilogram of TNT
		J — energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy) (1176 words)

	Order of magnitude - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		More precisely, the order of magnitude of a number can be defined in terms of the decimal logarithm, usually as the integer part of the logarithm.
		Thus, an order of magnitude is an approximate position on a logarithmic scale.
		For example, an order of magnitude estimate for a variable between about 3 billion and 30 billion (such as the human population of the Earth) is 10 billion.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/orders_of_magnitude (480 words)

	ipedia.com: Orders of magnitude Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thus the order of magnitude of 400 is 2.
		The order of magnitude of a number may also be defined as the exponent of the power of 10 when the number is represented using scientific notation.
		For example, an accurate order of magnitude estimate for the human population of the Earth in the year 2000 is 10 billion.
	www.ipedia.com /orders_of_magnitude.html (555 words)

	Learn more about Orders of magnitude in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An order of magnitude is a factor of ten.
		Orders of magnitude are quite easily and commonly described through the use of scientific notation and powers of ten.
		Energy: millielectronvolt (meV), electronvolt (eV), megaelectronvolt (MeV), gigaelectronvolt (GeV), teraelectronvolt (TeV), erg, joule (J), kilowatthour kWh, terawatthour TWh
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/or/orders_of_magnitude.html (395 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, such a real time transponder requires transmission of a large amount of energy because energy of the incident signal and energy of the reflected signal both dissipate at a rate of 1/r2, where r is the distance of the transponder from the reader.
		The transmission period is at least an order of magnitude smaller than the absorption period so that the reply signal is transmitted at a higher power than the power possible if the two periods are of the same order of magnitude.
		That is, the energy holding tag of this embodiment does not have various conventional parts, such as bond pads, bond wires, lead frame, or package terminals (such as leads of a pin grid array package or pads of a ball grid array package).
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/13438.000309&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (14582 words)

	Chapter
		It is generally agreed that an order of magnitude is a factor of ten.
		During the petroleum age in a few countries, the automobile was made to operate faster than the bicycle by factors of two or three and thus facilitated an order of magnitude increase in commuting range.
		Energy can be stored: a wound-up spring, a charged-up battery, water behind a dam, a gallon of gasoline.
	www.niquette.com /certainb/chapt08/8text.htm (2150 words)

	University Chemistry: Thermodynamics: Terms and Concepts of Energy
		There is potential energy, the energy of position of a body, quantitatively given by E = mgh where m is the mass of the body, g is the force of gravity, and h is the height of the body above the ground.
		Chemists virtually never consider nuclear energy as within the province of chemistry because the energy of nuclear reactions is so many orders of magnitude greater than the energy of ordinary chemical reactions.
		This is almost some ten orders of magnitude, or ten thousand million times, less energy than that given by the Einstein relationship as the equivalent of one kilogram of mass.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/reference/plambeck/chem2/p02021.htm (1184 words)

	Vol. 24, No. 9 - Access to Energy Newsletter
		Even though Isaac Newton's pebbles and shells formed the basis for the scientific and industrial revolutions which created our civilization and Newton was undoubtedly able to foresee at least some of their implications and potential, he never lost the humility with which he placed himself and his discoveries in universal perspective.
		Facility with orders of magnitude and mental arithmetic is more common among scientists and engineers in the older generations because they did not have calculators and personal computers.
		Each slide rule calculation required simultaneous mental calculation of the order of magnitude of the answer, since a slide rule does not preserve the position of the decimal point.
	www.accesstoenergy.com /view/ate/s41p858.htm (3920 words)

	USS Clueless - Obscure energy sources
		If any proposed energy source can't be scaled up to generate 10 gigawatts average (1% of that), it won't be large enough to make any significant difference in the grand scheme of things even if it works and is really, really cool and clever and innovative and nifty.
		The energy released by fission and fusion doesn't come from a change in the number of particles; rather, the hadrons are changing weight, and the energy release comes from that.
		The reason that fusing hydrogen into helium releases energy is that the protons and neutrons in helium weigh slightly less than the ones in protium and deuterium, and the excess mass is released as energy (which is why the Sun shines).
	denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2002/09/Obscureenergysources.shtml (3227 words)

	Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme
		The total energy output of the Sun is approximately 64 million Wm The solar radiation disperses uniformly in all directions.
		Therefore, the energy arriving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is many orders of magnitude smaller than that leaving the Sun.
		The atmosphere's greenhouse gases influence this energy balance by absorbing outgoing energy from the Earth, thereby increasing the global average surface temperature.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /Resources/Fact_Sheets/Key_Stage_4/Climate_Change/06.html (720 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Orders of magnitude reduction in cost are apparently possible when compared to all processes requiring electrolysis for the production of rocket fuels or propellants and to all electric propulsion systems.
		An order of magnitude advantage can be attributed to rocket propellant tank factors associated with storing water propellant, compared to cryogenic liquids.
		An order of magnitude can also be attributed to the simplicity of the extraction and processing of ice on the lunar surface, into an easily stored, non-cryogenic rocket propellant (water).
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=341321 (395 words)

	steam rocket factor 1000
		Orders of magnitude reduction in costs are possible when compared to all processes requiring electrolysis for the production of rocket fuels or propellants and to all electric propulsion systems.
		Thus, 85% of the input solar energy must be radiated to space, at less than 200 C. Commercial, unarmored solar photovoltaic materials designed for use in orbit have achieved nearly 300 watts per kilogram, at beginning of life (reference 16).
		The origin of the "orders of magnitude" lies predominantly in the hardware needed for electrolysis for chemical propulsion.
	www.neofuel.com /moonice1000 (3152 words)

	Magnitudes and distance
		The magnitude system was formalized to assume that a factor of 100 in intensity corresponds exactly to a difference of 5 magnitudes.
		Since a logarithmic scale is based on multiplicative factors, each magnitude corresponds to a factor of the 5th root of 100, or 2.512, in intensity.
		As before, we denote such magnitudes measured through a V filter by the subscript V. The absolute magnitude is thus a measure of the intrinsic brightness of the object.
	www.astro.northwestern.edu /labs/m100/mags.html (2233 words)

	CNSI: UCLA Nanosystems Seminar Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In sonoluminescence a sound wave passing through a fluid has its energy concentrated by 12 orders of magnitude to create ultraviolet picosecond flashes of light that originate from nanometer size hot spots whose temperature can reach a million degrees.
		Energy focusing also plays a role in turbulence, where intermittency leads to the formation of unexpected structures.
		Further, the power exchanged reversibly between the motor and its environment is many orders of magnitude greater than the power provided by the chemical fuel or external energy to drive directed motion.
	www.cnsi-uc.org /events/nanoseminar/schedules/nanoseminar_spring05.htm (1767 words)

	Orders of magnitude/template : Orders of magnitude (template)
		A double dash separates the value from the explanation, and the explanation isn't capitalized.
		To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here (dimensions) between 10
		To help compare different [[orders of magnitude]] we list here ([[dimension]]s) between 10 (units) and 10 (units).
	www.fastload.org /or/Orders_of_magnitude_(template).html (134 words)

	Alternative Energy Action Network
		The rate of introduction of hydrogen-fueled vehicles is currently nearly two orders of magnitude lower than was generally expected 4 to 8 years ago [1], and it seems likely to remain at such a depressed rate for at least several more decades [2].
		The mechanical energy alone (ignoring the chemical energy) in a 5000 psi fuel tank may be five times that of a 50-caliber armor- piercing artillery shell.
		When surplus wind energy becomes available is select regions, perhaps the best use of it would be to produce ammonia for renewable fertilizers, as ammonia is much more easily trucked than hydrogen and ammonia production currently accounts for about two-thirds of our total hydrogen usage.
	www.altenergyaction.org /mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=2 (6295 words)

	EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
		To learn that there are many ways to calculate earthquake magnitudes, and to become familiar with some different scales scientists have developed to calculate magnitudes.
		Explore the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the energy released by an earthquake.
		The Learning Library contains a demonstration in the discussion of Magnitudes which helps convey the enormity of this range in scale, by enabling you to plot seismograms of quakes of different magnitudes on the same, linear scale and then switching to a logarithmic axis.
	www.gns.cri.nz /outreach/qt/quaketrackers/curr/eqmag.htm (1181 words)

	MEG Generator
		The wasted energy flow is orders of magnitude greater than the energy flow caught.
		This ocean of energy which permeates everything is sometimes called the ‘zero point’ energy, since it remains there even at absolute zero temperature.
		Time itself is actually compressed energy, and that this free energy is actually coming from the time domain, the ocean of longitudinal EM waves which fill the empty vacuum of spacetime.
	www.halexandria.org /dward174.htm (1733 words)

	High-energy neutrinos
		The construction of high energy, Tera electron-Volt (TeV), neutrino telescopes is aimed at extending the distance accessible to neutrino astronomy by some five orders of magnitude, to the edge of the observable Universe, and at opening a new window of observations at high neutrino energy.
		The DUMAND experiment off the coast of Hawaii demonstrated the feasibility of detection of high energy muons in deep sea water, and the Lake Baikal experiment was the first to detect high energy neutrino induced muons.
		WIMP annihilations could give rise to neutrinos with energies of the order of the WIMP mass, and the flux of these neutrinos goes with the square of the dark matter density.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/12/article5/article5.html (2044 words)

	Final Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Antimatter is âmatter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter.â The concept of antimatter is to use the energy that is produced by the collision of particles with its antiparticle.
		To further emphasize the magnitude of the energy that is released by this collision, comparisons will be made with other high energy producers.
		The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8Ã—1017 J of energy (by the equation E=mcÂ²).
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /has/Students/finalGall.cfm?id=4072 (557 words)

	Orders of Magnitude, Foreword
		This is the third edition of Orders of Magnitude, a concise history of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and its successor agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
		The pace of technological change necessary for such voyages has been so rapid, especially in the last quarter century, that it is easy to forget the extent to which aeronautical research and development--whether in propulsion, structures, materials, or control systems--have provided the fundamental basis for efficient and reliable civil and military flight capabilities.
		Thus it is fitting that this edition of NASA's Orders of Magnitude not only updates the historical record, but restores aeronautics to its due place in the history of the agency and of mankind's most fascinating and continuing voyage.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4406/foreword.html (343 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.75 (1998)
		This insight is still jolting at first hearing; nuclear experiments were in the MeV energy range, while chemistry is in the sub-eV range, more than six orders of magnitude lower.
		and is thus roughly three orders of magnitude smaller in nuclear than in chemical problems.
		However, nuclear scales are about five orders of magnitude smaller than those of atoms (as shown by Rutherford), thus giving an A parameter that is about two orders of magnitude higher in chemistry than in nuclear physics.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=9649&page=46 (467 words)

	Is the cosmological constant nonzero? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We don't know what this mechanism is, but it seems reasonable that suppression by 122 orders of magnitude, which would make the effect of the vacuum energy density on the Universe negligible, is just as probable as suppression by 120 orders of magnitude.
		And 124, 126, 128 etc. orders of magnitude should all be just as probable as well, and all give a negligible effect on the Universe.
		Unless there are data to rule out suppression factors of 122, 124, etc. orders of magnitude then the most probable value of the vacuum energy density is zero.
	www.edu-observatory.org /physics-faq/Relativity/GR/cosConstant.html (1477 words)

	The Quest for a Realistic Cosmology in the Landscape of String Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Observationally, the dark energy density is 120 orders of magnitude smaller than the energy density associated with the Planck scale - the obvious cut off.
		Furthermore, the standard model of cosmology posits that very early on the universe experienced a period of inflation: A brief period of very rapid acceleration, during which the Hubble constant was about 52 orders of magnitude larger than the value observed today.
		At the turnaround, there is little kinetic energy for the moduli, and so all of the energy is dominated by the potential term, which can then act as a cosmological constant.
	www.phys.lsu.edu /mog/mog23/node8.html (2339 words)

	Nuclear Energy
		Anyone who opposes nuclear energy is condemning a quarter (or more) of the human race to starvation.
		The more energy used per person, the more food per person...and the fewer children each family has, easing overpopulation.
		If the whole world is going to be fed, and if overpopulation is to be brought under control, then per-capita energy use in the world must go up...by several orders of magnitude.
	www.readersadvice.com /mmeade/musings/nuclear.html (574 words)

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