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Topic: Orders of magnitude (numbers)

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Orders of magnitude

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	Orders of magnitude
		An order of magnitude is a factor of ten.
		For example, two numbers are said to differ by "3 orders of magnitude" if one is 1000 times larger than other.
		Orders of magnitude are quite easily and commonly described through the use of scientific notation and powers of ten.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/1_/1_E_s.html (260 words)

	Magnitude
		In mathematics, the magnitude of an object is a non-negative real number, which in simple terms is its length.
		In astronomy, magnitude refers to the logarithmic measure of the brightness of an object, measured in a specific wavelength or passband, usually in optical or near-infrared wavelengths: see apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.
		In geology, the magnitude is a logarithmic measure of the energy released during an earthquake.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Magnitude.html (220 words)

	Order of magnitude - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An order of magnitude is an approximate position on a logarithmic scale.
		An order of magnitude estimate of a variable whose precise value is unknown is an estimate rounded to the nearest power of ten.
		For example, an order of magnitude estimate for a variable between about 3 billion and 30 billion (such as the human population of the Earth) is 10 billion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orders_of_magnitude (942 words)

	Orders of magnitude (numbers) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mathematics: 4,294,967,297 is a Fermat number and semiprime.
		, order of magnitude of the largest known prime, as of September 2006.
		, order of magnitude of an upper bound that occurred in a proof of Skewes
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers) (2195 words)

	What is "order of magnitude"?
		An oom by itself (eg, "it went up by three orders of magnitude"), is a factor of ten (so, "it went up by 10^3").
		So order 1 goes from 1/3 to 3, order 10 from 3 to 30, order 100 from 30 to 300, etc. A range, centered on a power of ten, and extending up and down by a factor of 3.
		Numbers smaller than 3.162 are closer to 1, and bigger than that, to 10.
	www.vendian.org /envelope/TemporaryURL/what_is_oom.html (672 words)

	Simulating Quantum Circuits - Factorisation Of Numbers
		The factoring of numbers is of intense interest in the field of cryptography.
		As the length of the number n is O(ln n) this means that the factoring algorithm is exponential in the length of n.
		(mod n), is the number of peaks in the output.
	www.themilkyway.com /quantum/FinalReport/FactorisationOfNumbers.html (870 words)

	Big Numbers and Scientific Notation
		Scientific notation is a way to assess the order of magnitude and to visually decrease the zeros that the student sees.
		Very small numbers use the same type of notation only the exponent on the 10 is usually a negative number.
		Often I see students just ignoring "the little number in the upper right" and so their answer is off by orders of magnitude.
	serc.carleton.edu /quantskills/methods/quantlit/BigNumbers.html (1220 words)

	Kosovo: Orders of Magnitude - by Adam Jones
		In my opinion, to cast aspersion upon the vast number of refugees -- mostly ethnic-Albanian women -- who offered eyewitness testimony of Serb atrocities is to insult those who battled immense emotional anguish, both during and after the war, to give coherent accounts of their experiences to investigators.
		The numbers were too low to please the more necrophiliac commentators, but they were impressive nonetheless: about 11 bodies per gravesite (the Tribunal said it had found graves with up to 100 people in them).
		They matter because orders of magnitude must always be factored into the policy and humanitarian equation.
	www.ideajournal.com /articles.php?id=24 (5865 words)

	Magnitudes and distance
		The magnitude system was formalized to assume that a factor of 100 in intensity corresponds exactly to a difference of 5 magnitudes.
		Since a logarithmic scale is based on multiplicative factors, each magnitude corresponds to a factor of the 5th root of 100, or 2.512, in intensity.
		As before, we denote such magnitudes measured through a V filter by the subscript V. The absolute magnitude is thus a measure of the intrinsic brightness of the object.
	www.astro.northwestern.edu /labs/m100/mags.html (2233 words)

	Benchmarking CLIPS/R2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Like Manners, this program has a fixed number of rules, and scaling is achieved by giving the program bigger and bigger problems to work on.
		Four runs of this program were made, with the number of regions to be labeled varying from 12 to 50.
		(The number of rules in the system does not affect performance much in modern systems because standard algorithms can easily handle large numbers of rules.) Rete II was developed specifically to make it possible for rule systems to deal efficiently with large amounts of data as well as large numbers of rules.
	www.pst.com /benchcr2.htm (861 words)

	orders of magnitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The concept derives from the scientific notation of very large numbers in which each order of magnitude is ten times the previous one.
		When the bacteria in a flask have multiplied from some hundreds to some thousands, it is very handy to say that their numbers have increased by an order of magnitude, and when they have increased to some millions, that their numbers have increased by four orders of magnitude.
		Many seem to suppose that a 100% increase must be pretty much the same as an increase by an order of magnitude, but in fact such an increase represents merely a doubling of quantity.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~brians/errors/orders.html (181 words)

	Smart Software: Numbers in .NET
		In addition, there were also a number of rounding issues, with which we solved with Visual Rounding (converting a number to its visual representation in base ten) and chopping the result of a difference to zero if the result is 16 decimal places (precision) away from the operands.
		However, the Decimal type, which is not supported in hardware, is almost 3 orders of magnitude slower than the other types.
		Anyway, in my quiz, I came up with various assumptions we have that are ordinarily true about numbers in the real world, but prove to be false within the realm of computers.
	wesnerm.blogs.com /net_undocumented/2005/01/numbers_in_net.html (1577 words)

	Review on Rational Numbers
		It's not always a tidy process-it often seems scattershot-like a series of notebook poems-like fragments of a lost and original template--until the end when it all comes together, when the weight of Hix's writing is finally and fully felt to be more than the weight of any individual section.
		"Orders of Magnitude" is comprised of 100 "decimals," each decimal being a 10-line poem, each line containing 10 syllables.
		"Orders of Magnitude" starts out like this: "Here begins the work of darkness in which / I've been encrypted these ten pent terms past," and ends, 9,957 or so syllables later, "already my digits / number my days with painful rigidity.
	www.tcsn.net /jackie/Archive/review_on_rational_numbers.htm (953 words)

	Orders of Magnitude
		And they can imagine (as perhaps laymen cannot) the orders of magnitude of distance and time that measure our universe.
		That is because they understand the orders of magnitude involved.
		When we consider these orders of magnitude of both space and time, we can see why scientists have no interest in putting people in space, have no interest in a Mars colony or a Moon colony, knowing that this is a dead end.
	hometown.aol.com /thales97/physics.htm (1246 words)

	Powers of 10
		Since these numbers range over such small and such large values we get tired of writing out so many zeros, as was being written in the pervious section.
		Each zero represents a power of 10, and if the zero is to the right of a number it represents a power of 10 larger and if a zero is to the left of a number it represents a power of 10 smaller (in this case we use negative powers).
		We can say that the size of our galaxy is "11 orders of magnitude larger than the distance from here to mars and it is 17 orders of magnitude larger than the distance from school to my house".
	lasp.colorado.edu /~bagenal/MATH/math0.html (951 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - Large Numbers
		A unit that addresses the sheer volume of incomprehensible numbers (speed, distance, age) in the natural world, helping students to understand the scale of the world using the concepts of rates, proportions and dimensional analysis.
		Counting by powers of ten includes the "what order of magnitude is...?" game, illustrated instructions for counting to ten billion on your fingers, and lots of dots -- a million dots on one page, and a dot for every second...more>>
		The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel School of Education.
	mathforum.org /library/topics/large_numbers (1519 words)

	Fabulous Adventures In Coding : Floating Point And Benford's Law, Part Two
		A number of readers asked for an explanation of my offhand comment that Benford's Law can be used to show that binary is the best base for doing floating point math.
		Indeed, the typical relative representation error for the binary system is always between 24 and 25 (binary) orders of magnitude smaller than the value being approximated.
		In decimal, the probability that a number begins with a 1 is 30%, the probability that it begins with a 9 is 4.5%.
	blogs.msdn.com /ericlippert/archive/2005/01/13/352284.aspx (1723 words)

	Wikinfo \| Orders of magnitude (mass) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This is a list of orders of magnitude for mass.
		Other lists for time, area, volume, length and dimensionless numbers are also available, and an overview is at order of magnitude.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=1_E2_kg (494 words)

	Orders of Magnitude - 10 to the -11th Power
		Orders of Magnitude - 10 to the -11th Power
		Measuring in meters, this power of ten is equal to 10 picometers or 0.1 angstrom.
		Measuring in seconds, this power of ten equals 10 picoseconds.
	www.ordersofmagnitude.biz /powers/power_detail.html?id_power=-11 (43 words)

	5-watt tube amps are still as loud as a trumpet! 50 mW is needed for 1/8 the volume of 50 W
		So, we need to reduce power by orders of magnitude: from 50 watts not merely down to 15 watts, but rather, to 5 watts.
		You have every reason to consider reducing the power by yet another order of magnitude -- it's what home jammers want, even if they are confused about what they want and think that more power is better even as they complain about needing quieter amps.
		These figures are hypothetical and it would be helpful to see bench numbers comparing actual amps' wattage at different distortion percentages, of a solid-state amp and tube amp of whatever advertised wattage, to confirm whether tube amps have "more gradual onset of distortion" in the sense described here.
	www.amptone.com /g112.htm (2727 words)

	DrScheme's Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		it also prints inexact reals with just a dot, implying that all such numbers are inexact and possibly distant from the actual result.
		For example, numbers in financial statements should always be interpreted as exact numbers; arithmetical operations on such numbers should be as precise as possible.
		When we add two inexact numbers of vastly different orders of magnitude, we may get the larger one back as the result.
	www.htdp.org /2001-11-21/Book/node173.htm (368 words)

	C&EN: TODAY'S HEADLINES - NMR PICKS UP SPEED
		The method obtains a complete multidimensional NMR spectrum in a single scan instead of the large numbers currently required, and it can be carried out with conventional NMR hardware and techniques.
		Ultrafast multidimensional NMR could aid studies of chemical structure and dynamics and could be useful in combinatorial chemistry, where large numbers of compounds need to be analyzed rapidly.
		This yields improvements of one to three orders of magnitude in overall acquisition time.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/topstory/8051/8051notw5.html (427 words)

	Orders of Magnitude
		The number of characters in the Bible is known to a fairly good precision: I counted 4017010 characters in the Authorized version.
		Now consider the phonebook: I took a phonebook of Paris (because that's one I happen to have with me), and I estimated around 30 to 40 characters per line, 150 lines and 4 columns per page, thus, around 20000 characters per page.
		The log base 2 of this number of logons is around 306.
	www.madore.org /~david/misc/orders_mag.html (1042 words)

	ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
		Orders of magnitude in distance (chart at a glance)
		Chemical - Physical Change Inquiry Note: this is not really an order of magnitude activity, but it goes nicely with Ph, acids, and bases.
		....probes the infinite magnitude of the universe and its reverse...
	mimp.mems.cmu.edu /~ordofmag/orders_of_magnitude.htm (940 words)

	Geekable.com: Orders of magnitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Emotionally we get choked up about a little girl getting killed -- especially if we can see her picture -- but we do not feel emotionally touched by thousands of people being wiped out by a tidal wave or an earthquake.
		Somehow we must learn that our grief should rise monotonically with the magnitude of a catastrophe.
		Listed below are links to the 0 weblogs that reference 'Orders of magnitude' from Geekable.com.
	geekable.com /blog/2005/05/29/orders_of_magnitude.html (216 words)

	CNN.com - Sporadic violence doesn't deter Iraqi voters - Jan 31, 2005
		U.N. election organizer Carlos Valezuela told CNN that though he was "happy with the turnout," it was too early to report numbers.
		There were also questions about the number of registered voters.
		Although the IECI and the U.S. State Department said more than 14 million Iraqis were registered, some Iraqi officials gave that same figure for the total number of eligible voters.
	edition.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/meast/01/30/iraq.main/index.html (1577 words)

	mediabistro.com: TVNewser
		Wednesday's cable ratings were inflated due to the election, and CNN benefited, topping FNC for the day in the 25-54 demo.
		But on Thursday, as the Senate results cemented, the cable numbers settled and FNC regained its top dog status.
		CNN's numbers are still above average, though, and an average of just 42,000 demo viewers separated the two channels in total day.
	www.mediabistro.com /tvnewser/ratings/default.asp (798 words)

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