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Topic: Orders of magnitude (pressure)

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	Order of magnitude - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus, an order of magnitude is an approximate position on a logarithmic scale.
		An order of magnitude estimate of a variable whose precise value is unknown is an estimate rounded to the nearest power of ten.
		For example, an order of magnitude estimate for a variable between about 3 billion and 30 billion (such as the human population of the Earth) is 10 billion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Order_of_magnitude (518 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pressure Assisted Sintering - Technology Pressure assisted sintering increases the contact pressure of particles and thus the driving force for sintering, compared to pressureless solid state sintering.
		The excess of driving force for sintering due to externally applied pressure is frequently used to decrease the processing temperature (usually by 100 to 500(C) rather than to achieve rapid densification rates.
		The pressure can only be transmitted to the interior of the component if the surface is SEALED using metal or glass cans, or pre-densification until closed (>92%TD) porosity is produced.
	www.mmat.ubc.ca /courses/mmat382/sections/cnc521.doc (428 words)

	High Pressure Physics and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)
		About Us Pressure possesses perhaps the greatest range of all the physical variables — 60 orders of magnitude separate the pressure in the remotest vacuum of space from that found at the centre of a neutron star.
		Additionally, pressure is a 'clean' variable in that it can bring about large changes in structure and properties without altering the chemical composition or thermal energy of a system.
		The effects of pressure on magnetic ordering and on mixed molecular systems (with relevance to planetary modeling), high-pressure polymerisation and the search for new hard materials are all subjects of current activity.
	www.ph.ed.ac.uk /cmatter/highpressure.html (1659 words)

	Pressure Relations
		The principal factor controlling the violence of explosive eruptions is the magnitude of residual gaseous phase, when the magma approaches the surface.
		(c) the pressure required to overcome surface tension: The essential condition is the relationship between gas pressure in bubbles to the strength of the surrounding liquid.
		The final sizes and gas pressures of bubbles are mainly a function of magma viscosity: the effect of increased viscosity during exsolution arrests expansion when the volumetric ratio of gas to liquid is between 3:1 and 5:1.
	www.geo.ua.edu:16080 /volcanology/lecture_notes_files/pressure_relations.html (427 words)

	Orders of magnitude (numbers) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Meaning in words: 3 orders of magnitude greater.
		, order of magnitude of the largest known prime, as of December 2005.
		, order of magnitude of an upper bound that occurred in a proof of Skewes
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1_E9 (2262 words)

	Helium Evidence for A Young World Overcomes Pressure -- TrueOrigin Archive
		For example, argon diffusion in phlogopite mica may be at least 3 to 6 orders of magnitude higher in a vacuum than under pressurized conditions (McDougall and Harrison, 1999, p.
		Henke’s “at least 3 to 6 orders of magnitude” would be a factor ranging from 1,000 to 1,000,000.
		That means the pressure effect on the diffusion rates of helium in zircon would be less than a few tenths of one percent.
	www.trueorigin.org /helium02.asp (1898 words)

	Common Sense Rules of the Road: Orders of Magnitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To accommodate the interim period before orders are relayed to the inpatient nurse, many emergency physicians write "holding orders" to facilitate the transition.
		Holding orders should also instruct the nurse to call the physician responsible and obtain admission orders within a specified time frame and beforehand should there be any change in the patient's condition.
		If admission orders arrive on the floor along with the patient, there may be a reluctance to "bother" the attending and, thus, a missed opportunity to prevent error due to false assumptions.
	www.aaem.org /commonsense/rules16.shtml (789 words)

	The Grimes Group: Important Breakthough in Time Domain Analysis of Antennas
		The magnitude so dominates the Coulomb force that the size of the radiating eigenstate electron surely undergoes a nova-like expansion of the upper hemisphere once the radiation process begins.
		Indeed, the pressure is so large that it belies the use of perturbation techniques to calculate radiation effects, as done in Sec.
		The radiation reaction pressure is many orders of magnitude greater than the pressure of Coulomb attraction.
	www.ee.psu.edu /grimes/antennas/breakthrough.htm (321 words)

	EXCESS MASS STRESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The degeneracy pressure is reduced by the clustering behavior of bosons and of pairs of fermions.
		sec, and the rigidity is of the order of 10
		As the dimensions of flow increase, the velocity of E.M. decreases because the intensity of frictional forces is proportional to the thickness of the boundary layer, that is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number that is its viscosity.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/Excess-mass-stress.htm (5936 words)

	Genesis of dewatering structures
		A similar series of calculations were made with a three order of magnitude lower hydraulic conductivity to demonstrate the large degree of error that must be involved in the measurement of hydraulic conductivity to negate these calculations (Table 3).
		Pore water pressure (isotropic) in the model results from melt water added to the till flowing due to the hydraulic gradient, i (unitless), and part of the weight of the overlying till and ice.
		The first term of equation 12 determines the pore water pressure from overlying water and the hydraulic gradient, while the second and third terms calculate the pressure from overlying ice and sediment supported by the pore water, respectively.
	www.bcc.orst.edu /~carlsand/Genesis_of_Dewatering_J.G.-2004.htm (5046 words)

	FLAC Pore Pressure Diffusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The model is a horizontal crustal section at 2 kbar, and a high pore pressure is imposed on the western boundary (1.e7 Pa) and the aim is to track equillibration of the system.
		High pore pressure and a steep gradient develop on the western side, but no evidence of that increased pore pressure is recorded on the eastern side.
		If the bulk modulus of the pore fluids used were to be higher, pore pressure would propagate more rapidly across the model, leading to a crustal wide yielding to a generalized pore pressure increase, such as happens late in the model shown above (movie).
	www.earth.monash.edu.au /~weinberg/Discharge/PP_diffusion/PP-diffusion.htm (325 words)

	Acoustics Monitoring Program
		The sound levels to which most mammals are sensitive extend over many orders of magnitude and, for this reason, it is convenient to use a logarithmic scale when measuring sound.
		In other words, the decibel is 10 times the log of the ratio of two intensities, and 20 times the log of the ratio of two pressures.
		Whenever "level" is added to the terms sound intensity or sound pressure, it usually implies that the measurement is in decibels.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/acoustics/tutorial/7-SPL-SIL.html (386 words)

	ipedia.com: Measurement Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Measurement is the determination of the size or magnitude of something.
		Measurement is not limited to physical quantities, but can extend to quantifying almost any imaginable thing such as degree of uncertainty, consumer confidence, or the rate of increase in the fall in the price of beanie babies.
		Measuring the ratios between physical quantities is an important sub-field of physics.
	www.ipedia.com /measurement.html (512 words)

	Interstitial hydraulic conductivity in a fibrosarcoma -- Zhang et al. 279 (6): 2726 -- AJP - Heart and Circulatory ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The threshold pressures in 1-D and 3-D experiments are indicated by an arrowhead and arrow, respectively.
		The existence of the threshold pressure suggests that majority of the interstitial fluid in nonperfused tumor tissues is immobilized
		Changes in vessel pressure and interstitial fluid pressure of normal subcutis and subcutaneous tumor in rats due to angiotensin II.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/6/H2726 (5474 words)

	Is the cosmological constant nonzero?
		We don't know what this mechanism is, but it seems reasonable that suppression by 122 orders of magnitude, which would make the effect of the vacuum energy density on the Universe negligible, is just as probable as suppression by 120 orders of magnitude.
		And 124, 126, 128 etc. orders of magnitude should all be just as probable as well, and all give a negligible effect on the Universe.
		Unless there are data to rule out suppression factors of 122, 124, etc. orders of magnitude then the most probable value of the vacuum energy density is zero.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/cosConstant.html (1477 words)

	Pervasive pressure solution transfer in a quartz sand
		The kinetics of deformation of a quartz aggregate by pervasive pressure solution can be, under certain conditions of temperature and grain size, strongly dependent upon the diffusivity of silica into the grain-to-grain contacts.
		This analysis is based on recent advances on studying silica surfaces and particularly on the existence of a silica gel layer on the silica surfaces undergoing dissolution.
		By reinvestigating the electroviscous effect occurring at the grain-to-grain contact the present analysis shows that the diffusivity of silica at the grain-to-grain contacts is likely to be relatively similar to that in the bulk pore water (maybe 1 order of magnitude smaller but not more).
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JB900465.shtml (326 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The pressure in the ion source is usually orders of magnitude higher than the pressure in the chamber.
		If the SAC and STC pressure increases by an order of magnitude, close off valve V9 immediately and inform Dr. Ada or Bersch to correct the leak valve setting.
		The optimum operating pressure for the ion gun is reached when the STC pressure reading is 1.1 x 10-6 torr.
	bama.ua.edu /~eada/sal/manuals/etching.doc (1061 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In two previous papers we investigated in detail the formation of Hydrogen lines in high pressure dMe stellar chromospheres, constraining the possible structures over a two orders of magnitude pressure range.
		All Hydrogen series, except the Lyman series for intermediate and high pressures, are sensitive to the temperature minimum when large changes are considered.
		Heavy elements are the main electron donor in the photosphere for all models, and in the chromosphere for low pressure models.
	star.arm.ac.uk /~ambn/abstract180.html (397 words)

	Berkeley Lab Research Review Summer 1999
		They found that pressure applied along one direction changed the electron orbitals around the copper atoms, effectively enlarging these orbitals enough so that even at low concentrations they overlapped and permitted conduction.
		Not only have the researchers seen a huge physical effect, an increase in conductivity of many orders of magnitude achieved simply by applying pressure, says Haller, "but it is intrinsically interesting to be able to study the Hubbard band in a new state, clearly separated from the valence band of germanium.
		This lack of long range order is related to such desirable features as strength and low damping-the ability to deliver a really big bounce-which is one reason why the premier use for zirconium-based metallic glass is the manufacture of expensive golf club heads.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1999/departments/am.shtml (1805 words)

	Six orders of magnitude in linear tape technology: The one-terabyte project
		Since the commercial introduction of SCM chips, their capacity has increased five orders of magnitude, HDD areal density has increased seven orders of magnitude, and tape areal density has increased five orders of magnitude.
		While areal density has increased by about two and a half orders of magnitude from the mid-1980s to today, the price of a half-inch tape cartridge has increased from $20 at the time of its introduction in the 1980s to $100 today.
		The IBM 3570 also introduced a timing-based servo [2] in order to achieve high reliability and ease of migration to higher track densities.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/474/childers.html (4097 words)

	Solder-free pressure contact micro-springs in high-density flip-chip packages
		This work investigates electrical pressure contacts based on a micro-spring with orders of magnitude smaller pitch and force than conventional pressure contacts.
		High-speed glitch measurements are performed to confirm the pressure contact does not have intermittent opens during thermocycling.
		These results suggest that a low-force solder-free pressure spring contact is a viable technology for next generation flip-chip packaging.
	www.parc.xerox.com /research/publications/details.php?id=5424 (243 words)

	PPR - Vacuum Process Monitor
		Two paths are provided to the residual gas analyzer (RGA): a high conductivity path for monitoring base vacuum, and a pressure reducing path for monitoring the process at operating pressure.
		The pressure reducing path contains a micro-hole orifice which is designed to operate at one of the following pressures: 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 Torr.
		This pressure drop is maintained by the pumping system which consists of a hybrid turbomolecular pump and a diaphragm pump.
	www.thinksrs.com /products/PPR.htm (336 words)

	Resistivity Under Pressure: Copper Doped Germanium
		"A little pressure induces a change of over a dozen orders of magnitude--one trillion fold!--in conductivity," says Haller, pointing to a plot that displays the resistivity of a copper-doped germanium sample abruptly dropping as pressure increases.
		It was a simple matter to apply over four kilobars of pressure [over 4,000 times atmospheric pressure at sea level] to a one-by-one-by-five millimeter chip of copper-doped germanium by squeezing it in a vise.
		What Dubon, Walukiewicz and Haller found was that pressure applied along one direction changed the electron orbitals around the copper atoms, effectively enlarging these orbitals enough so that even at low concentrations they overlapped and permitted conduction.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/copper-doped-germanium.html (738 words)

	Pressure ranges and instrumentation
		The pressure scale shown ranges from the degree of vacuum found in interplanetary space (and some vacuum processes on Earth) to pressures that are higher than experienced at the bottom of deep ocean trenches (and in hydraulic systems) - some seventeen orders of magnitude.
		The diagram is only meant as a general guide and is not a rigorous classification but it does illustrate the range of technologies used to measure pressure (or sometimes generate it), where particular pressures might be found in nature and the continuity of pressure with vacuum.
		Its single scale includes absolute-, differential- and gauge-mode pressures that are denoted with A, D or G flags respectively.
	www.npl.co.uk /pressure/faqs/ranges.html (250 words)

	Kosovo: Orders of Magnitude - by Adam Jones
		On the subject of cursory investigations, it might be worth mentioning another European forensic pathologist whose comments on deaths in Kosovo attracted a flicker of media notice in late August 1999, well over two months after the KFOR occupation and Tribunal investigations commenced.
		They matter because orders of magnitude must always be factored into the policy and humanitarian equation.
		The term "genocide" must be used with care, but it is by no means the case that the destruction of a targeted population must be total in order to qualify.
	www.ideajournal.com /articles.php?id=24 (5865 words)

	How long before superintelligence?
		That is three orders of magnitude less than the upper bound calculated by assuming that there is no redundancy.
		But if we can optimize away three orders of magnitude on speed by simulating 1000-neuron aggregates, we will probably be able to cut away at least one order of magnitude of the memory requirement.
		This is two orders of magnitude greater than the estimate of neural-level simulation given in the original paper above, which assumes a cruder level of simulation of neurons.
	www.nickbostrom.com /superintelligence.html (6953 words)

	Measurement of Particle Phase Stresses in Fast Fluidized Beds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To address this problem, measurements were made of the local time-averaged solid pressure in a FFB riser for a wide range of flow conditions and bed locations.
		The solid-pressure values, which were several orders of magnitude smaller than the gas pressure, were found to vary primarily with the local time-averaged solid concentration.
		Using constitutive relations from the kinetic theory of particulate flow, values of local time-averaged solid-phase shear viscosity were calculated from the measured solid pressure and solid fraction.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/iecred/1999/38/i03/abs/ie980354n.html (181 words)

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