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Topic: Orenburg Cossacks

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	Cossack - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the sixteenth century, with the dominance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Ruthenian Cossack people) made little progress due to their lack of popularity within the Commonwealth.
		The Cossack's strong historic allegiance to the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Commonwealth dominated by the Catholicism increased the tensions, especially when the Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to suppression of the Orthodox church, which made the Cossacks strongly anti-Catholic which at the time was synonymous to anti-Polish.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Cossack (4137 words)

	History of Orenburg
		It is borne by the railway station, which began to operate near the yard at the beginning of this century as a “subordinate” of the yard.
		After the great fire of 1786 a new cossack settlement began to be built to the east of the fortress (the first one had been burned down by the order of governor Reinsdorp, when the pugatchev rebels approached Orenburg in the autumn of 1773).
		The beginning of the second period of the development of Orenburg is marked by shearing off the rampart and digging in the moat.
	www.orenburg.ru /city/history_eng.html (2939 words)

	Cossacks - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first Cossack companies were formed in the 15th cent., when Ukraine, then part of the unified Polish-Lithuanian state, took independent measures to defend itself against the devastating Tatar raids.
		The Cossacks gave shelter to refugees from Poland and Russia and took part in peasant revolts in Ukraine and Russia in the 17th and 18th cent.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs survived, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cossacks.html (565 words)

	History of the Cossacks - text in English
		Sometimes, the Cossacks are considered to be the direct descendants of the non Slavian tribes (Khasares, Cossogens, Tcherkesses, a.o.), who settled in some of the areas of southern Russia, in the period of the desintegration.
		Cossacks, who, due to their talents and audacity, were awarded in particular, since the beginning they had been elected to the Council of Elders and hereby gained a priviliged position in the forces.
		Cossacks were increasingly put into action for military reasons outside of their own territories, which caused changes within the interior law-and-order of the Cossacks communities.
	www.face-music.ch /inform/history_cossacks.html (2166 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Ural cossacks carried the same form, as Don, with that difference, that instrument color was not red, but crimson and stripes on wide trousers double-row.
		In structure of the case teptyarsky cossacks participated in rearguard fights, battled under the World, went to spot-check on the Borodino field, and then in structure of "flying" groups were sent on searches of enemy transports and fyrazhires, 2-nd Teptyarsky shelfs in the beginning of war remained on a place.
		Cossacks Orenburg Indispensable a shelf had crimson collars and cuffs, and also magnificent feather sultans.
	city.gatchina.ru /school/gym/kaz1/page2.htm (278 words)

	Orenburg Cossack Host P.I. Avdeev Polozov Ural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cossacks had “constantly asked for their pay, declaring that they were continuously on patrol and other missions and performing government labor, and from lack of pay they were suffering greatly and had fallen into permanent poverty.
		The unpaid Orenburg cossacks, if they were ordered to duty far away from their own fort, should be given a rouble a month and provisions, and if they had to stay away during the winter, then rations for that time, too.
		In 1822 it was ordered that all cossack youths over the age of 18 were to be enrolled as cossacks, especially those whose fathers were still serving, so that children might take their turn on duty in place of their fathers and the farm might not be left without supervision or someone to work it.
	home.comcast.net /~juneblum/OREN.html (15883 words)

	The Napoleonic Association
		Cossacks were a special military cast from various areas of Russia; the Don, Orenburg, Ural, Ukraine and other Cossack Voisko (hosts).
		On the formal battlefield, the Cossacks were of little practical value, as their impulsive and disorganised charges had almost no effect when confronted by steady infantry formations.
		In 1788, the foot and mounted Cossacks of the Zaporogian Voisko (host) joined the Army of Prince Potemkin under the title of "the troops of the devoted Cossacks of the Black Sea." The Black Sea Leib-Garde Sotnia was created in May 1811.
	www.n-a.co.uk /cossacks.htm (2816 words)

	Military Uniforms and Material Supply of the Russian Forces during the Reign of Alexander I
		According to this the cossacks were to have a chekmen or caftan of dark-blue cloth with red piping on the collar and cuffs and wear it from September through May, and during the rest of the year they were to wear a jacket tucked into wide sharovary trousers with red stripes.
		Cossack as a rule wore silver (white) appointments, but at their request cossack artillerymen were authorized gold (yellow) appointments.
		Horse and foot cossack and jägers were to be dressed in Russian caftans of loose cut reaching to the knees, sharovary pants (both of the pants and caftans being of peasant cloth), and peasant shirts with neck openings set to the side.
	home.comcast.net /~markconrad/ODEZHDA.html (8424 words)

	Cossacks. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Following the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), the majority of the Cossacks fought against the Soviet armies in the civil war of 1918–20.
		In 1936, however, the Cossack party regained status, being allowed to form several cavalry divisions in the Russian army.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs continue to survive, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Cossacks.html (448 words)

	Centres
		Its origin is connected with Russian Cossacks who founded a fortress at the confluence of the Om and the Irtysh in 1716.
		Today Orenburg is a city with a population of 500,000.
		Orenburg is a major industrial center of Russia, with 90 enterprises, including those of gas industry.
	www.moscowvoyage.msk.ru /en/centres/centres.htm (4605 words)

	Russian Cossacks of the Napoleonic Wars - Military Miniatures Magazin
		Cossacks paid no poll-tax, they lived in a truly democratic and very religious society, and in the 19th century they were considered exceptionally hospitable and cleanly.
		In 1802, the number of Cossacks on active military duty was estimated at 100,000 men, approximately 22 percent of the Russian army.
		Cossacks were excellent scouts, who continuously harrassed and attacked the enemy during and advance or withdrawal.
	www.miniatures.de /html/int/1812-kosak.html (331 words)

	Lenin: 1907/agrprogr: 2. Local Self-Government as a 'Bulwark Against Reaction' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cossack landownership, however, is of use not only in the event of restoration, but also as a means of upholding what must be overthrown before it can be restored.
		In addition, the Orenburg Cossacks own 1,300,000 dessiatins of “army lands”; the Don Cossacks, 1,900,000 dessiatins, etc. This “municipalisation” is the breeding-ground of purely feudal relations.
		And in the Second Duma we find the Right Cossack Karaulov speaking in support of Stolypin (asserting that Stolypin in his declaration also agreed to the compulsory shifting of land boundaries), denouncing nationalisation no less strongly than Plekhanov, and openly declaring in favour of municipalisation by regions (18th session, March 29, 1907, Stenographic Record, p.1366).
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1907/agrprogr/ch04s2.htm (1537 words)

	Savage and Soldier Online
		Perovsky's defeat in 1839 and the disasters incurred by Cossack expeditions in the 1600's and early 1700's were dredged up to stir the flames of Slavism and patriotism.
		Already short or transport, Lomakin forced the Cossacks to surrender their mounts to haul the ill. Miraculously not one man was lost, but due to the animal loss, the Kinderly Column was on its last legs when scouts from the Orenburg force discovered it and brought Lomakin's troops to safety.
		The Orenburg Column, numbering 3,461 men, was organized into 9 infantry companies, 9 sotnias of Cossacks, a battery of "Flying Artillery", a rocket battery, and a half battery of mortars.
	www.savageandsoldier.com /articles/asia/CentralAsia2.html (5685 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Further [on, at the 953 verst, the line traverses the river Atlian, spanned by a bridge of 15 sazhens, and passing the watershed of the rivers Atlian and Mias, crosses the latter by a bridge with an opening of 25 sazhens.
		Auriferous gravel is found partly on lands belonging to the State, and partly on that of the Bashkirs and Orenburg Cossacks.
		The mining industries of the Orenburg Transural are comprised in the Cheliabinsk, Troitsk and Verkhneuralsk districts, which from their geographical, topographical and economic conditions, are in close connexion with the Samara-Zlatoust line; their management is entrusted to the Orenburg Mining Office located in the Mias iron works.
	memory.loc.gov /service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txn/nb0004/1110107.txt (473 words)

	Russian Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lenin was surprised by the outbreak of war and initially underestimated the extent of forces that rose against his new country.
		The initial group that stood against the from the start were mainly counterrevolutionary generals local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty the Provisional Government ; prominent were Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin (Don Cossacks) Alexander Dutov (Orenburg Cossacks) and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Baikal Cossacks).
		However the Cossacks were to fight and when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January under Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko the Cossacks quickly deserted Kaledin who suicide.
	www.freeglossary.com /Russian_Civil_War (1844 words)

	FAQs about Russian Cossacks from Kuban - Krasnodar Region
		Russian Cossacks on active service were divided into three equal parts according to age, and only the first third (approximately age 18-26) normally performed active service, while the rest effectively functioned as reserves, based at home but bound to march out at short notice.
		In 1893 the Cossacks had a total population of 2,648,049 (including 1,331,470 women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres (593,000 kmІ) of land, including 105,000,000 acres (425,000 kmІ) of arable land and 9,400,000 acres (38,000 kmІ) under forests.
		The income which the Cossack voiskos received from the lands (which they rented to different persons), also from various sources (trade patents, rents of shops, fisheries, permits for gold-digging, etc.), as also from the subsidies they received from the government (about Ј712,500 in 1893), went to cover all the expenses of state and local administration.
	personal.atl.bellsouth.net /j/d/jdoxx/faqs.html (902 words)

	AST Publications AST-015 The Russian cadets, 1864 - 1917. The history of the military colleges on www.Aviapress.com. ...
		In 1904 the Novocherkassk Cossacks college was rewarded by the uniform of the Don Cossacks cavalry regiments.
		The similar uniform for the Orenburg Cossacks college cadets was introduced only in 1903 due the pattern of Orenburg Cossacks forces.
		It is the fl double breasted uniform, the collar and cuffs is sewed by the wide silver gallon, the livid wide trousers with the light blue stripe.
	www.aviapress.com /viewonekit.htm?AST-015 (467 words)

	Don Kozakkenkoor
		After World War, I the Cossacks who fought for Tsar Nicolaj II were sent to the Tschillinger Camp.
		He did his utmost to restart the Don Cossacks Choir with a number of very enthusiastic singers in the The Hague region.
		After that he became conductor of the orchestra of the Orenburg State Cossacks Choir and teacher at the State Institute of Culture in Moscow.
	www.donkozakkenkoor.nl /english.php (413 words)

	Chechen Society. Independent social political newspaper :: "Funny" Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In his opinion, the creation of a Cossack unit in the Republic is, "inexpedient and untimely because more than seventy thousand individuals from various security forces are currently located on its territory, (and are already) protecting the social order and constitutional structure of the region."
		Historian Murad Nashkhoev affirms that, “today this plan is doomed to fail as every Cossack must be Orthodox Christian.” “Moreover, our people have always known that the Russian Empire’s Cossacks were the ‘shock force’ for conquest of the entire Caucasus at the end of the XVII century.
		Concerning the “present campaign for restoration of the Don Cossacks - which brings to mind people’s folkloric collective,” as it relates to the “Chechen Cossacks,” Dedjukhova presents an analogy to the Mamluks - the personal guard of Egyptian leaders that was composed of Georgians, Cherkess and other Caucasian peoples.
	eng.chechensociety.net /index.php?id_article=218 (2025 words)

	Afghanistan and the Anglo-Russian Dispute eBook
		A feature of the Russian cavalry equipment is the pioneer outfit, consisting of tools for construction or destruction, as they desire to repair a bridge or destroy a railroad; this outfit for each squadron is carried on a pack-mule; dynamite is carried in a cart with the ammunition train.
		The Cossack (except of the Caucasus) is armed with a long lance (front rank only), a sabre without guard, and a Berdan rifle.
		In the mounted drill of the Cossacks there is a charge as skirmishers (or “foragers”) called the “lava,” which is executed at a great pace and with wild yells of “Hourra!”
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/7320/47.html (458 words)

	The Armies of Europe by Frederick Engels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But of these 500,000 men, the local corps of the Caucasus, of Orenburg, and Siberia cannot be made available for any war on the western frontier of the empire; so that, against western Europe, not more than 260,000 infantry, 70,000 cavalry, and 50,000 artillery, with about 1,000 guns, can be used, beside some 30,000 Cossacks.
		The Cossacks, capital light cavalry as they are in some respects, are so unreliable generally, that before the enemy a second line of out-posts is always placed in the rear of the line of Cossack out-posts.
		In petty warfare, the Cossacks are the only troops to be feared, from their activity and indefatigability; but their love of drink and plunder makes them very unreliable for their commander.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1855/armies-europe/ch02.htm (6831 words)

	Russian Civil War - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions
		Lenin was surprised by the outbreak of the Civil War and initially under-estimated the extent of the forces that rose against his new country, early successes in the Don region made him over-confident.
		The initial group that stood against the Communists from the start were mainly counter-revolutionary generals and local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government—prominent were Kaledin (Don Cossacks), Dutov (Orenburg Cossacks), and Semenov (Baikal Cossacks).
		However the Cossacks were unwilling to fight, and when the Soviet counter-offensive began in January under Antonov-Ovseenko the Cossacks quickly deserted Kaledin, who committed suicide.
	www.questionz.net /20th_century/Russian_Civil_War.html (1521 words)

	Amazon.com: "Orenburg Cossacks": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Cossack colonists took the name of an important military fort, calling themselves the Orenburg Cossacks.
		Orenburg Cossacks In 1803 a census was held of the Orenburg Cossacks which counted 22,327 people.
		The abolition of serfdom in 1861 brought a massive influx of freed serfs seeking land.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Orenburg-Cossacks (489 words)

	Magdeburg Sting 1936 - Part III (documents)
		Budienny was born into a poor peasant family in the Terek Cossack region of southern Russia.
		He worked as a farm laborer until 1903, when he was drafted into the army of the Russian Empire, becoming a cavalryman and serving in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.
		Gayk was Armenian, born in Tabriz, Iran to a family of teachers.
	www.minelinks.com /war/cavalry_doc.html (1167 words)

	Agrarian Prog . . . First Russian Revolution - pt. 2
		In addition, the Orenburg Cossacks own 1,000,000 dessiatins of "army lands"; the Don Cossacks, 1,900,000 dessiatins, etc. This "municipalisation" is the breeding-ground of purely feudal relations.
		The point is that one and the same class should have political power both centrally and locally, that democracy should be quite consistently applied in both cases to an absolutely equal degree, a degree sufficient to ensure the complete supremacy of, let us say, the majority of the population, i.e., the peasantry.
		That would mean the creation of a new, reactionary, Cossack stratum -- reactionary because privileged small farmers having ten times more land than all the rest of the farmers could not but resist the peasant revolution, and could not but defend the privileges of private landownership.
	www.marx2mao.com /Lenin/APFR07ii.html (17548 words)

	SAC 1682-1796
		Orenburg situated at confluence of Ori and Ural rivers [g].
		Emperor of the Cossacks: Pugachev and the Frontier Jacquerie of 1773-1775 (1973)
		Cossack autonomy was a victim of Pugachev rebellion.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/sac.1682.1796.htm (12938 words)

	WarChron - Red GUards - Fighting in Moscow
		On 12 November, at Pulkovo Heights, General Krasnov's Cossacks were repulsed by Red Guards, supported by an armored train, and forced to retire in disorder.
		Turkestan's Red Guards were cut off from Russia by Orenburg Cossacks, who sat astride the Tashkent — Orenburg - Moscow railroad.
		In mid-November, at Ekaterinodar, Kuban Cossack Ataman Filimonov implored General M.A. Przhevalskiy, commander of the Caucasian Front, to halt the flow of soldiers into the Kuban, which was impossible.
	www.warchron.com /redGuardsFightingInMoscow.htm (676 words)

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