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Topic: Organic matter

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	LTER Core Area Research - Movement of Organic Matter
		Organic matter consists of the dead and decaying plants and animals in the environment.
		Decomposition of organic matter affects the availability of nutrients to plants and animals, as well as soil formation and soil stability.
		The rate at which organic matter decays and becomes available to plants and animals in the system can then be measured, and questions such as "How does the decomposition of organic material affect the soil?" can be addressed.
	www.lternet.edu /coreareas/org.html (455 words)

	What Does Organic Matter Do In Soil?
		Organic matter serves as a reservoir of nutrients and water in the soil, aids in reducing compaction and surface crusting, and increases water infiltration into the soil.
		Organic matter behaves somewhat like a sponge, with the ability to absorb and hold up to 90 percent of its weight in water.
		Organic matter causes soil to clump and form soil aggregates, which improves soil structure.
	www.noble.org /Ag/Soils/OrganicMatter/Index.htm (926 words)

	Sabine Grunwald
		Organic matter in soils is represented by plant debris or litter in various stages of decomposition through to humus and includes the living organisms in the soil.
		Organic Carbon: The carbon content is commonly used to characterize the amount of organic matter in soils.
		Time "Turnover times" for organic C in soils can be derived by dividing the organic matter content of the soil by the annual biomass input and expressing the answer in years.
	grunwald.ifas.ufl.edu /Nat_resources/organic_matter/organic.htm (4874 words)

	Organic Matter Management - Soil Scientist
		Organic matter is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil.
		Organic matter also affects nutrient cycles by chelating (chemically holding on to) nutrients, and preventing them from becoming insoluble and therefore unavailable to plants.
		The amount of organic matter in soil is the result of two processes: the addition of organic matter (roots, surface residue, manure, etc.), and the loss of organic matter through decomposition.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/cropsystems/components/7402_02.html (2137 words)

	Soil Organic Matter
		Organic matter helps the soil hold water and supplies nutrients, which are crucial for crop production; it also protects against erosion and helps support a healthy and diverse set of microscopic plants and animals.
		Organic matter content, erosion, soil salinity, and soil biological condition are key indicators of soil quality, reflecting the effect of agriculture on soils and the influence of changing crop and soil management practices.
		Soil organic matter is usually measured as the percentage of organic matter (by dry weight) in the top 4–6 inches of the soil, where human activities have most influence on soil condition.
	www.heinzctr.org /ecosystems/farm/soil_orgnc.shtml (286 words)

	Organic Matter in Soil \| NRCS
		In soil, organic matter consists of plant and animal material that is in the process of decomposing.
		By adding organic matter to sandy soil, you improve the ability of the soil to retain water.
		Application of organic matter to the soil adds carbon, which promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, which increases the likelihood of hearty plants.
	www.nrcs.usda.gov /feature/backyard/orgmtrsl.html (402 words)

	The Importance of Organic Matter Dynamics \| United States Golf Association
		The initial amount of organic matter (usually peat) in a sand-based rootzone generally is between 0 and 2% by weight, and organic matter content increases most rapidly within the ﬁrst 24 months through the deposition of fresh organic matter.
		Carrow's study conﬁrmed his hypothesis that reduced oxygen levels caused by the accumulation of organic matter in the surface zone is the primary cause of many secondary problems experienced in sand-based bentgrass putting greens.
		Putting greens with organic matter levels above 4.5% by weight are at much higher risk of severe and rapid turf decline from low soil oxygen levels in the summer months and shallow rooting throughout the entire year.
	www.usga.org /turf/green_section_record/2004/may_june/importance.html (2031 words)

	Organic Matter Explained
		The population of organisms that is supported by soil organic matter is of immeasurable benefit to plants.
		Organic matter is so important because it increases the life span of any given soil by inhibiting weathering forces such as wind and water from destroying it beyond its most productive stage.
		Composted manures are an excellent amendment to soils because of the high percentage of organic matter they contain, but they must be used in larger quantities because of their relatively low nitrogen content.
	www.microsoil.com /OrganicMatter.htm (940 words)

	Gardening Resources, Cornell University
		Organic matter is used in the garden and landscape for many reasons, beginning with its effect on soil structure.
		Adding organic matter to a vegetable garden, a fruit orchard, or to an existing lawn is equally important for success.
		Far from being a luxury, organic matter is essential to the life of the soil and the plants growing in it.
	www.gardening.cornell.edu /factsheets/orgmatter (5653 words)

	Organic Matter
		Includes ALL the organic components of the soil: 1) living biomass (plant and animal tissue and microbes), 2) detritus (e.g., dead roots and other recognizable plant residues), and 3) humus (i.e., humic substances and non-humic substances) is a largely amorphous and colloidal mixture of complex organic substances no longer identifiable as plant tissues.
		About 1/3 of the organic carbon metabolized by microbes is incorporated into their cells (the remainder is respired and lost as CO The release of organic carbon as CO by the oxidation of soil OM (mostly by microbial respiration) is balanced by the input of organic carbon into the soil as plant residues.
		Because the C:N ratio is relative constant in soils, the maintenance of organic carbon and hence soil OM, is constrained by the soil N level.
	taipan.nmsu.edu /mvpfpp/organic.htm (1112 words)

	Scientia Agricola - Organic carbon determination in histosols and soil horizons with high organic matter content from ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		To evaluate different methods for measuring organic carbon and organic matter content in Histosols and soils with histic horizons, from different regions of Brazil, 53 soil samples were comparatively analyzed by the methods of Walkley and Black (modified), Embrapa, Yeomans and Bremner, modified Yeomans and Bremner, muffle furnace, and CHN.
		The aim of this study was to evaluate different methods of organic carbon and organic matter determination in Histosols and soils with histic horizons, in the aim to contribute to an adequate characterization of these soils in the Brazilian Soil Classification System, additionally allowing the conversion of data obtained though one method to another.
		The organic carbon and organic matter contents, and the factor that expresses the ratio between C content obtained in a given method and total carbon content (measured by the C-CHN method) are presented in Table 2.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162006000200012 (2840 words)

	Organic Matter
		For simplicity, organic matter can be divided into two major categories: stabilized organic matter which is highly decomposed and stable, and the active fraction which is being actively used and transformed by living plants, animals, and microbes.
		The active organic matter, and the microbes that feed on it, are central to nutrient cycles.
		Native levels of organic matter may not be possible under agriculture, but many farmers can increase the amount of active organic matter by reducing tillage and increasing inputs.
	soils.umn.edu /academics/classes/soil5611/content/OrganicMatter (2496 words)

	Soil Organic Matter
		Organic matter is important in the soil to improve soil structure, nutrient holding capacity, water holding capacity, and infiltration.
		Also, we have found that at the upper end of the organic matter scale, this test does not distinguish between soil that is 3% organic matter, and compost amended samples that are 5%, 10%, or even higher.
		The soil organic matter is apparently "high" according to the chart on page xx.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /kswater/images/soil_organic_matter.htm (870 words)

	Organic Matter? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Organic matter is the single most important sign of soil productivity and its continued loss will create a ground swell of reaction when it is finally depleted.
		Organic matter is partially decayed plant and animal remains which hold plant nutrients and improve tilth.
		There is little benchmark data on organic matter levels, so it is up to landowners and operators to test their soil and keep their own records on this most important indicator of soil quality.
	www.warrenswcd.com /organic_matter.htm (602 words)

	Use Organic Matter in Your Garden
		Organic matter is simply the decomposed state of material that was once living, said Dr. Dave Williams, a horticulturist with the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.
		Organic matter is also referred to as humus when in a finished, composted state.
		Organic matter builds a better soil structure for roots to forage for life-giving water, nutrients and air.
	www.aces.edu /dept/extcomm/specialty/feb28igard04.html (323 words)

	Soil Nitrogen Content
		Organic matter, such as compost, composted manure, and cover crops, not only increases nitrogen and other nutrient levels; it also improves soil structure and stimulates beneficial microorganisms.
		Before your plants can put the nitrogen in organic matter to good use, it must be converted into a form that plants can metabolize.
		Seasonal fluctuations of ammonium and nitrate levels are normal, because the soil microbes that break down organic matter are less active in cool soil.
	www.organicgardening.com /feature/0,7518,s-2-28-939,00.html (483 words)

	Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Research
		The residual organics are thought to be hydrophilic (water loving) compounds that are difficult to remove by conventional treatment processes.
		Natural organic matter (NOM) is used to describe the complex mixture of organic material present in all drinking water sources such as humic acids, hydrophilic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids and hydrocarbons.
		This project aims to quantify the impact of organic matter on floc structure in terms of floc size, shape, strength and settling velocity.
	www.cranfield.ac.uk /sims/water/nom/projects.htm (1251 words)

	Soil Organic Matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Organic matter affects both chemical and physical properties of the soil.
		Chemical Effects: Organic matter releases many plant nutrients as it is broken down in the soil, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S).
		Tillage is one practice that reduces the organic matter in the soil.
	www.umext.maine.edu /piscataquis/gardening/vol2iss11/soil.htm (483 words)

	Soil Organic Matter \| NRCS SQ
		Managing soil organic matter is the key to air and water quality (Figure 1).
		Because organic matter enhances water and nutrient holding capacity and improves soil structure, managing for soil carbon can enhance productivity and environmental quality, and can reduce the severity and costs of natural phenomena, such as drought, flood, and disease.
		In addition, increasing soil organic matter levels can reduce atmospheric CO levels that contribute to climate change.
	www.soils.usda.gov /sqi/concepts/soil_organic_matter/som.html (312 words)

	Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture: The Importance of Soil Organic Matter
		Soil aggregation is improved by increased organic matter content and hence has a role in maintaining soil structure, drainage and aeration all of which are necessary for good crop yields.
		Soil organic matter also plays a role in increasing moisture retention and consequently the drought tolerance of the crop.
		A soil with an adequate level of organic matter will be less erodible, have increased nutrient retention, and also be easier to work and plow.
	www.gov.pe.ca /af/agweb/index.php3?number=73539&lang=E (335 words)

	Annis Water Resources Institute - ISC
		Organic Matter is residue from plant or animal origin (including leaves and grass clippings).
		Organic matter naturally enters water bodies when leaves fall, trees die and fall in, or when spring and falls heavy flows pull material in from the banks.
		In water, organic matter such as leaves and twigs make homes for macroinvetebrates (insects that live in water), which are the food sources for many fish species.
	www.gvsu.edu /wri/isc/index.cfm?id=EC9B08DD-C85A-8AC5-E12887A036668C22 (438 words)

	Soil organic matter
		The amount of soil organic matter in a particular location is primarily due to natural factors like temperature (cool locations accumulate more organic matter), soil texture (clayey and silty soils tend to have more organic matter than sandy soils), and the drainage (poor drainage promotes soil organic matter build up).
		Soil organic matter is made up of plant and animal residues in different stages of decomposition, cells of soil microorganisms, and substances that are so well-decomposed it’s impossible to tell what they were to begin with.
		There are four main processes in that cycle, and all of them rely on soil microbes: decomposition of organic residues, release of nutrients (mineralization), release of carbon dioxide (respiration), and transfer of carbon from one soil organic matter ‘pool’ to another.
	www.uvm.edu /vtvegandberry/factsheets/soilorganicmatter.html (884 words)

	Soil Fertility Basics: Organic Matter
		OM comprises all organic substances in varying stages of decay including plant roots, stems, and leaves, microorganisms, and added organic materials such as compost, manure, and straw.
		When organic matter reaches its most mature and stable form it is called humus, a dark and fragrant, nutrient rich substance essential for long term soil fertility.
		Another important source of organic matter are cover crops, which are grown specifically for soil improvement and are incorporated into the soil prior to growing vegetables and other garden plants.
	www.seedsofchange.com /digging/organic_matter.asp (940 words)

	CIAS: Building Soil Organic Matter with Organic Amendments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		If you follow practices that build and maintain soil organic matter, especially through the addition of organic amendments, you will improve the quality of your soil, reducing compaction and crusting, and increasing drainage and water holding capacity.
		You may also need less fertilizer because soil organic matter serves as a reservoir for plant nutrients.
		This paper describes soil organic matter, how it works to improve the soil, how to build it, characteristics of specific soil organic amendments, their production in Wisconsin, and guidelines for use.
	www.cias.wisc.edu /archives/2002/09/01/building_soil_organic_matter_with_organic_amendments (118 words)

	Garden Soil - Organic Matter In Soils
		From the time plants first ventured out of the protecting waters of the sea, there has existed a kinship of soil, organic matter and plant life which has continued down through the ages.
		Plants, microorganisms and organic matter-life elements that had not yet appeared on dry land-were necessary for the formation of true soils.
		In the course of checking various reference works and subject-index-files, I noted nearly 850 different phases of organic matter and their relation to soils and plants.
	www.garden-soil.com /garden-soil-organic-matter-1.html (408 words)

	CiteULike: The chemical composition of measurable soil organic matter pools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A range of spectroscopic, 'wet' chemical, gas chromatographic (GC) and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques was applied to the characterisation of three soil organic matter (SOM) fractions that have been proposed as the basis of a new SOM turnover model based on measurable, physically defined fractions.
		The fractions were: the free light fraction (obtained by density separation in NaI solution at a density of 1.80 g cm-3, without disruption of aggregates), the intra-aggregate light fraction (obtained using a second density separation after disrupting aggregates using ultrasonic dispersion) and the organomineral fraction corresponding to the residual heavy material.
		The techniques employed to investigate the composition of the organic constituents of each fraction were: 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) to study bulk composition.
	www.citeulike.org /user/johankool/article/600378 (688 words)

	Ecosystems in Flux: Molecular and Stable Isotope Assessments of Soil Organic Matter Storage and Dynamics I Posters - ...
		Yedoma soils from northeastern Siberia represent a large and poorly understood reservoir of permafrost soil organic matter, and are estimated to contain up to 450 Gt of C frozen since the Pleistocene.
		Abiotic reactions of amines, phenols and sugars derived from forest leachates or present in detrital and litter organic matter are known to be key processes in the formation of complex organic nitrogen.
		In contrast, colloidal and dissolved organic matter fractions are characterized by elevated yields and elevated relative degradation showing differences in either source or processing of these size fractions.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm04/fm04-sessions/fm04_B13C.html (9898 words)

	US EPA - Methane: Sources and Emissions
		Wastewater from domestic (municipal sewage) and industrial sources is treated to remove soluble organic matter, suspended solids, pathogenic organisms, and chemical contaminants.
		Methane is produced during flooded rice cultivation by the anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of organic matter in the soil.
		These bacteria require environments with no oxygen and abundant organic matter, both of which are present in wetland conditions.
	www.epa.gov /methane/sources.html (1687 words)

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