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Topic: Organic reduction

	Solvated electron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The solvated electron solution formed by adding sodium to liquid ammonia is used with a proton source such as ethanol in the Birch reduction.
		The Birch reduction is the organic reduction of aromatic rings by sodium in liquid ammonia invented by Arthur Birch.
		The first step of a Birch reduction is a one-electron reduction of the aromatic ring to a radical anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birch_reduction (466 words)

	Sources of Indoor Air Pollution - Organic Gases (Volatile Organic Compounds)
		Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids.
		The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic, to those with no known health effect.
		Many organic compounds are known to cause cancer in animals; some are suspected of causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans.
	www.epa.gov /iaq/voc.html (1376 words)

	BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The oxidation of organic matter is the major influence on interstitial water geochemistry, with resulting effects on volatile hydrocarbon geochemistry and on authigenic carbonate mineralization reactions.
		Organic matter oxidation in marine sediments proceeds by a sequence of reactions typically observed with increasing depth below the seafloor (aerobic respiration, denitrification, manganese reduction, iron reduction, sulfate reduction, and methane fermentation).
		The decline in interstitial sulfate with depth is accompanied by increases in alkalinity, phosphate, and ammonium (Fig.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/202_IR/chap_01/c1_7.htm (2147 words)

	A Special Issue on Organic Matter and Ore Deposits: Interactions, Applications, and Case Studies
		Reduction is a first-order reaction with respect to uranyl cation and organic substrate.
		Significant alteration of the indigenous and extrinsic hydrocarbons, with absent bacterial membrane biomarkers (hopanes) is observed.
		Direct evidence for pyrolysate reduction of uranium in the hydrothermal system is difficult to obtain as the chemical composition of the original organic fluid phase was modified during water-washing and radiolytic alteration.
	pangea.stanford.edu /research/ODEX/EG/papers/Abs94-7.htm (3832 words)

	SCOPE 21 - The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions, Chapter 18, Processes at the Sediment-Water Interface
		Organic nitrogen and phosphorus are separated from these redox reactions of organic matter by hydrolytic release in the form of ammonium and phosphate.
		Much of the ammonium that is released is re-assimilated by bacteria oxidizing the organic matter, and the accumulation of ammonium in the pore-water is therefore the net result of a nitrogen cycle between organic N and NH within the reducing sediment (Figure 18.6).
		In the inner shelf region the sulphur cycle is regulated by the organic carbon mineralization, as shown in Figure 18.8, and this regulation is independent of the C:S ratio of the organic matter that is being decomposed.
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope21/chapter18.html (12968 words)

	Research of Paul G. Tratnyek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In these cases, organic "pollutants" may be employed, not so much as pollutants, but as probe substances with which to explore the geochemistry and microbiology of complex natural systems.
		One specific issue that is central to understanding reduction of organic pollutants is the role of substances that can mediate electron-transfer, like certain enzymes, porphyrins, and quinonoid compounds.
		We are currently investigating the mechanism of contaminant reduction by iron, and the geochemical and microbiological processes that might affect the performance of this technique in the field.
	www.ese.ogi.edu /tratnyek/research (860 words)

	Borneol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene.
		Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction.
		The same reduction but then fast and irreversible with sodium borohydride gives isoborneol as the kinetically controlled reaction product.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Borneol (202 words)

	Abiotic reduction, US EPA
		Reductive transformation is the dominant reaction pathway for many organic pollutants in anoxic environments.
		Although the understanding of the classes of organic chemicals that are subject to reduction in anoxic environments has been significantly advanced in recent years, it is not yet possible to predict the rates of reductive transformations quantitatively.
		Measuring reduction kinetics for a series of probe molecules in a substantial number of well-characterized sediments and aquifer materials will provide the opportunity to delineate the properties of the reaction systems and probe chemicals that are useful for predicting reaction rates.
	www.epa.gov /athens/research/process/abioticreduction.html (193 words)

	D-Area Sulfate Reduction Study Bacteria Population and Organic Selection Laboratory Testing
		The quantities of organic substrate (as outlined in Table 2) were placed in the appropriate microcosm.
		Therefore any organic which performed reasonably well with this worst case groundwater would be expected to perform better in DIW-1, since DIW-1 groundwater conditions are closer to optimum for SRB growth.
		For sulfate reduction to proceed in pure culture, anaerobic conditions within a pH range of 5.5-8.0 are optimal.
	sti.srs.gov /fulltext/tr2002346/tr2002346.html (5706 words)

	SCOPE 48 - Sulphur Cycling on the Continents, Chapter 7, Sulphur Cycling and Fluxes in Temperate Dimictic Lakes
		Because of the uptake of oxygen in the organic floc, the oxic-anoxic boundary moved closer to the surface of the consolidated sediment.
		The quality and quantity of organic carbon in lake sediments may possibly limit the synthesis of organic-S compounds and may be responsible for the unexplained variability in organic S content in lake sediments.
		Organic S is typically estimated by subtracting inorganic S (usually measured by using the chromium reduction method of Howarth and Merkel, 1984; see Giblin and Wieder, this volume) from total S. Total S may be measured on wet samples with an alkaline oxidation (Tabatabai and Bremner, 1970) followed by reduction to H
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope48/chapter07.html (12751 words)

	Statute: § 63.128 Transfer operations provisions -- test methods and procedures.
		(a) A performance test is required for determining compliance with the reduction of total organic HAP emissions in § 63.126(b) of this subpart for all control devices except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
		The sampling site shall be the same as that of the organic hazardous air pollutants or organic compound samples, and the samples shall be taken during the same time that the organic hazardous air pollutants or organic compound samples are taken.
		Percent reduction shall be determined by comparison of the summed inlet and outlet measurements.
	www.arb.ca.gov /bluebook/bb05/40cfr/40cfr63_128.htm (2585 words)

	The Rutgers Scholar
		The anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in anoxic estuarine sediments is governed by a series of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which regulate the cycling of sulfur, carbon, iron, and phosphorus in sediments and sediment porewaters.
		The decomposition of organic matter in sediments is generally governed by a series of bacterially mediated oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which proceed according to their thermodynamic stability (Luther, 1995).
		The results of this study demonstrate that processes including the bacterially mediated sulfate reduction of organic matter, the breakdown of Fe and Mn-oxyhydroxides, the release of phosphate, and the formation of Fe-sulfides are occurring within the sediments under anoxic conditions.
	www.scils.rutgers.edu /~weyang/ejournal/volume03/bacchove/bacchove.htm (4717 words)

	Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal, Total Organic Carbon, Disinfection By-Products, Resin Treatment, Resin Technology ...
		This results in a reduction in the dissolved organic carbon level and a small increase in the treated water chloride level (2 to 4 mg/L).
		In the regeneration process, resin loaded with dissolved organic carbon undergoes a reversed ion exchange reaction, where the resin substitutes chloride ions for dissolved organic carbon which is released from the resin into a concentrated brine (NaCl) solution.
		The reduction of total organic carbon after MIEX resin pretreatment reduced the amount of coagulant, chemical sludge, pH adjustment chemicals, and chlorine required downstream.
	www.idswater.com /water/us/Orica_Watercare/Dissolved_Organic_Carbon/107_0/g_supplier.html (2673 words)

	Biofuel cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Microperoxidase-11 monolayer-modified electrodes have demonstrated high activity and stability for the electrocatalytic reduction of organic hydroperoxides in acetonitrile and ethanol [80].
		20): (a) In the absence of an organic peroxide.
		This reduction wave is negatively shifted in the presence of the Cyt c monolayer electrode (Figure 10(B), curve b), implying that the heme-protein layer is inactive as a biocatalyst for the reduction of O
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/biofuel/biofuel_cells3_2.html (1826 words)

	PETER W. RABIDEAU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Organic and Physical Organic Chemistry - Synthesis and chemistry of "buckybowls"- curved surface, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon frameworks represented on the buckminsterfullerene (C60; "buckyball") surface.
		Rabideau and E. Burkholder, "Concerning the Stereochemistry of Reductive Alkylation of Anthracene and Naphthalene," The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 44, 2354 (1979).
		Marcinow and P. Rabideau, "The Metal-Ammonia Reduction of Mono- and Dinaphthylbenzenes," The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 55, 3812 (1990).
	www.msstate.edu /web/provost/rabideau.htm (5503 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A reduction of NOx concentrations will increase in fact the ozone concentrations to high values and only a huge reduction(from 0.5 to about 0.07 ppm,that's 86% reduction) will give lower ozone levels.
		Reduction of the organic concentrations will have immediate benefic effects, and to go below 300 ppm levels only a reduction from 1.75 to 1.6 is needed.
		These examples emphasize the importance of the study of the photochemical smog, and the attention which should be paid when action is needed to be taken.
	www.ima.umn.edu /~daescu/task3.html (290 words)

	Exploring Organic\oxidation
		Organic chemists usually use operation definitions of oxidation and reduction based on changes in the composition of a molecule.
		While there are rules for calculating the oxidation number of an atom in an organic molecule, these numbers are usually not used by organic chemists.
		The ability to classify a reaction as an oxidation or reduction is more important in understanding the processes involved and in selecting reagents to accomplish a desired transformation.
	people.uis.edu /gtram1/organic/alcohols/oxidation.htm (672 words)

	Reaction of Organic Nitrate Esters and S-Nitrosothiols With Reduced Flavins: A Possible Mechanism of Bioactivation -- ...
		Organic nitrate esters, such as glyceryl trinitrate and isosorbide dinitrate, are a class of compounds used to treat a variety
		of flavin catalyzed reduction of nitrate esters by NADH (Fig.
		the nitrite ester as an intermediate in bioactivation of organic
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/4/502 (5738 words)

	INFLUENCE OF THE SIZE REDUCTION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON THEIR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
		The second effect of the particle size reduction observed with all the substrates but particularly with those of low degradability is a reduction of the technical digestion time.
		The presence of organic waste residues improves the dewaterability measured as specific resistance to filtration but this positive effect is attenuated if the particle size of the solids is reduced.
		Influence of the size reduction of organic waste on their anaerobic digestion, Water Science and Technology, 41(2000)3, pp.155-162 and IAWQ II.
	www.jomueller.de /Veroeffe/ABarcel699.html (249 words)

	DLC-ME \| The Microbe Zoo \| Dirtland \| Toxic Waste Site
		Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon and hydrogen.
		Because of the confusion in terminology, the term "biomineralization" is used to refer to complete degradation of a compound to carbon dioxide and water and other inorganic compounds.
		Often, when organic compounds are degraded, the carbon from the compound is used by the microbe for food.
	commtechlab.msu.edu /sites/dLc-me/zoo/zdtmain.html (1265 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Prospects for Stereocontrol in the Reduction of Aromatic Compounds, Timothy J. Donohoe*, Rina Garg and Clare A. Stevenson, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 1996, 7, 317-344.
		The partial reduction of annulated heterocycles as a general route to medium rings containing oxygen and nitrogen, Timothy J. Donohoe,* Ali Raoof, Ian D. Linney, and Madeleine Helliwell, Organic Letters, 2001, 3, 861-864.
		Partial reduction of 3-heteroatom substituted 2-furoic acids: the role of an ortho group on viability and stereoselectivity, Timothy J. Donohoe, Andrew A. Calabrese, Jean-Baptiste Guillermin, Christopher.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~magd1571/finalpage/pub.html (2208 words)

	Amazon.ca: Reduction in Organic Synthesis: Recent Advances and Practical Applications: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Describes recent advances in reduction, including the use of boron- and aluminum-based hydride reagents, as well as catalytic hydrogenation methods.
		Reports applications of reduction procedures with emphasis on selectivity, ranging from chemoselective to enantioselective reductions.
		chapters on different aspects of reduction and presents a complementary mix of academic and industrial research ranging from theory to practical applications.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0841233810 (289 words)

	Reduction in Organic Solvent Emissions at a Lighting Fittings and fixture manufacturing industry
		Following this, several requirements were placed on Thorn Jornkonst to reduce the emissions of organic solvents.
		The reduction also lead to less emissions of pollution to the air.
		A wider analysis of the need for degreasing pointed to the deep drawing of aluminum details as a large pollution source because of the use of petroleum based drawing oils.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/10/09207.htm (944 words)

	Reduction of Organic Discharges and VOC Emissions from Paint Stripping Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reduction of Organic Discharges and VOC Emissions from Paint Stripping Operations
		PMB is being evaluated by the U.S. Air Force for depainting military aircraft, and is currently being Introduced to commercial aviation.
		The purpose at this study was to determine If the PMB mod" Is applicable to Army communications sheltered and it would be advantageous for the Army to convert to this procedure both from the perspective of process efficiency and pollution reduction.
	es.epa.gov /techinfo/facts/emission.html (1419 words)

	Magnesium-Catalyzed Reduction of Oximes to Amines Using Ammonium Formate - [www.rhodium.ws]
		Nowadays, the heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation method has proved to be a potent choice for reduction of organic compounds over traditional hydrogenation or other methods of reduction as it involves mild reaction condition, easy work-up and high degree of selectivity.
		The organic layer is evaporated and the residue was dissolved in chloroform or dichloromethane or ether and washed with saturated sodium chloride solution to remove excess ammonium formate.
		The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the organic layer followed by purification either by preparative TLC or by column chromatography to yield the desired product.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/oxime2amine.mg-af.html (1645 words)

	JCE 1997 (74) 69 [Jan] Understanding Oxidation - Reduction in Organic Chemistry
		Several years of teaching organic chemistry at the introductory level have made it obvious that understanding oxidation - reduction can be a difficult and sometimes traumatic experience for students.
		Mastery of the concepts and definitions of oxidation as the loss, and reduction as the gain of electrons is relatively simple (and comforting).
		However, the realization that the application of this knowledge is not intuitively transferable in organic chemistry can be most disconcerting and often frustrating to beginning students.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /journal/issues/1997/Jan/abs69.html (206 words)

	Organic Consumers Association wants a moratorium on genetically engineered food and encouraging organic food. Stop GMO ...
		The Organic Consumers Association is a public interest organization dedicated to building a healthy, safe, and sustainable system of food production and consumption.
		The Organic Consumers Association (OCA) promotes food safety, organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices in the U.S. and internationally.
		Organic Consumers Association/BioDemocracy Campaign is a grassroots organization seeking organic, non-irradiated food for human and animal health.
	www.purefood.org (268 words)

	Quantification and Reduction of Organic Sulfur Compound Formation in a Commercial Wood Pulping Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This study experimentally quantified the formation of organic sulfur compounds in a commercial SuperBatch kraft pulping process using a laboratory pilot-scale digester.
		The absorption rate of MM is much faster than that of HS In the third stage of SuperBatch pulping, the rate of formation of MM and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is very similar to that found in conventional batch kraft pulping processes.
		The study examined the applicability of the phase transition cooking (PTC) concept for reducing organic sulfur compounds in pulping, previously developed in laboratory batch pulping using a bomb-type digester, in a SuperBatch process.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2002/36/i10/abs/es011295z.html (231 words)

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