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Topic: Organic solvents

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Solvent

SN1 reaction

Hexane

List of organic compounds

Methylene chloride

Carboxy group

Chemical synthesis

SN2 reaction

Extraction

Peroxide

Organic compound

Steam distillation

Isomer

Petroleum ether

Vegetable oil

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	Solvent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind.
		Solvents can also be used to extract soluble compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water.
		Solvent vapors can also form in supposedly empty drums and cans, posing a flash fire hazard; hence empty containers of volatile solvens should be stored open and upside down.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solvent (953 words)

	ITIS: Organic Solvents & Pregnancy
		The dosage of the solvent exposure, measured by airborne concentration or blood level, is often difficult to assess accurately.
		Therefore, household use of organic solvents is usually not associated with spontaneous abortion and this type of exposure does not confound data on occupational exposure.
		However, because measurements of airborne levels of solvents are difficult to interpret, precautions to reduce household exposure to solvents are advisable.
	www.fetal-exposure.org /ORGANIC.html (1481 words)

	Learn more about Organic chemistry in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the study of carbon-containing molecules known as organic compounds (except carbon dioxide and monoxide).
		Organic chemistry as a science is generally held to have started with Friedrich Woehler's 1828 synthesis of urea from inorganic compounds.
		In contrast to such salts, they tend to be much more soluble in organic solvents such as ether or alcohol.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/or/organic_chemistry_1.html (288 words)

	Motherisk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Organic solvents are a structurally diverse group of low molecular weight liquids that are able to dissolve other organic substances.
		Smelling the odour of organic solvents is not indicative of a significant exposure as the olfactory nerve can detect levels as low as several parts per million which are not necessarily associated with toxicity.
		Organic solvents are a diverse, complex group and because exposure usually involves more than one agent and different circumstances, adequate human epidemiological studies are difficult to interpret.
	www.motherisk.org /updates/Spring99.php3 (3489 words)

	NIOSH - ORGANIC SOLVENT NEUROTOXICITY
		The term "organic solvents" refers to a group of volatile compounds or mixtures that are relatively stable chemically and that exist in the liquid state at temperatures of approximately 0° to 250°C (32° to 482°F).
		Organic solvents are used for extracting, dissolving, or suspending materials such as fats, waxes, and resins that are not soluble in water.
		Seventy-seven workers were diagnosed as having "solvent poisoning" caused by occupational exposure (mean of 9.6 years for males and 7.6 years for females) to organic solvents such as halogenated, aromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons, paint solvents, and alcohol.
	www.ncchem.com /niosh.htm (4419 words)

	Organic chemistry -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Organic compounds are (additional info and facts about covalently bonded) covalently bonded.
		Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic organic molecules whose ring(s) contain at least one (additional info and facts about heteroatom) heteroatom.
		Commonly-encountered polymers are usually organic (e.g., (A lightweight thermoplastic; used especially in packaging and insulation) polyethylene, (A polymer of propylene used as a thermoplastic molding material) polypropylene, (A light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic) Plexiglass, etc.).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/or/organic_chemistry.htm (637 words)

	NRDC: Healthy Milk, Healthy Baby - Solvents
		Organic solvents are ubiquitous in both industrial and household settings.
		Solvents are also toxic to the liver, potentially resulting in chemical hepatitis or jaundice.
		Because solvents are a widely used group of chemicals that can enter the body and move into fat, some researchers have speculated that they are likely to make their way into breast milk.
	www.nrdc.org /breastmilk/chem12.asp (1604 words)

	DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-104
		Solvent inhalation by workers may cause effects ranging from an alcohol-like intoxication to narcosis and death from respiratory failure, with a spectrum of intermediate symptoms that include drowsiness, headache, dizziness, dyspepsia, and nausea (Browning 1965).
		Solvent uptake through the skin depends on (1) duration of contact, (2) skin thickness, perfusion, and degree of hydration, and (3) the presence of cuts, abrasions, or skin diseases (Riihimaki and Pfaffli 1978; Bird 1981).
		The majority of organic solvents have yet to be tested for chronic neurotoxic effects in animals; thus experimental animal data supporting the evidence for chronic effects confirm only a limited number of organic solvents as neurotoxicants (see Appendix B).
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/87104_48.html (9632 words)

	Solvent purification systems - buy the latest chemical and medical laboratory safety equipment and supplies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The student was performing a task that he had done hundreds of times before--purifying an organic solvent using a reflux/distillation apparatus, or solvent still--when hot benzene escaped from the apparatus and ignited.
		Classically, solvent purification is accomplished by refluxing the solvent in the presence of sodi-um or potassium metal and benzophenone in an inert atmosphere.
		Having large quantities of flammable solvent around the lab is a safety concern in and of itself, but dangers inherent in the reflux/distillation solvent purification process exacerbate the hazard.
	www.gloveboxes.com /solvent-purification-article.htm (886 words)

	ipedia.com: Organic chemistry Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, and reactions of organic compounds.
		Organic nomenclature is the system established for naming and grouping organic compounds.
		Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed to have started with Friedrich Woehler's synthesis of the organic, biologically significant compound urea from inorganic starting materials in 1828.
	www.ipedia.com /organic_chemistry_1.html (365 words)

	IFBWW - Organic Solvents
		Organic solvents are used in many industries and trades.
		They cause a wide range of diseases including irritation of the mucous membranes, allergies, occupational cancers, skin and lung diseases, reproductive problems, "solvent syndrome", "organic psycho syndrome" and "neurotoxic effects".The impact of spills and emissions of organic solvents into the environment is also a significant global problem.
		The IFBWW encourages its affiliates to take action to protect the health of their members at company, local and national levels by launching awareness-raising campaigns about the harmful effects of organic solvents and by encouraging testing and labelling of building materials which may emit volatile organic compounds.
	www.ifbww.org /index.cfm?n=204&l=2&on=188 (323 words)

	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Solvent
		A solvent is a substance that dissolves another substance or substances to form a solution (a homogeneous mixture).
		The solvent is the component in the solution that is present in the largest amount or is the one that determines the state of matter (i.e.
		Organic solvents are usually flammable materials and may pose certain both physical and chemical hazards.
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/solvent.html (538 words)

	organic compounds
		Organic Compounds Database Organic Compounds Database The Colby College Department of Chemistry offers the Organic Compounds Database, which was compiled by Harold Bell of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
		Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds.
		Organic chemistry is the study of the properties of the compounds of carbon that are organic.
	organic-compounds.plants-directory.biz (353 words)

	eMedicine - Organic Solvents : Article by Jonathan S Rutchik, MD, MPH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Organic solvents arose in the latter half of the 19th century from the coal tar industry.
		Some variation of symptoms may exist from solvent to solvent; however, disorientation, giddiness, dizziness, euphoria, and confusion progressing to unconsciousness, paralysis, convulsions, and death from respiratory or cardiovascular arrest are typical of all solvent exposures.
		Although a large proportion of many organic solvents are removed unchanged by exhalation, metabolism of the fraction that is absorbed often yields a water-soluble conjugate that is excreted mainly in the urine.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic285.htm (7903 words)

	DRDB: YSAQMD 2-13 ORGANIC SOLVENTS
		PURPOSE: The purpose of this Rule is to limit the emissions of organic solvents into the atmosphere that may result from the use of organic solvents.
		ORGANIC SOLVENTS: Diluents and thinners and are defined as organic materials which are liquids at standard conditions and which are used as dissolvers, viscosity reducers, or cleaning agents, except that such materials which exhibit a boiling point higher than 220
		Emissions of organic materials into the atmosphere resulting from air or heated drying of products for the first 12 hours after their removal from any article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance described in this section shall be included in determining compliance with this section.
	www.arb.ca.gov /drdb/ys/curhtml/r2-13.htm (828 words)

	American Solvents Council: Resources on Organic Solvents
		Coal tar solvents, such as benzol (benzene), toluol (toluene), solvent naphtha and xylol (xylene) are some of the more familiar aromatic or "cyclic" solvents.
		This is caused by the partial or total precipitation of the solid ingredients as a result of condensed moisture in the film due to excessive humidity or by improper solvent balance, resulting in the true solvents evaporating first and the diluent or nonsolvent portion evaporating later.
		A diluent for nitrocellulose solutions may be a solvent for resin solutions and, therefore, is valuable in providing miscibility and stability of the two solutions when combined with each other.
	www.americansolventscouncil.com /resources/dictionaryCoatings.asp (8995 words)

	AAS Organic Solvents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In selecting an organic solvent, the solubility of the sample, the miscibility of the solvent with water (for extractions), and the burning characteristics of the solvent must be considered.
		When analyzing samples in organic solvents, adjustments must be made in the fuel/oxidant flow ratio to compensate for the flammability of the solvent.
		Once the flame is adjusted, be sure to aspirate the organic solvent continuously to prevent the flame from extinguishing.
	www.chemistry.nmsu.edu /Instrumentation/AAS_OrganicSolvent.html (277 words)

	Health Effects of Selected Solvents
		The evaporation rate of a solvent is very important in manufacture: rubber cements often require a fast-drying solvent, whereas rubber goods that must remain tacky during processing require a slower-drying solvent.
		The solvent in Gorilla PVC cement is NMP.
		NMP is given preference over other highly polar solvents because it is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or co-solvent in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops, and it possesses a favorable toxicological and environmental profile.
	www.gorillapvc.com /solvents.html (5234 words)

	Drying Organic Solutions
		The organic solvent might be methylene chloride, diethyl ether, hexanes, etc., as long as it is not, of course, water.
		Stopper the funnel and shake as in an extraction.
		The amount required depends on the amount of water in the solvent solution which you are drying, and this amount varies from experiment to experiment.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/drying/drying.html (739 words)

	Organic Functional Groups Natural Foods Herbs
		Organic compounds are frequently classified according to the functional group or groups they contain.
		Organic molecules may be built from common organic functional groups and fragments.
		The ability to interpret infrared spectra and hence to identify the presence or absence of organic functional groups and their surrounding environment is vital to anyone using an infrared...
	www.naturalfoodsherbs.com /healthy/Organic-Functional-Groups.html (3386 words)

	EPA - ATW Clarification of the Definition of Organic Solvents in the Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations NESHAP
		The change in the definition of organic solvent will be included in a Federal Register notice proposing amendments to the final rule scheduled to be published in April 1998.
		The rule defines organic solvent as "a volatile organic liquid that is used for dissolving or dispersing constituents in a coating or contact adhesive, adjusting the viscosity of a coating or contact adhesive, or cleaning equipment.
		When used in a coating or contact adhesive, the organic solvent evaporates during drying and does not become a part of the dried film." This definition caused State regulatory agencies and the wood furniture industry to question whether the rule means to regulate all organic solvents even though they may not be HAP (e.g., acetone).
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/wood/orgsolve.html (421 words)

	Syntheis in Ambient Temperature Ionic Liquids: Environmentally Friendly Alternatives to Organic Solvents? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Homogeneous catalysis in organic solvents is a common synthetic methodology which presents several practical advantages.
		However, the majority of solvents which are utilized for homogeneous industrial catalysis are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as ethers, hydrocarbons, and halohydrocarbons.
		However, both of these solvents are limited in their ability to support Lewis acid catalyzed reactions.
	www.ncsu.edu /ncsu/chemistry/tbg/ionicliq/ionicliq.html (748 words)

	Minimization of organic solvents in degreasing and painting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The degreasing of the metal sections has been carried out in the past by using the volatile organic compound, trichloroethylene, which is a pollutant and is now recognized as an environmental hazard.
		Now only 5% of the colors have organic solvents and are used only for the painting of short production runs in special colors or for retouching of the automatically sprayed items where necessary.
		Changed painting techniques: The environmental advantages are considerable with a large reduction of the discharge of organic solvents, reduction of hazardous waste, improved work environment and a situation which enabled production to expand without conflicting with environmental demands.
	www.emcentre.com /unepweb/tec_case/metal_28/house/h5.htm (683 words)

	Organic Solvents
		Many solvents used in industry are classified as organic solvents (petroleum based).
		Solvents are the most widely used group of chemicals and are most often found in cleaning products and degreasers.
		Stop using the solvent and notify your employer if you are experiencing any of the health effects associated with solvent use.
	www.mflohc.mb.ca /fact_sheets_folder/solvents-organic.html (519 words)

	organic chemistry solvents and other organic related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Common Organic Solvents: Table of Properties A table of common organic solvents is now available:...
		tend to be much more soluble in organic solvents such as ether or alcohol, but the solubility in each...
		Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed to have started with Friedrich Woehler 's...
	www.nethorde.com /organic/organic-chemistry-solvents.html (302 words)

	401 KAR 61:060. Existing sources using organic solvents.
		Emissions of organic materials resulting from air or heated drying of products for the first twelve (12) hours after their removal from an affected facility shall be included in determining compliance with this section.
		Further, emissions of organic material to the atmosphere from the cleanup with an organic solvent of any affected facility shall be included with other emissions of organic materials from that affected facility for determining compliance with this administrative regulation.
		(5) Any person using organic solvents or any material containing organic solvents shall supply the cabinet, upon request and in the manner and form prescribed, written evidence of the chemical composition, physical properties and amount consumed for each organic solvent used.
	www.lrc.state.ky.us /kar/401/061/060.htm (1082 words)

	Reference Data Sheet For Common Chlorinated Solvents
		The chlorinated organic solvents discussed in this data sheet are all colorless liquids at room temperature.
		Many of these solvents were formerly in widespread use because of their excellent solvent power and lack of flammability.
		Short term measurements of most of these solvents can be done with length-of-stain detector tubes, such as Draeger, MSA, or Sensidyne/Gastec, but these tubes are not usually specific for any one compound, and accuracy may be poor.
	www.meridianeng.com /chlorina.html (1314 words)

	Liquid Separations: Product Information - Processing Organic Solvents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Many Dow customers use ion exchange resins for removal of acids and metal salts from organic solvents in applications such as color control (shelf life improvement) and precious metal catalyst recovery.
		Since water and organic solvents do not mix, an interface will exist at the water-solvent boundary that will inhibit ion mobility into an out of the resin beads.
		Dow offers several dried cation exchange resins that are ready to use in organic solvent applications.
	www.dow.com /liquidseps/prod/pt_orgsolv.htm (351 words)

	Solvents and Home Cleaning Produ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Long-term exposure – occurring when solvents are used on a regular basis over a long time – can cause liver damage, cancer or birth defects.
		This page will help to identify cleaners containing solvents and how to dispose of solvents as well as abrasive cleaners, aerosols, bleach, detergents, drain openers, general home liquid cleaners, germicides/disinfectants, oven cleaners, rug and upholstery cleaners and bathroom cleaners.
		Home products containing an organic solvent should not be evaporated in urban areas experiencing summer ozone alerts due to smog conditions.
	www.kewauneeco.org /LEPC/solvent.htm (1340 words)

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