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Topic: Organization for European Economic Cooperation

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	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy.
		Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1960 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
		The Commission of the European Union is participating in the work of the OECD, alongside the EU Member States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Organization_for_European_Economic_Cooperation (625 words)

	Module 3: Integration and Cooperation in Europe
		The stagnation of economic reconstruction in the immediate postwar years generated fears that economic hardship would lead to the spread of communism in Western Europe and prompted the United States to offer aid, soon known as the Marshall Plan, on condition that the Europeans coordinated their efforts in a European organization.
		Nevertheless, the OEEC made an important contribution to the economic reconstruction or postwar Europe; under its auspices, member countries were able to study the feasibility of a customs union and a free trade area.
		In the 1960s, the OEEC's membership expanded beyond the borders of Europe, and the body was renamed the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
	www.unc.edu /depts/tam/poli115/module3/mod3text4b.htm (820 words)

	[No title]
		The significance of the existence of such organizations cannot be stressed enough; the success that Europe would enjoy with the implementation through the OEEC and the achievement of the subsidiary planning associations laid the groundwork for future alliances in Europe.
		Such visionary attempts as the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Defense Community, and the European Economic Community, were all to a large degree possible because the United States had shown the Europeans that large-scale cooperation was indeed possible.
		In his study of American policy and European union, Ernst H. van der Beugel states that: While it is true that American foreign policy towards Europe [from 1950 to 1954] had as one of its primary objectives the inclusion of German military strength in the defense of the West, it is equally true that...
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/history/marshall/diplomatic/coldwar/us_fp_europe.txt (15730 words)

	European Union (EU) - HISTORY, STRUCTURE, HOW THE UNION AFFECTS BUSINESSES
		The European Union (EU), formerly known as the European Community (EC), was formed in the 1950s to encourage and oversee political and economic cooperation between numerous European nations.
		Leaders of the democratic European nations decided that some form of governing body was needed that would encourage cooperation on all levels and have the power to set economic policy for the entire region.
		The European Commission (EC) is perhaps the most important of the governing bodies, as it proposes policies and is the only body that is allowed to propose legislation (besides the national governments of each state).
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /small/Eq-Inc/European-Union-EU.html (2069 words)

	OECD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of democracy and a free market economy.
		It originated as the Organization for European Economy Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re-construction of Europe after World War II.
		Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/o/oe/oecd.html (122 words)

	European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The objective is to promote economic and social progress which is balanced and sustainable, assert the European identity on the international scene, and introduce a European citizenship for the nationals of the Member States.
		The common European face of the coins represents a map of the European Union against a background of transverse lines to which are attached the stars of the European flag.
		The European Anthem - adapted from the final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony - was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1972.
	www.mscd.edu /~mdl/gerresources/eurounion.htm (1456 words)

	European Union Research - Boston College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Organization for European Economic Cooperation was created in 1948 as a multinational agency to assist in the administration of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of western Europe.
		The European Economic Community, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community collectively formed a truly supranational organization, the European Community, with member states ceding a substantial amount of their individual sovereignty to it.
		The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions are both advisory committees of 222 members each from various economic and social groups and local and regional authorities throughout the European Union.
	www.bc.edu /schools/law/library/research/researchguides/eu (3387 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] (OECD), international organization that came into being in 1961.
		Gulf Cooperation Council GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL [Gulf Cooperation Council] (GCC), officially Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, organization (est.
		The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd) has raised its forecast for U.S. economic growth.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/09634.html (676 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] (OECD), international organization that came into being in 1961.
		It superseded the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, which had been founded in 1948 to coordinate the Marshall Plan for European economic recovery following World War II.
		Member countries are pledged to work together to promote their economies, to extend aid to underdeveloped nations, and to contribute to the expansion of world trade.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/O/OrgEcCD.asp (416 words)

	Hour of the Time HOTT Recent News
		The OEEC of 1948 was joined by the Federal Republic of Germany, Spain and Finland before becoming the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1961.
		The political geography of the European Community is a “geography composed of concentric rings, with the Franco-German relationship at the center, the rest of the Rhenish fraternity grouped around the center, and the non-Rhenish countries relegated to the periphery” (107).
		Economic liberalism was the path on which the great powers took as a means of “adjusting their incompatible geopolitical claims” (83).
	www.hourofthetime.com /euhistory.html (4072 words)

	The Quest for Democratic Security: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Together with the economic contradictions of communism, this strategy was largely responsible for the collapse of the Soviet empire and totalitarian rule on the Eurasian continent.
		Close cooperation in the form of a regular exchange of information and, in certain cases, joint action characterize the relationship between the Council of Europe and the OSCE’s High Commissioner on National Minorities, whose task is one of early warning on minority problems that might develop into a threat to peace.
		Among the European organizations whose membership is limited to geographically European states, the EU now plays the preeminent role.
	www.usip.org /pubs/peaceworks/pwks26/chap4_26.html (3218 words)

	Economic Integration
		The initial European Economic Community, which started in the 50's with only six member countries, is now composed of 15 states as of 2003..
		Postwar European economic cooperation began with the establishment of the OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) in 1948 to allocate the Marshall Plan aid (named after George Marshall who was the Secretary of State, US).
		European Union citizens and legal EU residents of the 15 Member States could travel throughout the bloc without showing their passports from the end of 1996.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /classes/econ355/choi/int.htm (4113 words)

	EU-History Hoffman Speech 2
		The committee considered a memorandum by the Foreign Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer (EPC (49)6) on the future policy of the United Kingdom government towards the Organization for European Economic cooperation and the structure of the Organization.
		In the wider field, the Chancellor of the Exchequer said that the government's were faced with an important question of policy, namely, how are they should commit themselves to full economic cooperation with the 19 participating countries, having regard to the risks that such cooperation involved to the economic recovery of the United Kingdom.
		Summing up the discussion, the Prime Minister said that we should not embark on a policy of cooperation on the assumption that we were ready to extricate the other countries from their difficulties at the cost of sacrificing ourselves.
	www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?m=10&c=48 (1006 words)

	Truman Library - Robert Marjolin Oral History Interview, July 2, 1971 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Let's put it this way -- the Europeans in general, even on the Continent, were too engrossed in their immediate problems -- reconstruction problems -- to show much enthusiasm for anything like a third economic force.
		So the British went as far as they could given their conception of the OEEC as a transitory body which would last as long as the European economic difficulties would last, but no further.
		Organization for European Economic Cooperation, sentiment, re, 10-11
	www.bonus.com /contour/Truman_Kids/http@@/www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/marjoln2.htm (3481 words)

	Constructed Advantage
		The key to the knowledge-based economy is at least partly revealed as this metamorphosis in the nature of industry organization to facilitate interaction with valuable knowledge, and not to conceal it, as was common in the previous phase of the global economy.
		The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was created in 1961 in order to organize and to coordinate science and technology policies among its member states, that is, the advanced industrial nations.
		[1] The OECD was based on the OEEC, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, that is, the organization which had served for the distribution of the U.S. and Canadian aid under the Marshall Plan during the postwar period.
	users.fmg.uva.nl /lleydesdorff/constructed_advantage (5762 words)

	Selling Democracy
		ECA - ECONOMIC COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION: The U.S. government agency established by Congress in April 1948 to administer nearly $13 billion in aid to Europe.
		OEEC - ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION: The European nations’ counterpart agency to ECA, established to coordinate European aid requests.
		Succeeded in 1961 by OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
	www.sellingdemocracy.org /abbreviations.html (201 words)

	EU History
		Thus originates the idea of founding common European organization which has two main goals: to aid the economic recovery of the region and to ensure a politically stable order that would prevent future conflicts.
		However, the scope of action of these organization is limited to economic recovery and nothing is done in the direction of achieving political stability and unification on the continent.
		The duties from the rest of the world were now counted as income for the European Union and part of it was spent on protecting the agricultural sector in the European Union as a whole.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~vshristo/history.htm (541 words)

	German-American Relations - Documents
		Recognizing that the restoration or maintenance in European countries of principles of individual liberty, free institutions, and genuine independence rests largely upon the establishment of sound economic conditions, stable international economic relationships, and the achievement by the countries of Europe of a healthy economy independent of extraordinary outside assistance,
		To cooperate with other participating countries in facilitating and stimulating an increasing interchange of goods and services among the participating countries and with other countries and in reducing public and private barriers to trade among themselves and with other countries.
		Such cooperation shall include the provision of all information and facilities necessary to the observation and review of the carrying out of this Agreement, including the use of assistance furnished under it.
	usa.usembassy.de /etexts/econcoop4555.htm (3401 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Marshall Plan
		Marshall explained that war had resulted in economic chaos in Europe; that the situation needed to be remedied not only to end "poverty, desperation and chaos" but also to "permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist." Marshall called on European leaders to take the initiative.
		Sixteen Western European nations, including representatives for the Western zones of occupation in Germany, attended a Paris conference (July 12, 1947) establishing the Committee of European Economic Cooperation (CEEC).
		The ERP established the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program, working in tandem with the European body, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC).
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/marshall.plan (379 words)

	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
		International organization of 29 industrialized countries that provides a forum for discussion and coordination of member states' economic and social policies.
		Founded in 1961, with its headquarters in Paris, the OECD replaced the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which had been established in 1948 to implement the Marshall Plan.
		It has been described separately as a think tank, monitoring agency, and rich nations' club (its members produce two-thirds of the world's goods and services between them), and has elements of all three.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006087.html (318 words)

	Ford Foundation: Ford Foundation Annual Report 1958 - 80
		Economic research in France was aided by a grant of $90,000 to the National Foundation of Political Science, Paris, to help improve methods for the better utilization of France's economic resources.
		To aid in stimulating greater scientific cooperation in the Atlantic community, the Foundation made grants totaling $77,000 to help expand summer schools in solid-state physics in Paris and Les Houches, France, and in Varenna, Italy.
		To help meet the long-range economic, political, social, and constitutional needs of the European community, a new central organization, known as the European Community Institute for University Studies, was inaugurated this year with the assistance of a $500,000 Foundation grant.
	www.fordfound.org /elibrary/documents/1958/079.cfm (471 words)

	Timeline European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The latter had replaced the original Committee of European Economic Cooperation (CEEC), in April, 1948, and is an organization of European recipients of U.S. economic assistance.
		A European Parliament is composed of 626 members elected by the electorates of the member states and they sit in party groups.
		The European Council reached an agreement on the draft Treaty on the European Union.
	timelines.ws /countries/EUROUNION.HTML (6456 words)

	Marshall Center Exhibit Inauguration
		December 9, 2003: U.S. Ambassador to France Howard H. Leach, U.S. Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Constance A. Morella, and Ambassador of France to the United States H.E. Jean-David Levitte participate in the inauguration of the Marshall Center Exhibit.
		The exhibit “The Marshall Plan: A Vision of a Family of Nations” was inaugurated in the George C. Marshall Center to pay tribute to the spirit of international cooperation born during the European Recovery Program, better known as The Marshall Plan which had its European headquarters in the Hôtel de Talleyrand.
		Prominent Europeans representing the 17 Marshall Plan countries formed the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/pix/b/eur/27472.htm (328 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- The Big Knife -- Sep. 5, 1949
		In Paris the OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) sat down to divide up the Marshall Plan dollars for 1949-50.
		The economic surgeons proposed cutting her share back to $840 million.
		Continental representatives felt and said that Britain was becoming apathetic to European solidarity; the British in turn accused the continental nations of having no understanding of Britain's special pangs and problems.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,933874,00.html (382 words)

	Camp, Miriam, Finding Aid
		Among them were the Board of Economic Warfare at the U.S. Embassy in London, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Economic and Social Affairs, the Policy Planning Staff and the Bureau of European Affairs.
		She specialized in problems relating to European economic cooperation and integration and was involved in the development and implementation of the Marshall Plan, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (which became the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), the European Coal and Steel Community and other forerunners of the European Community.
		She was associated with the organization known as Political and Economic Planning (London), the Royal Institute of Foreign Affairs (London), and the Council on Foreign Relations (New York).
	www.mtholyoke.edu /lits/library/arch/col/msrg/mancol/ms0627r.htm (515 words)

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