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Topic: Organized Crime Control Act

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	Organized crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Organized crime is crime carried out systematically by formal criminal organizations.
		Many organized crime operations have substantial legitimate businesses, such as licensed gambling, building construction, trash hauling or dockloading which operate in parallel with and provide "cover" for drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, extortion and insider trading.
		In addition to what is considered traditional organized crime involving direct crimes of fraud swindles, scams, racketeering and other RICO predicate acts motivated for the accumulation of monetary gain, there's also non-traditional organized crime which is motivated for political or ideological gain or acceptance.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /o/or/organized_crime.html (390 words)

	Organized crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Organized Crime Control Act (U.S.) defines organized crime as "The unlawful activities of...
		The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured group is referred to in the U.S. as racketeering.
		In addition to what is considered traditional organized crime involving direct crimes of fraud swindles, scams, racketeering and other RICO predicate acts motivated for the accumulation of monetary gain, there is also non-traditional organized crime which is engaged in for political or ideological gain or acceptance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Organized_crime (402 words)

	NOTE: From the Mafia to Milking Cows: State RICO Act Expansion
		In that case, the issue was whether the Pennsylvania Corrupt Organizations Statute could be applied to an individual who committed a series of criminal acts for his own benefit while employed by a legitimate enterprise, and where there were no ties between the individual, the enterprise and organized crime.
		Since the Arizona RICO Act required an association between a person and the enterprise, the defendant argued that if he was being indicted as both the "person" and the "enterprise" he could not be "associated" with himself.
		She specifically alleged that her professor's act of accessing her computer without authorization plus using the data to enhance the professor's professional status constituted the two predicate acts necessary for [*1152] a pattern under the North Dakota RICO statute.
	www.ipsn.org /court_cases/rico_explanation.htm (6144 words)

	H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229 (1989)
		The court found that "ach of the fraudulent acts alleged by was committed in furtherance of a single scheme to influence MPUC commissioners to the detriment of Northwestern Bell's ratepayers." Id., at 425.
		Even as to the titles of [the OCCA bill] needed primarily in organized crime cases, there are very real limits on the degree to which such provisions can be strictly confined to organized crime cases.
		The acts of bribery alleged are said to be related by a common purpose, to influence commissioners in carrying out their duties in order to win approval of unfairly and unreasonably high rates for Northwestern Bell.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /cases/RICO/northwestern_bell.htm (6928 words)

	Orange County Criminal Defense Lawyer, Orange County Criminal Defense Attorney, California Criminal Defense Lawyer, ...
		RICO, the Racketeering Influenced Corrupt Organizations act, was passed by Congress as part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970.
		Congress found that organized crime drained billions of dollars from the economy through force, fraud and corruption, in such activities as syndicated gambling, loan sharking, theft and resale of stolen property, prostitution, and distribution and sale of narcotics.
		Organized crime took hold during the days of Prohibition, when gangsters such as Al Capone created powerful criminal enterprises manufacturing and selling illegal liquor.
	www.monacolawoffice.com /article1_rico.html (1325 words)

	Organized crime - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The newest growth sectors for organized crime are identity theft and online extortion.
		These activities are troubling because they discourage consumers from using the Internet for e-commerce.
		Furthermore, e-commerce was supposed to level the playing ground between small and large businesses, but the growth of online organized crime is leading to the opposite effect; large businesses are able to afford more bandwidth and superior security.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Organized_crime (512 words)

	U. S. v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576 (1981)
		In view of the purposes of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 to eradicate organized crime in the United States, it cannot be said that Congress nevertheless confined the reach of the law to only narrow aspects of organized crime, and, in particular, under RICO, to only the infiltration of legitimate business.
		The common thread to all counts was respondent's alleged leadership of this criminal organization through which he orchestrated and participated in the commission of the various crimes delineated in the RICO count or charged in the eight preceding counts.
		The former is proved by evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and by evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /cases/rico/turkette.htm (4228 words)

	ARTICLE: THE RICO CIVIL FRAUD ACTION IN CONTEXT: REFLECTIONS ON BENNETT v. BERG G. Robert Blakey
		Organized [258] crime* operates even in the face of honest law enforcement, but it flourishes best in a climate of corruption.
		Organized crime members, too, had rights, and if the bill was not objectionable as applied to them, it was not objectionable applied beyond them.
		The court relied on the legislative history of [*285] the statute, the opinions of its sister circuits in the criminal area, the majority trend in lower court opinions in the civil area, and the unanimous opinion of the commentators.
	www.ipsn.org /court_cases/rico_in_context_blakey.htm (7321 words)

	Organized Crime - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Organized Crime Control Act (U.S.) defines organized crime as: "The unlawful activities of...a highly organized, disciplined association...".
		Furthermore, e-commerce was supposed to level the playing ground between small and large businesses, but the growth of online organized crime is leading to the opposite effect; large businesses are able to afford more bandwidth (in order to resist denial-of-service attacks) and superior security.
		Amid his efforts to expose the Russian mob, Robert I. Friedman learned from the FBI that "the most brilliant and savage Russian mob organization in the world" had put a $100,000 price on his head.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /organized_crime.htm (847 words)

	[No title]
		In spite of its name and origin, RICO is not limited to "mobsters" or members of "organized crime" as those terms are ordinarily understood.
		In spite of its name and origin, RICO is not limited to "mobsters" or members of "organized crime" as those terms are ordinarly understood, Sedima, S.P.R.L. v.
		Lynch, "RICO: The Crime of Being a Criminal" 87 Colum.L.Rev 661, 920(1987).
	extension.osu.edu /~hlaufman/rico_crs.txt (2285 words)

	USAM 9-110.000 ORGANIZED CRIME AND RACKETEERING
		Title IX of the Act is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Statute (18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968), commonly referred to as the "RICO" statute.
		Once a RICO indictment has been approved by the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section and has been returned by the grand jury, a copy of a file-stamped copy of the indictment shall be provided to the Section.
		Thus, although the involvement of traditional organized crime will not be a requirement for approval of proposed prosecutions, a prosecution will not be authorized unless the violent crimes involved are substantial because of the seriousness of injuries, the number of incidents, or other aggravating factors.
	www.usdoj.gov /usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/110mcrm.htm (2746 words)

	Intelligence Analysis of Organized Crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Organized crime is the illegal activity of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is profit through illegitimate business enterprise.
		Organized crime infiltrates legitimate businesses which are low tech (such as garbage collection), have uniform products, and operate in rigid markets where price increases will not reduce demand.
		Most begin as ordinary street criminals, but rather than retiring or "ageing out" of crime, they continue their careers into their late 20s and 30s, progressing up the "queer ladder of mobility" (as it's been called) that is organized crime (individuals on their own make their mark and hope to be noticed, recruited or selected).
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/427/427lect14.htm (3076 words)

	Organized Crime
		Organized crime is an illegal activity for profit through illegitimate businesses.
		Organized crime includes doing business through threat, extortion, smuggling of illegal drugs, sex, gambling, loan-sharking, and pornography, etc. They resemble businesses with corporate structures but use force, intimidation, or threat in their dealings.
		Vehicle Crime -- Illicit trafficking of vehicles is a form of organized crime which generates large profits for the perpetrators (estimated at 19 Billion USD which disappears into a parallel economy) and a feeling of insecurity that affects the public particularly due to the increased used of violence.
	www.karisable.com /crmob.htm (6601 words)

	Organized crime - Biocrawler definition:Organized crime - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		a highly organized, disciplined association...." Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist organizations, are politically motivated.
		Gangs sometimes become "disciplined" enough to be considered "organized." The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured group is referred to in the U.S. as racketeering.
		Many organized crime operations have substantial legitimate businesses, such as licensed gambling, building construction, trash hauling, or dockloading, which operate in parallel with and provide "cover" for drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, extortion, hijacking, fraud, and insider trading, among many other possible criminal activities.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Racketeering (757 words)

	Gambino Crime Family "Capo" Sentenced (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer today announced that Gambino crime family "Capo" Joseph "Sonny" Juliano was sentenced to serve 1-1/2 to 4-1/2 years in state prison for operating an illegal gambling ring in New York City and failing to declare the income from the scheme.
		In a related case, Gambino crime family "soldier" Richard Juliano, the younger brother of "Sonny" Juliano, pleaded guilty to one count of Attempted Enterprise Corruption in Albany Supreme Court, before Judge Joseph Teresi.
		The case was prosecuted by Assistant Attorney General Mark Fitzmaurice of the Organized Crime Task Force with the assistance of Investigator George Pagnotta, both under the supervision of Christopher Prather, Deputy Attorney General in charge of the Organized Crime Task Force.
	www.oag.state.ny.us /press/2003/oct/oct10a_03.html (557 words)

	RESURRECTING RICO: REMOVING IMMUNITY FOR WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
		For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, while containing measures that are certainly needed to begin combating corporate corruption, authorizes no civil relief for fraud victims and imposes lighter penalties for the destruction of corporate records than does RICO for the crimes it covers.
		For example, because courts declined to apply the person-enterprise distinction to conventional organized crime prosecutions against associated-in-fact Mafia enterprises,[112] plaintiffs began to allege that defendant business entities comprised an associated-in-fact enterprise analogous to an organized crime family.
		Co., 492 U.S. The Court has also stated that the relevant consideration is whether “the predicate acts involve conduct that is ‘chargeable’ or ‘indictable,’ and ‘offense[s]’ that are ‘punishable,’ under various criminal statutes,” not whether the acts are characteristic of organized crime.
	www.law.harvard.edu /students/orgs/jol/vol41_1/goldsmith.php (13991 words)

	Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Criminal Justice Reform Legislation
		If the Congress had not enacted the RICO provisions of the Organized Crime Control Act in 1970 and the court-ordered wiretap and electronic surveillance provisions of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act in 1968, we would lack essential tools in the war against organized crime.
		Evidence would be admissible if an officer acted in an objectively reasonable belief that his conduct was consistent with the law.
		At the time of the passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act in 1984, all these proposals were passed as separate bills by large majority votes in the Senate.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1987/101687g.htm (637 words)

	Wisconsin Department of Justice
		In addition, unit members act as special prosecutors throughout Wisconsin at the request of district attorneys in homicide, white-collar crime cases and other cases where the district attorney is unable to act.
		Crimes of financial exploitation are also typically committed by a person that is trusted by the victim, such as a fiduciary, financial advisor, or an individual acting under the terms of a Power of Attorney.
		As complex as these crimes may be legally, as you know, nothing complicates a criminal investigation or prosecution like the emotionally charged dynamics of a dysfunctional family relationship.
	www.doj.state.wi.us /dls/crimlitt.asp (771 words)

	[No title]
		RICO does not require proof that either the racketeering enterprise or the predicate acts of racketeering in 1962(c) were motivated by an economic purpose.
		The Court of Appeals determined that -non-economic crimes committed in furtherance of non-economic motives are not within the ambit of RICO.- 968 F. 2d, at 629.
		Conduct alleged to amount to Hobbs Act extor- tion, for example, or one of the other, somewhat elastic RICO predicate acts may turn out to be fully protected First Amendment activity, entitling the defendant to dismissal on that basis.
	www.mith2.umd.edu /WomensStudies/GenderIssues/ReproductiveRights/now-v-scheidler (3754 words)

	[No title]
		Any department or agency so designated may use in investigations authorized by this chapter either the investigative provisions of this chapter or the investigative power of such department or agency otherwise conferred by law.
		The Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in par.
		Sections 274, 277, and 278 of the Act are classified to sections 1324, 1327, and 1328 of Title 8, respectively.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/infousa/laws/majorlaw/rico/18usc1961.txt (968 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		But even assuming that the more inclusive definition of enterprise will have the effect suggested, 9 the language of the statute and its legislative history indicate that Congress was well aware that it was entering a new domain of federal involvement through the enactment of this measure.
		Yet these are among the very crimes that Congress specifically found to be typical of the crimes committed by persons involved in organized crime, see 18 U.S.C. 1961 (1) (1976 ed., Supp.
		Supporters of the bill recognized that organized crime uses its primary sources of revenue and power - illegal gambling, loan sharking and illicit drug distribution - as a springboard into the sphere of legitimate enterprise.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=452&invol=576 (4543 words)

	APPLYING RICO TO ECO-ACTIVISM: FANNING THE RADICAL FLAMES OF ECO-TERROR
		The Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) was enacted as part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970.
		The radical grassroots environmental organizations of the 1980s and early 1990s, such as Earth First!, Greenpeace, and the Sea Shep[*PG302]herd Conservation Society, were, to an extent, recognizable entities that carried much of the burden of pushing the environmentalist agenda in the wake of the environmental mainstream’s decline in influence.
		Understanding the identity and organizational complexity of such underground activity is further complicated by the fact that the activities of recognizable underground groups, such as the ELF or ALF, are also either supplemented or copied without central direction by individuals or small groups who combine for single or few acts alone.
	www.bc.edu /schools/law/lawreviews/meta-elements/journals/bcealr/29_2/03_TXT.htm (6288 words)

	Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations - Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Congress designed The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), (1) enacted as Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, (2) to combat organized crime.
		Imrex Co., (5) the Supreme Court concluded that RICO is not limited to organized crime, and may be applied to legitimate businesses.
		While the statutory definition of "pattern of racketeering activity" requires at least two acts of racketeering occurring within ten years of each other, (45) simply proving two acts may not be sufficient to establish a RICO violation.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=5000813277 (1341 words)

	Criminal Resource Manual 2085 Syndicated Gambling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Syndicated Gambling: Sections 801-811 of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, which amended Title 18, United States Code, by adding Sections 1511 and 1955, are designed to combat "illegal gambling business" or syndicated gambling.
		The FBI will normally recommend approval for electronic surveillance based solely on gambling violations if the matter under investigation involves organized crime, the corruption of public officials, or the gambling business is substantial and considered extraordinary for the region.
		Supervision of prosecutions under these statutes, including investigations and service of warrants, is vested in the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section.
	www.usdoj.gov /usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm02085.htm (354 words)

	Basic Elements of the Organized Crime Control Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Basic Elements of the Organized Crime Control Act
		Basic Elements of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970
		The gambling business is in violation of the law of the state in which it operates.
	www.unc.edu /gform-links/courses/pre2000fall/law357c/cyberprojects/spring98/cybergambling/law_fed_el_occ.html (66 words)

	Community Corrections Can Have Impact on Organized Crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They followed the suspect to a rendezvous with organized crime members and were able to nab him for violating the terms of his parole.
		A part of the 1970 Organized Crime Control Act, the federal RICO statute sought to strip the mob of the protection and profits it received through infiltration of legitimate business.
		The act permits criminal prosecution of civil suits against groups and organizations that engage in a pattern of racketeering, such as tax evasion, in order to acquire or maintain a business enterprise.
	www.campbell.edu /news/releases/fa02/ns_rel.0339.html (547 words)

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