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	Organophosphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An organophosphate (sometimes abbreviated OP) is the general name for esters of phosphoric acid and is one of the organophosphorus compounds.
		The term organophosphate should strictly be reserved for an ester of phosphoric acid or one of its higher compounds (such as pyrophosphoric acid.
		The effects of organophosphate poisoning are recalled using the mnemonic "SLUDGE", for salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal upset, and emesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Organophosphates (542 words)

	Ester: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		In organic chemistry and biochemistry esters are a functional group consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic.
		Esters can participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols.
		Esters may also be decomposed by strong acids or bases.
	www.encyclopedian.com /es/Ester.html (386 words)

	High solids coating composition adapted for use as automotive topcoat--#4 - Patent 4181783
		A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said hydroxy functional organophosphate esters are esters wherein R is a mono or dihydroxy alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radical containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
		The hydroxy functional organophosphate esters useful in the compositions of the invention are those having the formula: ##STR2## wherein n=1 to 2 and R is selected from the group consisting of mono or dihydroxy alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl radicals.
		A preferred method for preparing the hydroxyfunctional organophosphate esters useful in the compositions of the invention is by an esterification reaction between an excess of an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl diol or triol and phosphorus pentoxide.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4181783.html (7101 words)

	[No title]
		Organophosphate insecticides are widely used today because they do not persist in the environment and they have an extremely low carcinogenic potential.
		The answer is E. Atropine is a very useful antidote for the treatment of organophosphate poisoning because it blocks both the peripheral and central muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.
		Because of its lipid solubility and resistance to biodegradation, DDT persists in the environment and is concentrated in the food chain.
	www.kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/blk3/ff88.wbc (1055 words)

	Organophosphorus Ester-Induced Chronic Neurotoxicity MOHAMED B. ABOU-DONIA / Archives of Environmental Health v.58, ...
		Tetraethylpyrophosphate was the 1st organophosphate synthesized as an AChE inhibitor in 1854.2 Later, dimethyl and diethyl phosphorofluoridates were synthesized.2 During World War II, organophosphorus compounds were developed primarily as agricultural insecticides, and later as chemical warfare agents.
		Because the long-term, persistent effects of OPICN result from neuronal degeneration of the PNS and CNS, induced by organophosphates, it is unlikely that improvement is the consequence of the regeneration of brain neurons, inasmuch as such repair is not typical of the CNS.
		An epidemological study of the relations between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and indices of chronic peripheral neuropathy and neuropsychological abnormalities in sheep farmers and dippers.
	mindfully.org /Pesticide/2003/Organophosphorus-Neurotoxicity1aug03.htm (6431 words)

	[No title]
		Dursban® is classed as a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide.
		Organophosphate esters are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis.
		The enzyme is occupied by the inhibitor for relatively long periods, and therefore cannot handle ACh efficiently, as a result of the saturation phenomenon.
	www.michals.com /chlorpyrifos.html (967 words)

	Video Display Units: An Emission Source of the Contact Allergenic Flame Retardant Triphenyl Phosphate in the Indoor ...
		Organophosphate esters, i.e., arylated, alkylated, or chloro-alkylated phosphate esters whose general structure is shown in Figure 1, are used on a large scale in the developed countries as flame retarding agents and/or plasticizers in a variety of products.
		Thus, if computers contain and thereby emit organophosphate esters into the surrounding air, a large part of the population is consequently exposed to these compounds.
		To establish the back-ground levels of airborne organophosphate esters, air monitoring was performed in the office module used for the long-term emission study prior to installing the computer.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?esthag/34/18/html/es990768n.html (3466 words)

	Hydraulic fluid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The three most common types of hydraulic fluids are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin.
		Others are based on glycol esters and ethers, castor oil, or silicone.
		Certain hydraulic fluids are produced from crude oil and others are manufactured by many companies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydraulic_fluid (315 words)

	Chemical Exposure Collaborative Pain Research Unit Organophosphates Clinical Information Document: 1 Dustin, RH, and ...
		The organophosphate pesticides comprising the neutral esters or amides are biologically active by their capacity to interfere with metabolism and they are usually lipid soluble and highly reactive.
		The organophosphate pesticides are usually not considered as recalcitrant chemicals due to their high reactivity.
		The organophosphate compounds under question are hydrophobic and require the use of solvents for dissolving and dispersal.
	www.mindfully.org /Health/Organophosphates-Exposure-Pain.htm (3262 words)

	Toxicity of the Organophosphate Chemical Warfare Agents GA, GB, and VX: Implications for Public Protection
		Organophosphate (OP) nerve agents were designed specifically to cause incapacitation or death in military use and are particularly effective because of their extremely high acute toxicity.
		Organophosphate insecticides are sequestered in body fat and gradually mobilized from these depots to a greater extent than the OP nerve agents as evidenced by their longer time course of recovery and need for repeated treatment with atropine (160,161).
		Organophosphate nerve agents are highly toxic by all routes of exposure.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1994/102-1/munro-full.html (16261 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning
		Organophosphate (OP) insecticides inhibit both cholinesterase and pseudo-cholinesterase activities.
		Reactivation of dimethyl phosphorylated acetyl-cholinesterase proceeds quite rapidly and may improve without oxime therapy, although reactivation of diethyl phosphorylated acetylcolinesterase does not occur unless significant amounts of oximes are used.
		The major pharmacological action of oximes such as pralidoxime and obidoxime is to reactivate acetyl cholinesterase by removal of the phosphate group bound to the esteratic site [18].
	ccforum.com /content/5/4/211 (3353 words)

	Atropine (International Programme on Chemical Safety Evaluation, 2002)
		Chronic exposure to certain organophosphates may induce changes in the pharmacodynamics of atropine, thus influencing the response of the animal to atropine therapy.
		Sanderson (1961) suggested that combined treatment with atropine and oxime may be deleterious when the animals are given the organophosphate orally because reduced peristalsis slows the absorption of the organophosphate beyond the most effective concentrations of the antidotes given parenterally.
		In mice, pre-treatment with phenytoin, verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine or nimodipine increased the LD of DFP.
	www.inchem.org /documents/antidote/antidote/atropine.htm (13613 words)

	1999 North Dakota Weed Control Guide - NDSU Extension Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Tank-mixing Amber with organophosphate (OP) insecticides increases potential for crop injury, but Amber can be tank-mixed with all OP insecticides except malathion.
		For broader spectrum weed control, bromoxynil plus MCPA ester should be applied from the 3-leaf to early boot stage.
		Stampede should not be applied to wheat treated with carbamate or organophosphate insecticides or wheat grown on soil treated the previous year with organophosphate insecticides.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/weeds/w253/w253c02.htm (6969 words)

	Part III - Chemical Management - Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides, Nematicides, and Plant Growth Regulators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Azinphos-methyl is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide with contact and stomach action labeled for use on all tree fruit crops.
		Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide with nonsystemic contact, stomach, and vapor action highly effective on a wide range of insects on apples, peaches, and nectarines.
		Supracide is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide labeled for use on all tree fruits during the dormant to delayed dormant stages for control of San Jose scale and rosy apple aphids.
	www.cas.psu.edu /docs/CASDEPT/Hort/TFPG/part3/part33.htm (17726 words)

	Nerve Agents: General
		Toxic organophosphate compounds had been investigated extensively as pesticides during the 1920's and 1930's, but it was not until 1937 that their potential as chemical warfare agents was recognized.
		The Germans also investigated a series of related organophosphate compounds for military utility (both as weapons and as insecticides), and at the end of the war had begun to produce a second nerve agent, Sarin (GB) and were investigating the utility of a third, Soman (GD).
		This both stimulated interest in organophosphates in the insecticide industry and (because the work had been done for the German military) made the compounds the Germans had identified available for anyone to use without the need to obtain licenses or pay royalties.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Chemical/Nerve/nervgen.shtml (2735 words)

	Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by Organophosphate Esters
		Organophosphate (OP) exposure can be lethal at high doses while lower doses may impair performance of critical tasks.
		This organophosphate ester also binds to B esterases (BEST) and inhibits their enzymatic activity.
		The development of this model to predict the human response to organophosphate exposure provides a method of modeling possible therapeutic or prophylactic approaches for organophosphate exposure in humans.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1994/Suppl-11/gearhart-full.html (7508 words)

	Letter to the editor - Letter to the Editor Archives of Environmental Health - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		(4) Exposures to these materials, present as crude mixtures of aryl phosphate esters, were proposed as an alternative plausible agent in the MS cluster.
		We suggest that, like the zinc hypothesis, the triaryl phosphate ester hypothesis deserves testing for industrial clusters of what appears to be MS.
		It would be especially noteworthy if any MS cases occurred among employees of the smelter, and if phosphate esters were used there, inasmuch as fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and lubricants are commonly used in high-temperature applications.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0907/is_4_57/ai_96952246 (407 words)

	index
		The organophosphorous compound, methylphosphonothioic acid, S-[2-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl]- O-ethyl ester, commonly known as VX gas was developed in 1953 by the British scientist Dr. Ranaji Ghosh.
		VX, along with other nerve agents GA, GB GD and GF (Tabun, Sarin, Soman, and Cyclosarin, respectively) were discovered due mainly to the research of Dr. Gerhard Schrader, a German biochemist working on new pesticides in the 1930's.
		After accidently exposing himself to a newly synthesized organophosphate compound, Schrader noticed his eyesight began to deteriorate and he had difficulty breathing, as well as a spreading paralysis in his limbs.
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/bailey/377/PapersW03/Roy (1028 words)

	Oil-in-alcohol microemulsions in antifreeze - Patent 4704220
		The concentrate of claim 1 wherein component (c) is a propylene oxide or ethylene oxide/propylene oxide-containing organophosphate ester.
		The oil useful in the present invention may be obtained from a wide variety of sources, including such diverse sources as animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic manufacture.
		Moreover, the composition of the oil is also not critical; and it may be composed of such diverse materials as predominantly hydrocarbons, such as mineral and petroleum oils, fatty acid esters, fats, silicone oils, polyalkylene oxides and ester derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof, and the like.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4704220.html (6244 words)

	Ester Elder Lawyers - Find a Elder Lawyer in Ester, AK
		fluids are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin.
		in 1738 of an Ephraim Cassuto (witness mother Ester), born in London 1719,...
		Ester, on her return to Fort McMurray for the Chinese New Year...
	www.lawyervista.com /1-city-AK-ester-elder_lawyers.html (297 words)

	Bibliography
		Lee, W. Yang, and J. Deng, "The clinical implications of acute pancreatitis in organophosphate poisoning (abstract)," J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 35(5), 1997, 516 (NACCT 1997 abstracts).
		Lieberman, A. Craven, H. Lewis, and J. Nemenzo, "Genotoxicity from domestic use of organophosphate pesticides," JOEM, 40(11), 1998, 954-957.
		London, L., V. Nell, M. Thompson, and J. Myers, "Effects of long-term organophosphate exposures on neurological symptoms, vibration sense and tremor among South African farm workers," Scand J Work, Environ and Health, 24(1), 1998, 18-29.
	gulflink.osd.mil /library/randrep/pesticides_paper/mr1018.8.bib.html (12396 words)

	Program Book - Peripheral Blockers as Treatments - Poster Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Cocaine can be degraded by hydrolysis of the benzoyl ester group to yield inactive products and a catalyst for this reaction could reduce serum cocaine concentrations, deprive the cocaine abuser of the behavioral reinforcing effect of the drug, and thus favor extinction of the addiction.
		Substrate-assisted enzymatic catalysis: Cyclic analogs based on phosphinate esters have been synthesized in order to elicit antibodies that would allow for the protonated bridgehead amine in cocaine to participate in intramolecular catalysis.
		Reactive immunization: Analogs of cocaine with the organophosphate ester functionality of nerve agents and pesticides are expected to yield abzyme mimics of choline esterases.
	www.drugabuse.gov /MeetSum/Peripheral/posterabs.html (1478 words)

	300. Fenamiphos (WHO Pesticide Residues Series 4)
		Apart from this minor component, metabolism in animals and plants follows the same pattern: oxidation of the thioether to the sulphoxide and sulphone, dearylation to yield the methyl thioether phenol (or its sulphoxide and sulphide) and potentially dealkylation of the ethyl, isopropyl or isopropylamide moiety of the phosphate ester.
		Effects on enzymes and other biochemical parameters Fenamiphos, as are other organophosphate esters, is an inhibitor of cholinesterase enzymes.
		COMMENTS Fenamiphos, an acutely toxic organophosphate ester, is rapidly absorbed as evidenced by rapid onset of cholinergic signs of poisoning.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v074pr23.htm (8287 words)

	Hydraulic oil - Hydraulicoil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Certain hydraulic fluids are produced from crude oil and others are manufactured.
		Hydraulic fluids can contain a wide range of different chemical compounds; oils, butanol, esters (eg.
		bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), phosphate esters (eg.
	www.kopete.org /Hydraulic-oil.html (259 words)

	leuc ester WesterFlora -- groothandel in bloemisterijartikelen en ...
		leuc ester WesterFlora -- groothandel in bloemisterijartikelen en...
		Dictionary.com/Style Guide/Affixes ate: salt, ester for acid substitute for -ic -ate, -en, -fy, -ish, -ise, -ize: form verbs to leuk-, leuko-, leuc- leuco-: white.
		Immunom-Inf Inj-Int Inu-Iop Iot-Isol Ison-Isos Isot-Kae Kal-Kie Kin-L- Lab-Lat Lau-Leuc Mycolic acid methyl ester: M. Munoz, E. Julian, M. Garcia-Barcelo, V. Ausina, M. The International Committee for the Defense of Azmi Bishara Leuc.
	cefixime.host5.ranusa.com /1151859953.html (751 words)

	Tab A
		Nerve Agents: Nerve agents are organophosphate ester derivatives of phosphoric acid.
		They are generally divided into the G-agents, which in the unmodified state are volatile (easily vaporized), and the V-agents, which tend to be more persistent.
		The G-agents are organophosphates containing either fluorine or cyanide.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /cement_factory/cement_factory_taba.htm (1900 words)

	[No title]
		Pharmacological Properties Diazinon is an organophosphate ester with strong insecticidal and acaricidal activities; it exerts its effect by contact and by stomach and respiratory toxicity in ectoparasites.
		The mode of action of the compound is by cholinesterase inhibition similar to other organophosphate insecticides.
		The compound is relatively stable at normal temperatures and shows some residual activity.
	www.vmd.gov.uk /espcsite/Documents/124630.DOC (2095 words)

	Inactivation of Chloramphenicol by O-Phosphorylation -- Mosher et al. 270 (45): 27000 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry
		Identification of this metabolite as the 3`-phospho ester of Cm implicates a mechanism of Cm resistance for the producing organism that has not hitherto been encountered in streptomycetes or other microbial systems.
		= 6.474 ppm) of the single strong signal was in the region of the spectrum predicted for an organophosphate ester (data not shown).
		Examination of the sample by low resolution, negative ion-spray mass spectrometry gave a group of molecular ions in the relative proportions expected for a substance containing two chlorine atoms (Fig.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/45/27000 (5542 words)

	References
		Burchfiel, J. L., and F. Duffy, "Organophosphate Neurotoxicity: Chronic Effects of Sarin on the Electroencephalogram of Monkey and Man," Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 4, 1982, pp.
		Idriss, M., L. Aguayo, et al., "Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds Have Pre- and Post-Junctional Effects at the Insect Glutamatergic Synapse," J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics, 239(1), 1986, pp.
		Inns, R., and L. Leadbeater, "The Efficacy of Bispyridinium Derivatives in Treatment of Organophosphate Poisoning in the Guinea-Pig," J Pharm Pharmacol, 35, 1983, pp.
	www.rand.org /pubs/monograph_reports/MR1018.2/mr1018.2.refs.html (18810 words)

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