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Topic: Origin of the universe

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	20th WCP: The Origin of the Universe and Contemporary Cosmology and Philosophy
		The aim of this paper is to try to answer the question as to whether the origin of the world has slipped out of the hands of philosophers (and theologians), and passed in its entirety into the realm of science, and whether science is able to solve this problem by itself.
		Obviously to solve the problem of the origin of the world, of fundamental importance is the former approach which assumes that further evolution of the Universe did not preclude the significance of its initial states for what we observe now on a large scale.
		Another reason which indicates an inevitable involvement of the question of the beginning of the Universe in philosophy is that cosmology as an empirical science is entitled to make statements on the structure and evolution of the observable part of the Universe, but not on the Universe as a whole.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Meta/MetaSuch.htm (3300 words)

	The Origin And Creation Of The Universe: A Response to Adolf GrÃ¼nbaum
		Whereas the former problem concerns whether the universe is temporally finite in the past, the latter seeks an "external cause" of the beginning of the universe, particularly a divine cause, or God.
		Finally, the identification of the external cause of the universe's inception was not gratuitously assumed to be a personal Creator; rather the proof's proponents argued for this conclusion on the basis of the fact that a temporal effect could not arise from an eternal cause unless that cause were a personal agent.
		The universe has "always" existed in the sense that there is no past moment of physical time at which it did not exist; but it has not "always" existed in the strong sense of being permanent, since it had a beginning of its existence, and therefore it is sensible to ask for its cause.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/billcraig/docs/origin.html (2905 words)

	The Origin of the Universe, Earth, and Life \| Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, ...
		The study of the origin of life is a very active research area in which important progress is being made, although the consensus among scientists is that none of the current hypotheses has thus far been confirmed.
		These conclusions make the origin of the universe as a whole intelligible, lend coherence to many different branches of science, and form the core conclusions of a remarkable body of knowledge about the origins and behavior of the physical world.
		Moreover, a universal flood of sufficient magnitude to form the sedimentary rocks seen today, which together are many kilometers thick, would require a volume of water far greater than has ever existed on and in Earth, at least since the formation of the first known solid crust about 4 billion years ago.
	books.nap.edu /html/creationism/origin.html (2349 words)

	Universe - CreationWiki
		Universal creationism is the doctrine or belief that the universe was created by God out of no pre-existent entity.
		Universal creationism is a fundamental tenet of the major monotheistic religions.
		The age of the universe is also the age of the earth, because both came into existence "in the beginning" — although earth originally had no form to it (Genesis 1:2).
	creationwiki.org /Universe (862 words)

	Evidence for the supernatural origin of the universe
		Since the universe is winding down and the second law of thermodynamics states that the net usable energy in a closed system cannot be increased by the physical properties of the universe, one is led to the logical conclusion that the initial organized or low entropy state of energy originated supernaturally.
		Proposing that entropy was reduced in the universe by physical properties in the universe contradicts the second law of thermodynamics.
		Therefore, evolution as an explanation for the origin of reduced entropy in the universe is unscientific.
	www.uark.edu /~cdm/creation/universeorigin.htm (1486 words)

	The Day Time Began
		Applied to the Universe as a whole, this law states that the cosmos is on a one-way slide towards a state of maximum disorder, or entropy.
		They suspect that scientists can't explain the ultimate origin of the Universe and are resorting to obscure and dubious concepts like the origin of time merely to befuddle their detractors.
		Unfortunately, the topic of the quantum origin of the Universe is fraught with confusion because of the publicity given to a preliminary, and in my view wholly unsatisfactory theory of the big bang based on an instability of the quantum vacuum.
	members.fortunecity.com /templarser/daybegan.html (4394 words)

	The Origin of the Universe
		Thus the verse is telling us that the universe was originally a single, well connected mass that was then split open to form the heavens and the earth as we see them.
		Thus if a university or a city or a building is 500 years old, we generally would not say that it took 500 years to build it, even if during that time it has been continuously changing.
		The picture of the universe provided by the CMB is that of a “surface” which may be called the “surface of last scattering”.
	www.islamicperspectives.com /OriginOfUniverse.htm (1170 words)

	Origin of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In a sense, then, very early in the universe momentum was applied to the outwardly expanding universal stuff that could not have been applied had the universe been operating under the physical laws (constraints) that the subsequent (cooler and/or larger) universe now operates under.
		The inhomogeneities present in the early universe are at the root of the complexity necessary for the existence of life.
		We know the the universe is expanding given the red-shifting of star light (which implies that the sourse of the light is moving away from the Earth).
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1005.htm (4460 words)

	THE BLACK HOLE ORIGIN THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE: FRONTIERS OF SPECULATIVE, CURRENT PHYSICAL COSMOLOGY
		I did not explain the basic laws of nature that remained constant from universe to universe, that is, the basic and derived laws constituting the Standard Model (which is the combination of the electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics) would include everything from quantum mechanics to relativity theory to the idea that there are four forces).
		The second universe, containing the fl hole to which our universe is connected, also has a first state bounding a big bang that is the last state bounding the collapse state of a fl hole in a third universe.
		And this third universe has a first state bounding a big bang that is the last state bounding the collapse state of a fl hole in a fourth universe, and so on.
	www.qsmithwmu.com /the_black_hole_origin_theory_of_the_universe_frontiers_of_speculative,_current_physical_cosmology.htm (6386 words)

	Origin Of The Universe
		When it comes to the origin of the universe, the "Big Bang Theory" and its related Inflation Universe Theories (IUTs) are today's dominant scientific conjectures.
		According to these interrelated notions, the universe was created between 13 and 20 billion years ago from the random, cosmic explosion (or expansion) of a subatomic ball that hurled space, time, matter and energy in all directions.
		University of Michigan: "About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe.
	www.allaboutthejourney.org /origin-of-the-universe.htm (433 words)

	Krishna.com - Chance and the Origin of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Unable to explain the origin of the universe by physical laws, they assert that it was somehow caused by chance.
		The origin of the universe is thus a one-time event, and statements about it that involve chance are meaningless according to the rules of quantitive science.
		Thus it is useless to attempt to use quantum theory to explain the origin of the universe.
	www.krishna.com /printarticles/Chance.html (405 words)

	Origin Of The Universe
		The original Big Bang Theory seeks to explain the sudden appearance of everything from nothing, while Darwinian Evolution seeks to explain the origin of complex life forms from their supposed simpler ancestors.
		The premise of the Big Bang is that the entire universe was compacted into a teeny tiny little ball, which, after randomly coming into existence for no apparent reason in the first place, exploded into all space, time, matter and energy in an instant.
		As a result, the original theory is no longer the dominant scientific explanation for the atheistic origin of the universe.
	www.allaboutcreation.org /origin-of-the-universe.htm (526 words)

	Models of the origin of the universe
		According to this model the Universe is the result of the radioactive disintegration of a gigantic superstar the size of the Earth’s orbit—150 million kilometers in radius.
		The observable Universe of galaxies appears to be expanding and it implies that all the matter in the universe was in the same place about 10 billion years ago.
		The pre-ylem condition of the universe was one of contraction from eternity past—the mirror image of the post-ylem condition, and the Big Bang represented an elastic rebound between the two states.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v2/i2/universe.asp (3534 words)

	Origin of the Universe (Hawking)
		In a static, unchanging universe, the question of whether the universe has existed forever, or whether it was created at a finite time in the past, is really a matter for metaphysics or religion: either theory could account for such a universe.
		In a way, the proposal that the state of the universe is determined by a sum over non singular histories only, is like the drunk looking for his key under the lamp post: it may not be where he lost it, but it is the only place in which he might find it.
		Similarly, the universe may not be in the state defined by a sum over non singular histories, but it is the only state in which science could predict how the universe should be.
	www.angelfire.com /apes/atheist/hawkingsorigins (4588 words)

	The Stephen Hawking Page - Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The problem of the origin of the universe, is a bit like the old question: Which came first, the chicken, or the egg.
		In a static, unchanging universe, the question of whether the universe has existed forever, or whether it was created at a finite time in the past, is really a matter for metaphysics or religion: either theory could account for such a universe.
		In a way, the proposal that the state of the universe is determined by a sum over non singular histories only, is like the drunk looking for his key under the lamp post: it may not be where he lost it, but it is the only place in which he might find it.
	www.psyclops.com /hawking/resources/origin_univ.html (4587 words)

	Origin and Destiny of the Universe - Introduction
		The density of the Universe determines its geometry or shape.
		The most widely accepted theory predicts that the density of the Universe is very close to the critical density, and that the shape of the Universe should be flat, like a sheet of paper.
		The evolution of the Universe is determined by a struggle between the outward momentum of expansion and the inward pull of gravity.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/science/mysteries_l1/origin_destiny.html (630 words)

	Space: An Exploration: The Origin of the Universe
		It states that the universe began as a tiny "point" in nothingness that contained all of the matter in the universe.
		The origin of the Big Bang theory can be traced to Edwin Hubble, who observed that the universe is continuously expanding and found that the velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance.
		The universe is also expanding in every direction, which means that every galaxy has taken the same amount of time to move from a common starting point to the positions in which they are at right now.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110484/content.php?handle=origin (1226 words)

	Evidence for the supernatural origin of the universe
		At issue in this discussion is not the origin of the singularity, but the origin of the energy from which the singularity came into existence.
		Citing the vacuum experiments of radiation to particle energy, it is argued that if particles can originate from radiation in a vacuum, then a singularity of massive proportion could arise from a quantum fluctuation of energy in the same way.
		Therefore, the origin of the universe cannot have occurred by natural means.
	www.uark.edu /~cdm/creation/universe1stlaw.htm (2099 words)

	Origin of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Commonly accepted theory which describes the origin and evolution of the Universe is the standard cosmological model, called also the Big Bang theory.
		It is assumed that the Universe was homogeneously filled with matter, however there had been little clumpiness, that later formed galaxies and stars.
		When the Universe was half its present size most of the heavy elements were created.
	library.thinkquest.org /22446/universe_2.html (274 words)

	The Big Bang Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Representation of the universe according to inflationary cosmology.
		According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions.
		In 1927, the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître was the first to propose that the universe began with the explosion of a primeval atom.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/universe/b_bang.html (218 words)

	The Universe
		Either that or there is a "dark energy" which cosmologists call quintessence, a sort of "ether" which pervades the universe and provides a way for repulsive gravitational forces to exist.
		The impenetrable mystery of the true origin of the universe is one which nobody can dismiss...
		We thought the universe would either collapse in a Big Crunch under its own gravity, slow down to a grinding halt, or expand forever but always slowing down the expansion.
	www.numericalmathematics.com /universe.htm (1104 words)

	The Origin of the Universe
		Adherents of the steady state theory attempted to overcome this problem by acknowledging the universe was expanding and proposed that matter and energy were continually coming into existence to replenish the universe.
		It claimed the universe began as a singularity of extreme density and intense heat that expanded and cooled until particles of matter formed from the energy of the big bang.
		The universe is too young and too small for life to have developed from the primordial soup of the big bang on its own.
	www.kiva.net /~kls/page4.html (2850 words)

	National Forum: Genesis: The origin of the universe
		At such early times, the universe was in a state of incredibly high temperature and density, a situation so foreign to laboratory conditions that it is impossible to extrapolate known physics to that realm.
		Rather, the whole universe is expanding uniformly (at the same rate everywhere) and thus the larger the distance between any two galaxies, the faster they move away from each other.
		After the first fraction of a second in the history of the universe, the universe that we now see was less than the size of a proton.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3651/is_199601/ai_n8756371 (1546 words)

	EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some even accept the scientific evidence showing that the known universe originated, and has evolved, over the last 15 billion years while believing that an omnipotent designer (God) planned and set it into motion, and is still watching over it.
		In addition, evidence from geophysics, astronomy, cosmology, and mathematics demonstrates that the universe, and the earth, are very old (at least 4.5 billion years for the earth; much greater for the universe).
		The Pittsburgh Geological Society stands firm in supporting the goal that evolution and the origin of the universe must be included in primary and secondary school science curricula if future generations of decision-making American citizens are to be scientifically literate concerning the dynamic world in which we all live.
	www.pittsburghgeologicalsociety.org /evolution.htm (442 words)

	The Origin of the Universe - Probe Ministries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		One continuing problem surrounding theories of the origin of the universe has been "How much matter is there in the universe?" It is generally agreed that there is indirect evidence of far more matter in the universe than we have been able to detect.
		Well, the odds of the universe just happening to have the correct number of protons and electrons is the same as the odds for getting the red dime the first time.
		Rich works in the area of the philosophy and history of science, focusing in particular on the origin of the universe and the origin of life, and the history and philosophy of art.
	www.probe.org /content/view/802/67 (2668 words)

	Origin of the Universe
		Second, the theory predicts that 25 percent of the total mass of the universe should be the helium that formed during the first few minutes, an amount that agrees with observations.
		The geometry of the no-boundary universe would be similar to the geometry of the surface of a sphere, except it would have four dimensions instead of two.
		In a closed universe, in which the expansion eventually stops and a contraction follows, the end is far from cold and dark–as the Big Crunch approaches, the universe grows hotter and brighter until it implodes into a singularity and gets crushed out of existence.
	home.houston.rr.com /apologia/sec8p2.htm (3586 words)

	Islamset - Science - The Origin of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Big Bang was first proposed in 1:920 by Georges Lemaitre, that all the matter and radiation in the Universe originated in an immense explosion, with it began the expansion of the Universe, which still continues.
		The verse indicates that Allah is the Originator of the heavens and earth.
		When we try to understand th::ocess of expansion of the universe in the light of modern knowledge, we come to know that hydrogen in the sun is continuously converted by nuclear fusion to helium; and star-dust is nothing but a high grade nuclear fuel.
	www.islamset.com /sc/hafiz.html (2545 words)

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