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Topic: Origins of Prussia

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	Origins of Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The land extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lakes district was called Prussia in the 8th century by a Bavarian geographer, whereas previous historians had documented the Prussian tribes as Easterners or Aesti, Aisti.
		Prussia was recorded as having been the object of Adalbert of Prague, who was sent with soldiers of Boleslaw I Chrobry and who was martyred in 997 AD.
		Original Prussian land had reached further south and east from where the Monastic State of Prussia came to be.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Origins_of_Prussia (1220 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ducal Prussia was a dependency of the Kingdom of Poland from 1525 to 1656, then of the king of Sweden, and Royal Prussia remained an independent part of the crown of Poland until 1772.
		Because Prussia was predominantly a northern and eastern German state, it had a large Protestant majority, although there were substantial Roman Catholic populations in the Rhineland, while a number of districts in Posen, Silesia, West Prussia, and the Warmia regions of East Prussia had populations of predominantly Catholic Poles.
		Prussia's democratic constitution was suspended in 1932 as a result of a coup by Germany's conservative Chancellor Franz von Papen, marking the effective end of German democracy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (2503 words)

	Prussia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1618 the duchy of Prussia passed through inheritance to the elector of Brandenburg, and in 1660, by the treaty of Oliva, full independence from Polish suzerainty was confirmed to Frederick William, the Great Elector.
		Prussia was fortunate to possess, at this low ebb in its history, such able and energetic reformers as Karl vom und zum Stein, Karl August von Hardenberg, and Wilhelm von Humboldt.
		Prussia was forced to send auxiliary troops for Napoleon’s 1812 campaign in Russia, but late in the year Yorck von Wartenburg concluded a separate truce with Russia, and in 1813 Prussia joined the coalition against France.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pr/Prussia.html (1895 words)

	Szwedrowski Origins
		Prussia, Russia and Austria met at a common point on the map of Europe, near the headwaters of the Vistula River in the vicinity of Cracow.
		The fourth significant event preceding the birth of Joseph Szwedrowski was the appointment in 1862 by King William I of Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor (chief minister) of Prussia.
		It was during this period that Bismarck came to the conclusion that Austria was the enemy of Prussia.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /rcrandt/szwedrws.htm (10569 words)

	Prussia on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, under his rule and that of his successor, Frederick William III (1797-1840), Prussia underwent a period of eclipse as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars and the wars of Napoleon I.
		Finally, in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), the North German Confederation overwhelmed France, and in 1871 William I of Prussia was proclaimed emperor of Germany.
		King of Prussia Chamber of Commerce at Valley Forge Announces Annual Excellence Awards Recipients to be Honored at Banquet on April 28, 2004.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Prussia.asp (2860 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		East Prussia, was annexed by Poland (with the northern third of East Prussia, including Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, going to the Soviet Union; today it is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.).
		German Democratic Republic, destroyed the junkers as a class and marked the effective end of Prussia as a social and political entity; the GDR bueraucracy is seen by many as a "Red" continuation of the Prussian tradition, however.
		In 1996 a proposal to merge Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected by Brandenburg voters, though this was not seen as a decision relating to the revival of Prussia as a state but rather as an attempt to restore the old Brandenburg, since Berlin had never been a city-state before 1945.
	www.uncg.edu /gar/courses/lixl/380BLS/380Unit2/Lesson2Restoration_files/Prussia.htm (1746 words)

	Prussia: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		OR, GERMANY AND PRUSSIA IN THE NAPOLEONIC AGE BY J. R...consider the transformation of Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic age, which has usually...my plan required that the his tory of Prussia between 1806 and 1822 should be written...
		The Kingdom of Prussia is Founded by Richard Cavendish January 18th, 1701 PRUSSIA, which was to become a byword for German militarism...was German, though the Poles annexed part of Prussia in the following century, leaving the Knights...
		WILLIAM I, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia 1797 1888, emperor of Germany (1871 88) and king of Prussia (1861 88), second son of the future King Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/prussia.jsp (3338 words)

	Prussia in History and Prussian Historic Events in the Arkansas Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Arkansas Arkansas History ...
		Prussia imported military nomenclature from the east, such as the 'Ulan' lancers, named after the Mongol royal clan, and the 'Hussar' cavalry.
		Prussia fell victim to popular myths that surrounded her, the prussian story was obscured as she was scapegoated for the war.
		The major Part of north-east Prussia with the port Königsberg went to Russia becoming an enclave and colony on the Baltic coast -regardless of the fact that the territories were not even connecting- out of fear that Prussia might be too much of a temptation to Germany.
	rageontheriver.8m.com /partagas.html (1869 words)

	[No title]
		The Lutheran Church in Prussia preached the Lutheran doctrine of obedience to authority.
		Elector Frederick III, later King Frederick I of Prussia, sought a religious compromise first through the introduction of the Anglican liturgy and later by fostering the growth of Halle Pietism, a Lutheran reformist movement led by August Hermann Francke and his mentor Philip Jakob Spener.
		Although the zealous Frederick William I was originally attracted to the doctrines of Pietism as a means to unite Calvinist and Lutheran interests, during his reign he incorporated its teachings into the secular world of Prussia's military, education, and welfare systems.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/7023/pietism.html (4291 words)

	Pommern History
		It was surrounded by Mecklenburg-Schwerin on the West, Brandenburg on the South, and West Prussia on the East.
		The earliest documented origin of the Maass lineage is Henkenhagen, a small village on the Baltic coast in the county of Kolberg-Körlin where they were farming in the early 1500's (see Deutsches Geschlechterbuch Band 134:381-388).
		Originally, the Junkers (literally "young lord") were descendants of the medieval German Knights who established large feudal estates on the Slavic lands they had conquered in the Middle Ages.
	www.genemaas.net /Pommern.htm (3648 words)

	Balázs A. Szelényi \| The Dynamics of Urban Development: Towns in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Hungary \| ...
		For the proponents of the new and revolutionary "conjectural" history of "civil society"—Smith, Steuart, Ferguson, Millar—the origins of the division of labour and the market in the "commercial stage" of civilization were to be sought in the separation of town and country.
		Born in the backdrop of the failure of the 1848 revolutions, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, and German unification by Prussia in 1871, the aristocracy and nobility of Central Europe were seemingly able to survive the threat of the French Revolution, to the detriment of civic middle-class values and institutions.
		As Don Martindale noted: "[For Weber] Prussia's policies were determined by the attempt to keep the city and its typical strata under political control while political dominance—in the state, the administration, and the higher ranks of the Army—was in the hands of the rural aristocrats (the Junkers).
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html (12430 words)

	Decorations and Awards: Awards of the ‘Pour le Merite’ to Prussian General Officers 1792-1815
		The origins of Prussia’s ‘Pour le Merite’ date back to 8 May 1667 [1] with the founding of the ‘l’Ordre de la Generosite’ by Friedrich-Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg (1620-1688).
		Originally a fairly simple decoration, by 1685 it had become a sky-blue enamel Maltese cross.
		On 9 June 1740, the newly-crowned of Prussia [2] King Friedrich II (also known as ‘Frederick the Great’) converted the ‘l’Ordre de la Generosite’ into the ‘Pour le Merite’.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/decorations/c_pourlemerite.html (790 words)

	Absolutism and the eighteenth-century origins of compulsory schooling in Prussia and Austria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Originating as a doctoral thesis at the University of Chicago, this book arose not out of a concern with education per se, but rather with the problem of social control in early modern absolutism.
		Following their arrival in Prussia, Spener and Franke were fortunate in obtaining the support of influential figures in the Prussian government… Spener succeeded in securing the appointment of Franke and Breithaupt to the Halle faculty.
		The school was originally a charitable institution for the children of beggars and similarly destitute parents.
	www.schoolhouse.org.uk /html/articles/melton.html (14507 words)

	H-Net Review: Elizabeth A. Drummond on The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and ...
		Polish histories of Royal Prussia have emphasized the loyalty of Prussian elites to the Commonwealth and then their betrayal of the Commonwealth during the era of the partitions, as well as the continuous presence of an ethnic Polish population and of Polish culture and language.
		The eastern territories, Ducal Prussia, remained under the administration of the Teutonic Knights and owed an oath of allegiance to the Polish crown.
		The western territories of Prussia, Royal Prussia, were incorporated into the Polish crown, on the basis of the Incorporation Act of 1454, which confirmed all the privileges and rights that the Prussian estates had previously enjoyed.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=104251071614861 (1659 words)

	Articles - Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Prussia (German: PreuÃŸen, Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: PrÅ«sai, Latin: Borussia, Prutenia) was, in most recent context, a historic state originating in East Prussia, which for centuries had a substantial influence on German and European history.
		An independent kingdom from 1701 until 1867 or 1871- the Kingdom of Prussia, which was also the largest constituent kingdom of the united German Empire until its dissolution in 1918;
		Prussia began its existence as a small territory in what was later called West- and East Prussia, which is now northern Poland, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and part of today's Lithuania.
	www.bronzebass.com /articles/Prussia (2398 words)

	Prussia - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Prussia in its modern meaning came into existence only in 1701, when the elector of Brandenburg assumed the title king in Prussia.
		Prussia was fortunate to possess, at this low ebb in its history, such able and energetic reformers as Karl vom und zum Stein
		Prussia was forced to send auxiliary troops for Napoleon's 1812 campaign in Russia, but late in the year Yorck von Wartenburg
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Russia (1987 words)

	Prussia
		Perhaps the first written report on an encounter with one of the cave people took place in the Trier section of Prussia in 1138 A D. Pepin the Short, the father of emperor Charlemagne, had founded the Brunia monestery in that area.
		The brothers farmed, raised livestock and tended the vineyards where a particularly fragrant grape was grown.
		A bishop was traveling through that region of Prussia and the brothers asked the holy man to visit with them.
	www.holloworbs.com /Prussia.htm (1118 words)

	THE BALTIC KALININGRAD
		Its population is predominately of Russian origin, with many other nationalities of the Former Soviet Union that make up the rest of the population.
		[v] It also helped Prussia to become a country of peasants and landowners, a country in which the rest of the nobility was less important and less elevated above the rest of the population than it was elsewhere.
		Koenigsberg was one of Prussia’s most important trading centers up till the sixteenth century, second only to the port of Danzig.
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/kaliningrad.html (4854 words)

	The Land of Frankenstein - John Taylor Gatto
		This tightly schooled consensus in Prussia eventually combined the kaleidoscopic German principalities into a united Germany, after a thousand years as a nation in fragments.
		Hence the Pennsylvania town "King of Prussia." Thirty-three years after Prussia made state schooling work, we borrowed the structure, style, and intention of those Germans for our own first compulsion schools.
		All this was much fairer to Mann than England’s repulsive episcopal system—schooling based on social class; Prussia, he thought, was republican in the desirable, manly, Roman sense.
	www.johntaylorgatto.com /chapters/7a.htm (1548 words)

	The Prussian-Lithuanian Frontier of 1242 - William Urban
		Although the Teutonic Knights had not come into contact with the Lithuanians until 1242, except in Kurland, already their organization of frontier defense in Prussia showed they were aware that the Lithuanians would most likely come to the aid of those tribes which were already conquered by the crusaders.
		The news of these developments had spread into Prussia when Duke Svantopolk of Pomerania went to war with the order over possession of the lands at the mouth of the Vistula river.
		As we have seen, the attempts to do this in Prussia by establishing demesne farming had provoked the natives to revolt.
	www.lituanus.org /1975/75_4_01.htm (3706 words)

	MO3103 - The Rise of Prussia, c.1600-1786
		Prussia's rise from the status of a minor German electorate to that of the continent's leading power by 1763 was the most spectacular political achievement of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe.
		This course will examine the unique political, administrative, military and social factors which made this possible, and will devote particular attention to the reign of Frederick the Great (1740-86), when Prussia fully emerged as a major continental power.
		P. Dwyer (ed), The Rise of Prussia, 1700-1830 (2001)
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /academic/history/modhist/hons/3103.shtml (131 words)

	Journal of Social History: The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia: Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and ...
		Journal of Social History: The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia: Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815-70.
		The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia: Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815-70.
		Whether construed as Hegel's benevolent "universal estate," or as the early core of an ill-fated Prussian liberalism, or as an elitist monolith that sustained retrograde social interests well past the point of their natural death, the Prussian bureaucracy has been regarded as a key to the tortuous course of twentieth-century German history.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:19409264&refid=ink_tptd_mag (230 words)

	[No title]
		Nevertheless, from what little we know of the situation it is reasonable to infer that in Prussia it was the Poles who were the more serious aggressors; they were including the northern pagans in a general program of national expansion.
		Be all that as it may, the crusade which grew out of these wars established the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, with the long-time consequence that Germans came to dominate the southern Baltic coast until near the middle of the twentieth century.
		Because the crusaders who came to Prussia acted in the context of the complex politics of Holy Roman Empire in the early thirteenth century, an understanding of the special circumstances that determined the path of German politics from the end of the twelfth century is necessary to comprehending the origins of the Prussian Crusade.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/books/PrussianCrusade1.htm (8530 words)

	Probasco Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Now his place of origin has been identified, using "Noord America Chronologie", the abstracts of Amsterdam notarial archives available on microfilm in the NYGandBS Library.
		This theory portrays the Probasco family origin from Jews who migrated to Spain in the time of the Phoenicians.
		Those who came from other countries retained their original surnames with modifications or translated them into ethnic derivatives for the area they were in.
	home.earthlink.net /~nprobasco/probasco_origins.htm (1691 words)

	[No title]
		The archbishop's emigration patent (31 Oct, 1731) drove them out under the fiercest circumstances from home and property.
		The public participation attempted to console the sad treck of believers for the beautiful mountains of their homeland ; around 20,000 found hospitality in Prussia.
		Among the emigrants were suposedly also some KOPP, some of which went to Russia, part into the Alsace.
	www.chez.com /jeanjacqueskopp/new/english/origines_e.htm (165 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The sculptures used to adorn the monument evoked the origins of Prussia under the rule of the Teutonic Order in the 13th century.
		A military crusading order founded in Jerusalem by Papal authority in the 12th century, the Teutonic Order was invited by a Polish duke in the early 13th century to subdue the Prussian peoples and convert them to Christianity.
		Moreover, their conversion to Christianity of the Prussian tribes through an armed crusade was often represented as a liberation from the evils of heathenism and the origin of modern Prussia.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist151s05/battle_nations_memorial.htm (502 words)

	German History
		Ruled by the Habsburgs, whose power was concentrated in Austria, the Empire was a collection of several hundred independent states.
		The power balance shifted as Prussia rose out of the Brandenburg march, until a Prussian led German Empire was created.
		These are wonderful historic texts featuring German history starting from German origins and Martin Luther, through Bismarck and Economic Miracle, and to re-unification and Gerhard Schroeder.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/links/history.htm (559 words)

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