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Topic: Origins of agriculture

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Agricultural revolution

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Neolithic Revolution

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	[No title]
		Hypothesis: exorphins and the origin of agriculture and civilisation
		Yet since agriculture began, the human population has risen by a factor of 1000: Irons (1990) notes that 'population growth is not the expected effect of maladaptive behaviour'.
		Cohen, M. N., 1977, Population pressure and the origins of agriculture: an archaeological example from the coast of Peru, in Reed, C.A., ed., The origins of agriculture, Mouton, The Hague.
	membres.lycos.fr /xbeluga/originsofagriculture.html (6108 words)

	The Origins of Agriculture as a Natural Experiment in Cultural Evolution
		The emergence of agriculture, and the subsequent evolution of complex societies over the last 10,000 years, are patterns that may well reflect mainly the impact of internal limitations to the rate and direction of cultural evolution, analogous to the limitations that speciation seems to impose on the rate of organic evolution.
		If agricultural technology were quick and easy to develop, the population pressure argument would lead us to expect Pleistocene populations to shift in and out of agriculture and other intensive strategies as they find themselves in subsistence crises due to environmental deterioration or in periods of plenty due to amelioration.
		Agriculture may prove to be as early in North China as in the Near East, since the earliest dated sites, which extend back to 8000 B.P., represent advanced agricultural systems that must have taken some time to develop.
	www.des.ucdavis.edu /faculty/Richerson/Origins_Ag_IV3.htm (15957 words)

	E Zubrow: Review of Rindos, Origins of Agriculture
		She concluded that there were two forms of agricultural production in which "ownership of land and crop" by the state is contrasted to the "usufruct right to use." This type of study brings a new social consciousness to the archaeology of agricultural studies.
		In short, this trend of increasing interest in historic and classical studies of agriculture is part of the trend of increasing interest in the social rather than material aspects of the origin of agriculture.
		The shift to agriculture was not sudden, b instead consisted of societies relying on small amounts of cultivation within a mixed economy which gradually shifted to greater dependence on agriculture.
	wings.buffalo.edu /anthropology/Rindos/Docs/zubrow.html (6074 words)

	PAPER: The origins of agriculture - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This paradox is responsible for a profusion of models of the origin of agriculture.
		Agriculture and civilisation meant the end of foraging - a subsistence method with shortterm goals and rewards - and the beginning (for most) of regular arduous work, oriented to future payoffs and the demands of superiors.
		Cohen, M. N., 1977, Population pressure and the origins of agriculture: an archaeological example from the coast of Peru, in Reed, C.A., ed., The origins of agriculture, Mouton, The Hague.
	www.menschennahrung.de /13__Notizen/GW_paper_en.html (6108 words)

	Origins of agriculture
		Agriculture and herding tend to provide greater food productivity, at least in quantitative terms, than is generally possible with a broad spectrum approach.
		Strong evidence for agriculture: fields and their soils, ecofacts such as pollen, seeds, preserved plant remains, and animal bones, plant residue on artifacts, specialized artifacts or features (e.g., storage buildings).
		This hypothesis argued that agriculture occurred in areas where the nutritional resources for plants and animals were confined to a oasis; that is, through shared confinement to local areas of dense resources humans and animals developed a symbiotic association, prompting the eventual herding of the animals, thereby providing continued access to those resources.
	www.dacc.cc.il.us /~thynes/Lecture10a.htm (2402 words)

	CG041: Recent agriculture.
		Agriculture allows higher population densities, but it leads to an overall decrease in the quality of life over that of hunter-gatherers (Diamond 1987).
		The changed climate may have made agriculture possible in more areas, and/or it may have led to a human population increase which required agriculture to sustain.
		It may be significant that they occurred around the same times as the introduction of modern humans to Europe and the origins of art (about 40,000 years ago) and the rise of agriculture and writing (about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago).
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CG/CG041.html (529 words)

	Neolithic Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Agriculture in this era was subsistence agriculture, which means people were farming for their own diet (not for sale/profit) and the farmers practiced crop rotation (letting the fields lay in fallow between planting seasons).
		The agricultural revolution was inspired, in part, by the spreading of domesticated plants and animals and the growth of complex societies.
		The origin of plant and animal domestication was in China’s Yellow River Valley, and the fertile crescent, before it spread in Eurasia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Origins_of_agriculture (4428 words)

	Plants & Human Affairs
		Agriculture (the intentional planting of crops) originated 10 - 15,000 ybp.
		Jared Diamond suggests that the rapid spread of agriculture in the Old World was largely a function of geography and the horizontal axis of the continent.
		Once agriculture originated in the Fertile Crescent, it probably spread quickly to Europe because the climate was very similar.
	employees.csbsju.edu /SSAUPE/biol106/lectures/origin_of_agriculture.htm (2854 words)

	Origins - Fertilizer,agriculture and the production of food (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The ability of agriculture to produce far greater quantities food this century than in previous centuries can be attributed to four factors: advanced plant breeding techniques, the use of intensive irrigation, the availability of fertilizers on a commercial scale, and the development of plant protection products.
		Under increasing criticism from environmental groups that it had favoured intensive agriculture as a means to end hunger and that the fertilizer industry was unjustifiably privileged in having an office within the FAO building, FAO dissolved the link with the industry through FIAC.
		Increasingly, legislation affecting their countries of origin was being initiated in Brussels, and failure to become involved in the policy-making process at the European level meant having no say in matters that would eventually become part of national legislation.
	www.efma.org /Publications/10anniversary/Section02.asp (2547 words)

	agriculture - G@ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Origins of Agriculture - A Biological Perspective and a New Hypothesis - Wadley and Martin
		Agriculture takes more organic matter out of the soil than it puts back, and soil erosion is basic to the monoculture of annuals.
		The destruction of the land is proceeding in the US over a greater land area than was encompassed by the original thirteen colonies, just as it was at the heart of the severe African famine of the mid 1970s, and the extinction of one species of wild animal and plant after another.
	www.greenanarchy.info /ag.php (958 words)

	LECTURE 10- ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Agriculture in areas in which the CC was reached due to pop pressure.
		Agriculture did not lead to settled towns, because there were settlements before full scale agriculture, and food production and HG were alternate strategies in the same groups.
		So, agriculture not needed to feed more people because the rise of agriculture occurred before there were that many people.
	www.indyrad.iupui.edu /public/ebraunst/Agriculture.htm (1600 words)

	The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective (David Rindos)
		The Origins of Agriculture is an attempt to use the perspective of evolutionary biology to shed light on what is probably the most controversial area of human prehistory.
		The first chapter summarises the existing literature on the origins of agriculture; the goal here is to try and loosen the grip of the 'paradigm of consciousness' - the insistence that intentional changes in human behaviour must lie at the heart of the 'adoption' of agriculture.
		In particular the development of the agroecology tends to increase instability and hence emigration rates and demographic fitness; the rapid spread of agricultural techniques is therefore to be expected.
	dannyreviews.com /h/The_Origins_of_Agriculture.html (568 words)

	The Origins of Agriculture. © The Comparative Archaeology WEB
		The idea that agriculture was introduced into Europe through population movements is a traditional notion.
		Eeven in parts of Central Europe the transition from hunting and gathering bands of the Mesolithic to the Neolithic agricultural economy of the Starčevo-Körös-Criş [Starcevo-Koros-Cris] and Bandkeramik (LBK and AVK) is under renewed scrutiny.
		One agricultural movement from the Near East followed the Mediterranean and is thought to be traceable by a Cardial-Impressed pottery.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /AgricultureOrigins.htm (1560 words)

	Agriculture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of agriculture is closely linked to human history, and agricultural developments have been crucial factors in social change, including the specialization of human activity.
		Roman agriculture built on techniques pioneered by the Sumerians, with a specific emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade and export.
		Agriculture is cited as a significant adverse impact to biodiversity in many nations' Biodiversity Action Plans, due to reduction of forests and other habitats when new lands are converted to farming.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agriculture (2511 words)

	Origins of Agriculture
		The major agricultural centers in the world led to the production of the principle carbohydrate producing crops which are associated with the beginnings of civilization.
		From the agricultural point of view this character is undesirable because it makes harvesting very difficult.
		Wheat was originally less popular than barley, but about 6,000 years ago wheat become the dominant cereal, and is now considered to be the "staff of life".
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/t/r/trp2/originsofag.html (1547 words)

	Origins of agriculture
		The practice of agriculture first began around 8000 BC in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia (part of present day Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Jordan which was then greener).
		As agriculture produced more food than was necessary for subsistence it has been theorised that the practice of agriculture encouraged the division of labour, specialisation and the beginnings of a political elite.
		The original farmers who were still highly reliant on gathered food, utilised their knowledge of wild plants to discover all the plants whose cultivation offered greatest potential.
	www.primalseeds.org /agricult.htm (1807 words)

	Origins of Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Suggests that religions were very important in the origin of agriculture.
		But paeleoclimatological reconstructions have revealed patterns of climate change that suggest that while climate change may be a factor in origins of agriculture, it is not sufficient in itself to explain it
		Several versions, but all share basic idea that population growth forces foragers to adopt agriculture, because wild resources become so scarce that eventually farming is worth doing.
	arnica.csustan.edu /boty3050/Notes/origins.htm (929 words)

	Origins of Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, present consensus seems to be that while climate change may be factor in origins of agriculture, is not sufficient in itself
		Rindos, David (1980) Symbiosis, instability, and the origins and spread of agriculture: a new model.
		Rindos, David (1984) The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective.
	courses.washington.edu /anth457/agorigin.htm (2052 words)

	Origins of Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By this time, I had already spent a year reading world mythology in an attempt to verify Plato's 'story' of Atlantis and I was in correspondence with Charles Hapgood about his theory of earth crust displacement and how it explained the existence of ancient maps of the pre-Ice Age world.
		The reason that this passage so excited me was that Plato put forward a material theory about the origins of agriculture.
		This is remarkable because in his age almost everyone attributed the origins of agriculture to the the gods.
	www.flem-ath.com /agorigin.htm (740 words)

	Agriculture: Crops: Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Soybean makes the top ten crops and together with other pulses such as peas, lentils and beans provide many people on largely vegetarian diets with the essential protein they need.
		Determining the exact time and geographical origin of domestic plants is difficult.
		Interestingly, the American species appear to be natural hybrids of local plants and species originating in the Far East.
	interactive.usask.ca /ski/agriculture/crops/origin/index.html (254 words)

	The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture
		The revolution in symbols and the origins of Neolithic religion; 4.
		Agriculture, demography, society: taking stock; 7.The Neolithic Revolution: a transformation of the mind; Part II.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521651352 (384 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Microscopic crystals from the rinds of squashes and gourds are helping scientists to discover the origins of agriculture in the New World.
		It was previously thought that plant domestication started some 10,000 years ago in the upland regions of Mexico and South America, but scientists are learning that agriculture may actually have originated in the lowland regions of Central and South America.
		Scientists say that research has shown that pollen, starch grains, and phytoliths are reliable evidence that can be linked to the origins of domesticated plants to prove where and when agriculture began.
	www.mercola.com /2003/mar/8/plant_clues.htm (795 words)

	Agriculture And The Origins Of Civilization: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Agriculture And The Origins Of Civilization: The Neolithic Revolution
		were originally wolves that hunted humans or scavenged at their campsites.
		agriculture was far from the dominant mode of support for human societies.
	www.history-world.org /agriculture.htm (1423 words)

	Measure of California Agriculture, 2000
		The Measure of California Agriculture, 2000, published by the University of California Agricultural Issues Center, documents the industry and its relationships to the rest of the economy by providing statistical details and an overview of unifying forces and trends.
		Roughly 1.5% of the state's total agricultural land (including a similar percentage of its cropland) was converted to urban uses between 1988 and 1998.
		Agriculture is especially significant to the economy of California's Central Valley where it accounts for 21% of all income and 25% of all employment.
	www.cfbf.com /info/moca.cfm (1235 words)

	Origins of the Academy
		In the first Age, the Agricultural Age, civilization was organized around the requirements and tempos of agriculture with the rhythyms of the earth and other quasi-mystical explanations inherent in religion, magic, superstition, and folk wisdom coming to constitute the body of knowledge for that Age.
		As the obsolete structures and encrusted institutions of the Agricultural Age gave way to these new, different, and specialized institutions of the Industrial Age, certain descriptive and defining principles were to come to define the formation, framework, and function of these Newtonian based institutions of the Industrial Age.
		The episteme of the Modern Era, having its origins in the 17th century, is becoming as obsolete and non-functional for the emerging Postmodern Era as the episteme of the Agricultural Era was for the Modern Era.
	www.academyanalyticarts.org /origins.htm (9044 words)

	Agriculture in North America (Directory/North America/Business/Agriculture)
		This is a critical time for animal agriculture in North America," says Charlie Stenholm, a former congressman and co-chair of the Project Steering Committee with Walt Armbruster, Farm Foundation...
		Agriculture is the single largest user of fresh water in the world.
		Sustainable Agriculture: A North American Snapshot [i] John Ikerd [ii] I was pleased to be asked to provide a snapshot of Sustainable Agriculture in North America at this important conference.
	www.worldwidirectory.com /North.America/Business/Agriculture (495 words)

	Origins of Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Graham can't seem to decide whether he wants this precious cache of plants to be in the lowlands or the highlands.
		Graham puts forward the idea that originally these crops were located in the lowlands before they were flooded by the rising ocean that followed the collapse of the ice sheets.
		The clear implication is that the ancient village of Mehrgarh appeared suddenly, and without antecedent because the crops had come from the Manu's Himalayan-based Cache of Seeds.
	www.flem-ath.com /agor2.htm (413 words)

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