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Topic: Origins of rock and roll

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	Rock and roll - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rock and roll (also spelled rock 'n' roll, especially in its first decade), is a genre of music that emerged as a defined musical style in the Southern United States in the 1950s, and quickly spread to the rest of the country, and the world (rhythm sample).
		Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in America in the 1950s, though elements of rock and roll can be heard in rhythm and blues records as far back as the 1920s.
		Early rock and roll combined elements of blues, boogie woogie, jazz and rhythm and blues, and is also influenced by traditional Appalachian folk music, gospel, Hillbilly and country and western.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rock_and_roll (1829 words)

	Learn more about Rock and roll in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Rock and Roll emerged as a defined musical style in America in the 1950s, though elements of rock and roll can be seen in rhythm and blues records as far back as the 1920s.
		Early rock and roll combined elements of blues, boogie woogie, jazz and rhythm and blues, and is also influenced by traditional folk music, gospel music, fl and white, and country and western.
		While mainstream rock music was no longer able to shock or offend, new forms of music, particularly Punk rock and Rap emerged to fill this role; people who as youths delighted in the effect rock and roll had on their parents found themselves railing in a similar fashion against their children's music.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/ro/rock_and_roll.html (3537 words)

	rock music. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Essentially hybrid in origin, rock music includes elements of several fl and white American music styles: fl guitar-accompanied blues; fl rhythm and blues, noted for saxophone solos; fl and white gospel music; white country and western music; and the songs of white popular crooners and harmony groups.
		A turning point in rock music occurred in the mid-1970s in the form of punk rock, which was a response to the stagnation of the genre and a nihilistic political statement.
		The appeal of older and past rock bands was also evident in the fanfare surrounding the opening (1995) of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ro/rockmusi.html (1583 words)

	Rock music - Psychology Central
		Rock is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars, and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles, however saxophones have been omitted from newer subgenres of rock music since the 90's.
		Rock and Roll in its various guises came from a fusion of musical cultures, and in turn its influence fed back to these cultures, a process of borrowings, influences and new ideas that continues to develop rock music.
		Rock and roll was seen as commercial pop, but subverted the race barriers in the U.S., and with the British invasion the reverence of groups for fl Rhythm and blues stars brought these stars a wider public.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Rock_music (6984 words)

	Dawn of Rock 'n Roll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is evident from that recording (and others) that "rocking" was a part of religious experience in fl culture of the time, where the ecstatic congregant was overwhelmed by the rhythm of the music and the presence of the Holy Spirit.
		But this rocking music was new and revolutionary, and therefore it needed a new name, so the disc jockeys, led by a Cleveland DJ named Alan Freed, started calling it rock and roll.
		In 1952 and '53, rock and roll was becoming more characterized by mellow love ballads by teen-aged vocal groups with bird names like The Crows, Ravens, Orioles, Cardinals, etc. Usually the flip sides of these records were the uptempo dance numbers, which were called the rockers.
	www.hoyhoy.com /dawn_of_rock.htm (2572 words)

	Rock and roll
		, and by governmental repression, rock flourished in the Chinese counterculture.
		Though alternative bands remained, Chinese rock became subverted, often by bands working in cohesion with the Chinese government and in favor of the status quo; many of rock's fans in China became disillusioned as a result, leading to a general decline in popularity later in the decade.
		The influence of rock and roll is far-reaching, and has had significant impact worldwide on fashion, film styles, and attitudes towards sex and sexuality and use of drugs and alcohol.
	mp3.fm /Rock_and_roll.htm (4870 words)

	Hoy Hoy Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Bernholm is the man who did more than anybody to bring out the truth about the originators of rock and roll, and to bring their music to the public ear.
		Not only did he rediscover many of the unsung heroes who originated rock and roll, but he interviewed them, photographed them, documented them and their lives, honored them, and paid them more royalties than they had ever seen before.
		His record labels were some of the only ones in history whose primary goal was not to profiteer from these original rockers, but to honor them and give them credit, and to document the historical value of their work so others could hear it and learn to honor these artists as well.
	www.hoyhoy.com (434 words)

	Rock 'n Roll Music
		The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame honors the legendary performers, producers, songwriters, disc jockeys and others who have made rock and roll a force in our culture.
		Use the History of Rock and Roll and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum for ideas.
		Read about the history of rock and roll, from the early blues-inspired music of the 50s, to the progressive art influenced styles of the 90s.
	www.42explore.com /rocnroll.htm (1518 words)

	Who Put the ROCK into the Roll?
		Of the many explanations for rock’s origins, I am fond of this one, not only for Leiber and Stoller’s verbal wit, but because they make us think back to the beginning (which, as other musical wisdom from 1959 has it, is “a very good place to start”).
		Rock uses the familiar harmonies of Western music, notably the major key system with its three basic chords, the tonic, sub-dominant, and dominant (C, F, and G to those who play the guitar), enriched by microtonal inflections borrowed from the blues.
		The tempos of rock music, ranging from the slow ballad, to medium and fast dance time, are commonly set in duple meters (4/4 time and “cut time”) and make ample use of off-beat accents (apparent in American popular music at least since Stephen Foster and Louis Moreau Gottschalk).
	www.albright.edu /reporter/summer2003/rocknroll.html (497 words)

	Changing the World, Chapter 1: Origins
		To understand rock 'n' roll, therefore, we must understand what slavery was, and where it left the sons and daughters of Africans who knew nothing of the European roots of American culture.
		Rock 'n' roll is an African-American hybrid, but its strongest root is the very suffering, and survival, of generations of slaves, who learned how music could help a man to transcend earthly pain for awhile.
		It would be wrong, therefore, to claim that rock 'n' roll is an inherently "fl" music, although clearly without the presence of African slaves and their descendants there would have been no rock 'n' roll to speak of.
	www.dntownsend.com /Site/Rock/1orig.htm (4620 words)

	St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture: Rock and Roll
		In the beginning, rock and roll music was a provocation, an affront to parents and proper citizens.
		In fact, rock and roll was the culmination of more than a century of musical cross-pollination between white and fl, master and slave; a music born of miscegenation.
		They were unaware of the rich tradition behind rock and roll, that it was playing out a cultural evolution begun in slavery, a blending of musical and cultural forms--African and European, religious and secular--a syncretistic blending of two traditions of music.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101036 (853 words)

	Origins of Rock and Roll - First Rock and Roll Record
		Although it was played with a backbeat and was one of the first "around the clock" lyrics, this slow minor-key blues was by no means rock and roll in the modern sense.
		Haley's version was the first international hit rock and roll record, actually predating the success of "Rock Around the Clock" by several months, though it was recorded later.
		Rolling Stone Magazine took the controversial step of unilaterally declaring Elvis' song the first rock and roll recording, attracting criticism from many quarters.
	www.jeffosretromusic.com /origin.html (1278 words)

	Lesson 68 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From its origins in the 1950s in rhythm and blues, through its many styles, and up to the present trends of rap, hip hop and world beat, rock music and musicians have shaped the way generations think, dress, and divert themselves.
		Rock is one of the most important musical and social phenomena of the late twentieth century.
		The origins of rock and roll are in a merger of rhythm and blues, country/western, pop, and gospel.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/music/enj9/lessons/lesson68.htm (562 words)

	Where Did Rock and Roll Come From? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Rock of Ages: The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll.
		Following the introduction, the classroom teacher may explain that students will produce a musical history of rock, performing in "lip sync" with the music of some of the groups who were a part of the evolution of rock and roll music.
		The students may be asked to help develop an outline of the development of rock and roll music.
	www.eduref.org /Virtual/Lessons/Arts/Music/MUS0203.html (899 words)

	Music Hall - Resource Center - Music Styles - Rock & Roll
		The fifties were the decade that gave birth to rock and roll as we know it.
		Before you study the origins of rock and roll, dig deep into this online time capsule and explore fifties television shows, trivia, and history.
		Rock and Roll of the Fifties and Sixties
	www.edgate.com /musichall/parents/education_center/music_styles/rock_roll/50s.html (189 words)

	Origins of Rock'n'Roll
		Ike Turner (who was later to marry and form a rock duet with Tina), claimed that it was his band and that he wrote the song.
		Buddy Holly and the Crickets were the first major rock group to introduce the three guitar and drums band which became the standard rock'n'roll lineup and Buddy was the first major rock'n'roll performer to write most of his own songs.
		However, the combination, layout and presentation of the information is original and copyright and may not be copied or reproduced in any form or medium without the express permission of the author.
	www.menziesera.com /origins_of_rock/music_origins_of_rock.htm (2040 words)

	Arts Unlimited \| Arts Friday Review \| When was rock'n'roll really born?
		I have spoken to expert journalists, septuagenarian former record company bosses and, in one notable case, a British rock'n' roll DJ so old he can clearly remember when teddy boys were forced to beat up other teddy boys because no one had invented mods yet.
		There are others that cheerlead for Wynonie Harris, whose 1948 cover version of Good Rocking Tonight was much faster than Roy Brown's original, or claim the title belongs to Rock and Roll, a particularly raucous RandB track recorded in 1948 by a Detroit boxer-turned-saxophonist called Wild Bill Moore.
		Scatman Crothers sang an uncredited lead vocal on Wild Bill Moore's Rock and Roll, and later became known as an actor in the US: his biggest role was as chef Dick Halloran in The Shining.
	arts.guardian.co.uk /fridayreview/story/0,12102,1192358,00.html (1853 words)

	Virtual Fools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is the first in a series of articles chronicling rock and roll from it's inception to the present.
		Rock and roll had come, and it was here to stay.
		Rock and roll was rebellious, it was youthful, and it was popular.
	www.virtualfools.com /filler/tvmusic/rock1.html (517 words)

	Cyberpunk, Rock and Roll, and Radical Cultural Politics
		While rock n' roll reminds cyberpunk of its ribofunk, cyberpunk reminds rock n' roll of the necessity of breaking on through to the other side of the television/computer screen and fighting the powers that be on their own electronic turf.
		It is with the help of cyberpunk that the feedback loops of rock n' roll turbulence/noise culture can be extended into the strange (aperiodic) attractors of a butterfly loop which feeds the noise back into the system and pumps up the volume.
		It is from the vantage point of pop culture and its rock n' roll dancing body politic that we re- read/write the strange attractors between the history of our present and future from the vantage point of the polyrhythmic interzone between chaos and order.
	www.streettech.com /bcp/BCPgraf/Manifestos/cyberpoli.htm (863 words)

	The Anti Rock & Roll Crusade
		I was preaching on the various evils of rock and roll, mainly the lyrics and the beat and all the rest of it that goes with it.
		A: Well, rock and roll takes it from -- that's where the history of rock and roll comes from.
		Only trouble is gettin' 'em to sit down long enough, turn the rock and roll off long enough to listen to it.
	www.superseventies.com /antirock.html (1608 words)

	The Origins of Rock and Roll
		Many people believe that Bill Haley and the Comets started the Rock 'and' Roll craze with their hit record "Rock around the Clock", which featured in the smash hit kinematic release "Blackboard Jungle".
		There is astonishing evidence, deciphered from Arthur's secret "mirror writing", that he invented the musical form which we know as Rock n Roll before World War Two and it is clear that the author of these historic jottings was wearing Edwardian drainpipe trousers as early as 1941.
		In the war years, however, people didn't need Rock and Roll and when Arthur finally emerged, on VJ night, he was greeted with indifference by the tycoons and moguls of tin-pan alley.
	myoldschools.co.uk /gama/artstool.html (838 words)

	The origins of rock and roll
		Rhythm and Blues was the gumbo; Rock 'n Roll boiled from the pot.
		Blues, gospel, swing, boogie woogie, rhythm & blues, rock & roll – the last in all of its permutations; call it a blending, a transition, a hybridization, maybe even a genetic modification; this is the progression of the music.
		The transition to rock & roll might not have occurred without the continuity provided by some key artists.
	ky.essortment.com /originsofrock_onw.htm (726 words)

	Cornell CAU : Off-Campus Seminars and Study Tours : From Rock of Ages to Rock'n' Roll: Nashville, Memphis Tennessee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Now we're heading to the heartland, to rock and glide through Nashville and Memphis, the Grand Ole Opry and Graceland, in search of the cultural roots and the mass-media transformations of country and gospel music into Rock 'n' Roll in the 1950s.
		We'll be led by CAU stalwarts Glenn C. Altschuler, dean of the School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions and the Thomas and Dorothy Litwin Professor of American Studies at Cornell, and Nick Salvatore, professor of history, law, and collective bargaining in Cornell's School of Industrial and Labor Relations.
		Glenn, who is currently writing a book on the origins of rock 'n' roll for Oxford University Press, and Nick, who has marvelous connections in AfricanAmerican churches because of his work in labor culture and history, have assembled what we are certain will be a stimulating, unusual, and delightful program.
	www.sce.cornell.edu /cau/off_campus/2002_nashville.php (668 words)

	Rock n' Roll Nights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It also applies to the "glam" rock of Poison, White Snake and Guns n' Roses of my high school years as well as the Beatles, Elton John, and (perhaps more on the folk side) to Simon and Garfunkel and Cat Stevens, artists my sister was fond of during her high school years.
		In the past fifty or so years, rock music has split and divided again and again into many classifications: pop, bubble gum, progressive, alternative, folk, punk, etc. Even the classifications have classifications; for example, "metal" encompasses heavy metal, death metal, acid metal, etc. And all of these have their roots in...where?
		But to call the performer of the early hit "Rock Around the Clock" the founding father of this genre strikes me as a gross overestimation of the power of one human being.
	web.pdx.edu /~jwhip/musicreviews/rock.htm (455 words)

	Reviews
		In case you’re still wondering about the origins of rock ‘n’ roll, or even the origins of the phrase, I recommend Wayne “Dang” Dooley’s contribution, “It’s only rock ‘n’ roll”.
		The Boswell Sisters recorded a song called “Rock and Roll” in 1934 and rocking and rolling had been Afro-American slang for fucking since long before Freed first set foot on God’s good pasture.
		They were determined to become rock stars in their turn, when they grew up, and they ended up doing some ordinary job, like teaching or something.
	www.cercles.com /review/r1/driver.html (826 words)

	LivinBlues- Rock n' Roll and the Blues - Louis Jordan
		What he was doing became the origins of Rock n' Roll.
		He was one of the first to join electric guitar and bass with horns, and his over-the-beat spoken monologues are a prototype of Rap.
		His importance to popular music cannot be overstated, and in 1983, he was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame and the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.
	www.livinblues.com /rockroll.asp (434 words)

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