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Topic: Ornithopod

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	Pseudosauropoda(SA)
		Perhaps the most remarkable Neotropical dinosaurs are the pachamacs, gigantic ornithopod dinosaurs that look like mirror-images of the true, saurischian sauropods that were once abundant on the South American continent.
		The origins of the pachas are obscure, but their most likely ancestors seem to be the small dryomorph iguanodontians, ancestors of the Australasian neodryosaurs and dendrosaurs.
		The combination of an ornithopod's chewing mechanism and a sauropod's reach and appetite has led to a truly insatiable and destructive eating machine in the pachamacs.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/Pseudosauropoda.html (565 words)

	Ornithopod - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ornithopods are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs who started out as small, cursorial grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful Cretaceous herbivores in the world, and totally dominated the North American landscape.
		Their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a reptile, rivaling that of modern mammals like the domestic cow.
		Later ornithopods became more adapted to grazing on all fours; their spines curved, and came to resemble the spines of modern ground-feeders like the bison.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ornithopod (356 words)

	Ornithopod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ornithopods are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs who started out as small, cursorial grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful Cretaceous herbivores in the world, and totally dominated the North American landscape.
		The early ornithopods were only about 1 meter (3 feet) long, but probably very fast.
		Historically, most indeterminate ornithischian bipeds were lumped in as ornithopods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ornithopod (382 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ornithopod (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ornithopods (or-nith-oh-PODS) are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs who started out as small, cursorial grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful Cretaceous herbivores in the world, and totally dominated the North American landscape.
		Historically, most indeterminate ornithischians bipeds were lumped in as ornithopods.
		Most have since been reclassified as basal members of quadrupedal taxa like Marginocephalia; and some, like the "bone-headed" pachycephalosaurs, have been given their own taxa.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ornithopod (550 words)

	Ornithopod Tracks
		Ornithopods ("Bird feet") had a beak, a two-legged walk or a two-legged and four-legged walk.
		Ornithopod tracks are normally wider than Theropod tracks.
		However, it is sometimes unclear whether prints are Ornithopod tracks or Theropod tracks in some of the less clear tracks and small tracks.
	www.mantyweb.com /dinosaur/Ornithopod_Tracks.htm (0 words)

	Fossil of new dinosaur species classified in NE. China
		The fossilized remains, excavated three years ago, belonged to the ornithopod (having legs or feet like those of a bird) family.
		Changchunsaurus combined features of earlier and later small ornithopods, and is the first such dinosaur of the Cretaceous sediment, dating back 70 million years, discovered in Northeast China's Songliao Basin, irrigated by the Songhua and Liaohe rivers.
		Jin said the fossil was significant in the study of the evolution of ornithopods and the origins of Ceratopsians: plant-eating, four-legged dinosaurs with beaks, and bony frills along the back of the skull.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /china/2006-04/24/content_574750.htm (351 words)

	ornithopod
		Ornithopods (or-nith-oh-PODS) are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs who started out as small, cursorial grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful Cretaceous herbivores in the world, and totally dominated the North American landscape.
		They were also characterized by no armor, the development of a horny beak, an elongated pubis that eventually extended past the ilium, and a missing hole in the lower jaw.
		Historically, most indeterminate ornithischians bipeds were lumped in as ornithopods.
	en.mcfly.org /ornithopod (337 words)

	Bird hipped-I,Ornithopod classification of dinosaur facts on dinosaur nature extinction of dinosaur.
		CONTACT US Ornithopods are a suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs that had a beak, a two-legged walk or a two-legged and four-legged walk, and no body armor.
		Ornithopods had no hole in the outer, lower jaw.
		Spinosaurus, a large, sail-backed meat-eater, was one of its contemporaries in the hot, Cretaceous environment of North Africa.Ouranosaurus was an ornithopod, whose intelligence was midway among the dinosaurs.
	www.rareresource.com /ornithopods.htm (1409 words)

	Neoceratopsian teeth from the Lower to Middle Cretaceous of North America
		In nearly all ornithopod teeth, this surface is concave, at least in a dorsoventral direction, and usually in an antero-posterior direction as well.
		Camptosaurus (UUVP 5946) is the only ornithopod in which the secondary ridges end prior to the base of the crown, but the indentations in teeth of this taxa become shallower nearer to the root, thus causing the termination of the ridges before the base of the crown.
		The non-enameled or less-enameled side of all ornithopod teeth is concave at least in a dorsoventral direction, whereas all ceratopsian teeth are convex both dorsoventrally and anteroposteriorly.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~gdouglas/neoceratopsian/index.html (4251 words)

	ornithopoda (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ornithopods are a diverse group of ornithischians that include hadrosaurids, "iguanodonts," and "hypsilophodonts." Hypsilophodonts probably do not fall under one monophyletic group (although this idea hasn't really caught on yet), but are more likely spread out through several.
		This basal ornithopod is based on a skeleton with skull, and a couple of referred skull fragments.
		It had five premaxillary teeth, a jugal boss, relatively short toothless gaps at the tip of the premaxilla and between the premax and maxilla, and premax bottom margin at about the same height as that of the maxilla.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /jstweet/ornithopoda.htm (1957 words)

	Ornithopoda
		The single most important group of middle to late Mesozoic terrestrial herbivores, the Ornithopods include a diverse range of small to very large generalised mostly bipedal herbivores, from the middle Jurassic to late Cretaceous periods, and ranging in size from less than a meter to over fourteen metres in length.
		But nowadays the Fabrosaurs are considered distinct from the rest of the Ornithopoda and the ornithopods lost their ancestor status.
		Suggests that the Hypsilophodontia, are a paraphyletic sequence of ancestors to higher ornithopods, and not, as previously thought, a monophyletic sister clade of Iguanodontia.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/dinosauria/Ornithopoda.html (427 words)

	Bird hipped-II,Ornithopod classification of dinosaur facts on dinosaur nature extinction of dinosaur.
		This ornithopod (a Hypsilophodontid) had a small skull, cheek pouches, cheek teeth, and a beak made of horn.
		Hadrosaurs were Ornithischians (the order of bird-hipped dinosaurs) and Ornithopods ("bird-footed" herbivores with hoof-like feet).
		Hadrosaurs are divided into two groups, the Hadrodsaurinae (non-crested hadrosaurs) and the Lambeosaurinae (hadrosaurs that had skull crests that connected with their nasal passages).Hadrosaurs lived during the late Cretaceous period.
	www.rareresource.com /ornithopods1.htm (1321 words)

	Walking with Dinosaurs - Chronology: 127 million years ago
		Iguanodon was one of the earliest of these large plant eating ornithopods; there were several species in Europe, Asia and North America.
		Although smaller than the sauropods, the ornithopods were more numerous.
		Fossil evidence of several of these dinosaurs associated with an ornithopod from the USA indicates that these types of dinosaurs may have hunted in packs.
	www.abc.com.au /dinosaurs/chronology/127/default.htm (620 words)

	Peaceful Plant-Eating Dinosaurs: Iguanodonts, Duckbills, and Other Ornithopod Dinosaurs
		Provides information about the origins, range, anatomy, physiology, reproduction, food, defenses, and extinction of the ornithopods, the most widespread plant-eating dinosaurs of the Cretaceous era.
		Ornithopods may be peaceful, but they aren't dull, and the second book explores the purpose of these creatures' unique skull structures.
		The features that distinguish dinosaurs from other animals and ornithopods from other dinosaurs as well as a chart detailing various theories of dinosaur extinction offer context and perspective.
	www.booksmatter.com /b0766014509.htm (324 words)

	Literature - Ornithopoda (Site not responding. Last check: )
		BENNETT G.E. (1997): A Skeletal Reconstruction of a new subadult Ornithopod from the Twin Mountains Formation of Texas using a removable Specimen Mount.
		FORSTER C.A. (1990): The postcranial skeleton of the ornithopod dinosaur
		GALTON P.M. (1989): Crania and endocranial casts from ornithopod dinosaurs of the families Dryosauridae and Hypsilophodontidae (Reptilia: Ornithischia).
	www.students.uni-mainz.de /fastm000/Literatur/Ornithopoda.html (798 words)

	Anabisetia saldiviai - A Dinosaur of the Cretaceous - InfoHub
		The discovery of a new iguanodontian ornithopod in the lower units of the Neuquen Group (Rio Limany Formation, early Upper Cretaceous) increases the South American record of this kind of dinosaurs started a few years ago with the report of Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis.
		is distinguished from all other ornithopods by several features by several features, as a flattened fifth metacarpal, a scapula with a very strong acromial process, and an ilium with preacetabular process longer than 50% of the total ilium length.
		Anabisetia strengthens the hypothesis that basal iguanodontian ornithopods were present in South America before its with North America in the Late Cretaceous.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?mode=hybrid&t=5191 (244 words)

	Annual Reports of Paleontological Expeditions:
		At this camp part of a skeleton of a new ornithopod dinosaur was found.
		It is probably the same species as the one found in 1906, apparently the same size and supplements the parts, but no skull and jaws.
		Another partial skeleton of the new ornithopod was found.
	paleo.amnh.org /reports/1909.html (884 words)

	Dinosaurs in Iowa
		Although this fragmentary fossil has not been assigned to a particular dinosaur species, its features are sufficient to identify it as a large ornithopod, a highly successful group of generally bipedal plant-eating dinosaurs.
		The proportions of this leg bone, when compared with other ornithopods, indicate a dinosaur that was about 32 feet long.
		Hadrosaurs are a well-known family of “duck-billed” ornithopod dinosaurs that comprise the most abundant and diverse group of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs in North America.
	www.igsb.uiowa.edu /browse/dinosaurs/age_of_dinosaurs_in_iowa.htm (1310 words)

	Australian Dinosaur Story, Lark Quarry dinosaur stampede
		Note that the smaller Ornithopod and Coelurosaur dinosaurs actually stampede towards the larger carnivorous Theropod dinosaur and not away from it as might be expected.
		The Ornithopod known from the Wintonopus footprints was a herbivore, eating low plants such as ferns and cycads that grew at that time.
		The tracks show that there was then a stampede by the herds of smaller dinosaurs (Ornithopod and Coelurosaur).
	www.heritage.gov.au /dinosaur/lark-quarry.html (1332 words)

	Dinosaur Expedition 2001 - Inner Mongolia
		The toes of the print were broader than those commonly made by predators, suggesting that the trackmaker was a large ornithopod, something like Iguanodon.
		We had one in mind, a large ornithopod called Probactosaurus, first described from similar-aged rocks on the opposite (east) side of the Gobi's Alashan Desert.
		Soon we had exposed enough of its bones to identify it as an ornithopod, perhaps a close relative of Probactrosaurus.
	www.projectexploration.org /mongolia/u61001.htm (977 words)

	Thoracic epaxial muscles in living archosaurs and ornithopod dinosaurs.
		Thoracic epaxial muscles in living archosaurs and ornithopod dinosaurs.
		Compared with crocodylians, the thoracic epaxial muscles of birds are reduced in size, disrupted by the synsacrum, and often modified by intratendinous ossification and the notarium.
		A phylogenetic perspective is used to determine muscle homologies in living archosaurs (birds and crocodylians), evaluate how the apparent disparity evolved, and reconstruct the thoracic epaxial muscles in ornithopod dinosaurs.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16779820/jo:1552-4884 (296 words)

	Hypsilophodontia
		The hypsilophodonts were a paraphyletic assemblage of mostly small and lightly built, fairly primitive, ornithopods, some members of which quite early on (presumably during the middle Jurassic) evolved into Iguanodonts.
		In any case, there is no doubt that a number of ornithopod types were evolving alongside each other and in parallel during the late Jurassic and throughout the Cretaceous.
		Thus Thescelosaurus, one of the last ornithopods, is also one of the most primitive, a living fossil continuing alongside more advanced forms.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/dinosauria/Hypsilophodontia.htm (3249 words)

	laTalaia -Interview
		But it was not until the 1950s, with the arrival of investigators from France and Germany, that the first lists of fauna were published with the presence of sauropod and ornithopod species.
		Once these preliminary digs were completed, the subject of dinosaurs was kept on a back burner until the 1980s, when investigators from the Crusafont Paleontology Institute, the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the Autonomous University of Madrid took up the matter again and worked especially on digs that produced mainly bones of herbivorous dinosaurs.
		As a result of these discoveries, a new species of ornithopod found at the Pallars Jussà sites was described: Pararhabdodon isonensis.
	www.latalaia.net /article.asp?art=134&lng=eng (1005 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Scotland \| Dinosaur family footprints found
		Dinosaur footprints found on a remote beach on the island reveal an adult ornithopod - a bipedal plant-eating dinosaur - walking along a muddy lake edge, with up to 10 smaller individuals.
		Early research into the footprints indicate that the animals were moving in the same direction and were found on the same bedding plane, providing a strong indication that they were moving as a family group.
		Dr Clark said: "To my knowledge, there are no other examples of ornithopod prints showing juveniles and adults moving as a group like this.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/3255494.stm (393 words)

	Ornithopod eggs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ornithopod eggs are best known from North America, and in particular 'Egg Mountain' in the Late Cretaceous of Montana.
		Maiasaura was a semi-quadrupedal dinosaur, probably foraging for most of its time on all fours, but maybe rearing up on its hindlimbs to escape predators.
		Eggs thought to belong to Orodromeus, are now thought to belong to a different dinosaur, the theropod Troodon.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /palaeofiles/eggs/Types/ornithopods.html (182 words)

	Evolving Planet: Tour Through Time
		Meet the “duck-bills” and their close relatives, the ornithopod (or-NITH-uh-pod) dinosaurs.
		These plant-eating dinosaurs were bipedal (they walked on two legs)—though many could also walk on all fours.
		Ornithopods are the largest and most diverse dinosaur group.
	www.fieldmuseum.org /evolvingplanet/mesozoic_17.asp (140 words)

	jones
		The Upper Turonian age is a mid point in the dinosaur faunal gap between the Middle Cretaceous Albian period and the Upper Cretaceous Campanian period.
		The major differences between ornithopod tracks and theropod tracks, is that the theropod track has claw impressions (yet claws impressions do not always show up in mud) and the ornithopod track has a more square heel or metatarsal impressions.
		The hip height of the animal can be estimated multiplying the length of the print by 4 (Alexander, 1976) for a small ornithopod and by 5.9 for a large ornithopod.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /Geology/paleontology/pub/fossil_conference_6/jones.htm (1800 words)

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