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Topic: Orographic

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	Orographic mask fields (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Orographic mask fields are optional and need not be included in the UTF needed by a two-dimensional field type in the file.
		Orographic fields must occur in the UTF before they are to be used by any of the other fields in the UTF.
		When plotting a cross-section that requires a orographic mask, the plotting program must search for the last mask field with a field type of 4 and a plot type that matches the plot type of the cross-section about to be drawn.
	www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk /acmsu/utf/orographic.html (576 words)

	OROGRAPHIC LIFTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is common for an orographic lifting situation to produce cooler and damp weather especially if the air has to rise a significant vertical distance.
		Since weather in the mid-latitudes tends to move from west to east it is common for the western side of high elevation regions to have significant orographic lifting.
		Orographic lifting will occur in the Rocky Mountains on the east side of the range when the wind is from the east.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints2/447 (361 words)

	Field Studies
		Orographic precipitation situations are also good candidates for study because much of the forcing is tied to the terrain, and the terrain is precisely known.
		The orographic study requires a mountain range that is wide and high enough to perturb the cross-barrier flow to an extent that significant orographic enhancement of precipitation occurs, but that is also relatively isolated and 2D, so that complicated 3D flow regimes and interactions between flows generated by multiple ridges are minimized.
		When studying airflow in the vicinity of orographic barriers, it is necessary to have an aircraft equipped with dual-Doppler capability instead of relying on ground-based dual-Doppler radar, because it is difficult to position ground-based dual-Doppler radars without significant blocking by terrain features.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~cliff/orographic.html (1497 words)

	Clouds
		Orographic clouds are formed when moist air, carried on a prevailing wind, is lifted by an elevated landform, such as a mountain range, to a level where condensation takes place.
		Since low-level moisture and high land are essential ingredients in the formation of orographic stratus, areas that have high humidity and steep terrain -- tropical islands such as Hawaii, for example -- are particularly conducive to the formation of these clouds.
		One of the most spectacular forms of orographic stratus occurs in a variation known as banner cloud (or cap cloud), which can form on the peaks and immediately to the lee side of large mountain ranges.
	www.theairlinepilots.com /met/clouds.htm (6588 words)

	Discrete Topographic and Orographic Clouds of Mars
		Orographic Clouds tend to rotate with the diurnal rotation of the planet.
		Orographic clouds form when the Martian atmosphere rises while flowing up the slopes and over mountains to begin the condensation process.
		Topographic and Orographic Clouds are best detected visually through a light blue (W38A or 80A) and deep blue (W47 and W47B) Wratten filters and may be photographed or imaged in blue or ultraviolet light.
	www.lpl.arizona.edu /~rhill/alpo/marstuff/discrete.htm (1407 words)

	The Rain Shadow Effect
		Because of wind, rainfall that is intensified by orographic lifting does not stop at the edge of a mountain.
		Tall clouds, enhanced by orographic lifting, are pushed forward by the wind carrying with them some of the heavier rain that would normally fall in the mountains.
		Although some is added by orographic lifting, the rainfall that was originally destined for the Santa Clara Valley also decreases after it passes over the mountains.
	www.weatherpages.com /rainshadow (2920 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The orographic modification of cyclone development is examined by means of primitive equation model simulations.
		The vorticity growth in the orographic cy clone center is larger than that of baroclinic eddies that grow over flat terrain.
		It is concluded that mature baroclinic eddies approaching the mountain ridge should have a strong frontal zone with a considerable temperature contrast and strong circulation for an intense response.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~io/abstracts/Orographic.html (315 words)

	IPEX_SCIENCE
		Much of the early work related to orographic precipitation over the western United States was driven by weather-modification efforts in the 1970s and 80s [see Marwitz (1986) and Rangno (1986) for a review].
		However, orographic precipitation over the Wasatch is distinct from that over the Tushars and San Juans in two important respects: the relative steepness of the Wasatch and the urban character of the cloud condensation nuclei distribution upwind of the Wasatch, due to the close proximity of Salt Lake City and Ogden.
		(1997) suggest that spillover is greatest during periods of (1) low static stability when orographic ascent is located near the barrier, and (2) large cross-barrier wind speeds that allow for downwind transport of hydrometeors.
	www.met.utah.edu /jimsteen/IPEX/orographic.html (1108 words)

	The Living Edens: Activities for the Classroom - Orographic Lift
		Identify orographic lift through observation of teacher demonstration.
		Record their observations of orographic lift in student science journals.
		Orographic lifting occurs when elevated terrain's, such as mountains, act as barriers to the flow of air.
	www.pbs.org /edens/denali/orograph.htm (440 words)

	THE EFFECTS OF MOUNTAINS AND COMPLEX TERRAIN ON AIRFLOW AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION
		Airflow around orographic features, particularly isolated mesoscale mountains or hills, may cause vortices to form on the lee side of the obstacle.
		Those relevant to this discussion are: the moisture content of low-level air, the stability of the atmosphere, the shape of the mountain, the slope of the hill perpendicular to the wind direction, the strength of the wind normal to the mountain, and cloud water content.
		The kinds of lift that mountains and complex terrain provide can be direct, such as forced orographic ascent when airflow encounters an obstacle, or more indirect, such as when stable flow produces blocking or waves or when mountain slopes are heated and the mountain acts as a high-level heat and moisture source (Banta, 1990).
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /wrh/96TAs/TA9616/ta96-16.html (1855 words)

	PDT4: OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
		There are several reasons for this difficulty, including the complex and multi-scale effects of orographic uplift, flow splitting and mountain waves.
		An early example demonstrating the utility of mesoscale models for flash flood modeling was Yoshizaki and Ogura (1988), who simulated the precipitation associated with the Big Thompson flood of 1976.
		The thermodynamics of snowpacks, and the ability of models to distinguish between snowmelt and precipitation induced flooding will be important to their success.
	box.mmm.ucar.edu /uswrp/PDT/four/oro.html (698 words)

	Orographic control of glaciers and denudation in the Chugach/St (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Orographic control of glaciers and denudation in the Chugach/St John Jaeger
		A strong orographic control on climate is revealed by modern temperature and precipitation gradients from the southern, windward flank across the range to the northern, leeward flank.
		Differences in the magnitude of equilibrium line altitude depression as revealed by the extent of occupation of glaciated valleys and fjords during Holocene and Pleistocene glacial advances attests to the long-term influence of this orographic effect on the mechanisms, magnitude, and rate of denudation across the range.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/jaeger/JOI_CD/abstracts/meigs_abs.htm (268 words)

	Clouds Over Mount Shasta
		There are four major processes by which air is uplifted: convective lifting, frontal lifting, convergent lifting, and orographic lifting.
		Orographic lifting is caused when moving air (wind) encounters a mountain and is forced upwards in the process.
		The layer of air replaced at the surface causes the air above it to be lifted and cooled.
	www.siskiyous.edu /shasta/env/clouds (1631 words)

	Orographic Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		:of or relating to mountains; esp: associated with or induced by the presence of mountains orographic rainfall
		Moving inland from the Bay of Bengal the monsoon rains meet the foothills of the the worlds highest mountain range, the Himalayas.
		This orographic effect contributes to the intensity of the observed precipitation.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /esrg/IOM2/Orographic_def.html (50 words)

	Winter Storms and Orographic Clouds
		This orographic cloud produced precipitation primarily through riming of particles sedimenting from aloft, and also to some extent through a Hallett-Mossop ice multiplication process during graupel growth.
		[1994]) also showed the development of a shallow orographic cloud with supercooled liquid water close to the barrier, and in addition showed that gravity waves produced by the complex orography produced enhanced regions of supercooled liquid water and ice crystals.
		As a result, cloud and precipitation development were sensitive to wind speed and direction as a result of gravity wave excitation.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/rasmus00/node20.html (1294 words)

	Timeline for Mars in 2003/2004 - What to Look for on the Red Planet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Orographic clouds on Mars form near mountainous areas.
		Martian clouds condense directly from vapor to ice particles because the atmospheric pressure on Mars is too low for liquid water to form.
		Orographic clouds might still be found around the Tharsis volcanoes.
	starryskies.com /The_sky/events/mars/opposition04.html (753 words)

	BBC - Weather Centre - Features - Understanding Weather - Orographic Uplift
		But that is only half of the story - the other has to do with orographic effects which means how hills and mountains change our weather.
		All these orographic effects have to be taken into account by the forecaster when deciding on the amount of rain any weather front might bring.
		Indeed, sometimes the mountains and hills will make the clouds drop all of their rain on the windward side leaving little or no rain as the system moves across the rest of the country.
	www.bbc.co.uk /weather/features/understanding/orographic_uplift.shtml (626 words)

	PIER PROJECT FINAL REPORT - Publication # CEC-500-2005-017 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These previous studies have shown the importance of wind directions, relative to the topography of a mountain range, in determining orographic precipitation amounts and distributions, but have not addressed the long-term historical variations of orographic precipitation nor the influences of interannual climate variations like ENSO and PDO.
		Strongly orographic conditions often follow heavy precipitation events because both of these wind conditions are present in midlatitude cyclones that form the cores of many Sierra Nevada storms.
		A simple experiment with a model of streamflows from a river basin draining the central Sierra Nevada indicates that, for a fixed overall basin-precipitation amount, a decrease in OR contributes to larger winter flood peaks and smaller springtime flows, and thus to an overall hastening of the runoff season.
	www.energy.ca.gov /pier/final_project_reports/CEC-500-2005-017.html (645 words)

	MMG @ UCD: Research
		Several major differences from a similar type of flow with no rotation over a two-dimensional mountain range are found.
		Note that the fourth regime (IV) was not included in the flow regimes proposed by Chu and Lin (CL) and Chen and Lin.
		The propagation of the convective systems are explained by the orographic blocking and density current forcing associated with the cold air outflow produced by evaporative cooling acting against the basic flow, which then determines the propagation and cloud types of the simulated precipitation systems.
	atm.ucdavis.edu /mmg/orographic_rainfall.html (889 words)

	The Orographic Effect
		There's an "orographic" or mountain effect when air masses are pushed up by the Appalachians.
		The air cools as it rises, at an adiabatic lapse rate of approximately 3 degrees per 1,000 feet in Virginia.
		The orographic effect is obvious in the average temperatures as well as the average precipitation statistics.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /classschedule/4orographic.html (713 words)

	1.3 Lifting Mechanisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Once boundary-layer instability over the water has been enhanced by moistening and warming, several mesoscale mechanical lifting mechanisms may help to trigger and/or enhance the convective processes.
		While such lifting mechanisms are not strictly required for the occurrence of lake/ocean effect events, they are observed in most instances.
		As the air travels from the water surface over land, some orographic lift is often involved.
	meted.ucar.edu /norlat/snow/lake_effect/1.3_lifting.htm (521 words)

	orographic - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Orographic : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Orographic : National Weather Service Glossary [home, info]
		Phrases that include orographic: orographic lifting, orographic depression, orographic lift, orographic snow line, orographic vortex, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=orographic (130 words)

	Orographic Precipitation - Matthias Steiner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A new concept of precipitation-induced (wet) drainage flow in valleys under sustained orographic rainfall has been advanced as a direct consequence of these analyses (Steiner et al.
		The proposed mechanism behind this phenomenon is air subsiding as a result of cooling from melting and evaporation of precipitation particles.
		The primary objectives of this project are to elaborate on the concept of wet drainage flows to better understand and quantify the physical processes involved, and to gage under what conditions this may occur by means of data analysis and numerical simulation experiments.
	www.princeton.edu /~msteiner/OROGRAPHIC_RAIN_index.html (620 words)

	Definition of orographic - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		: of or relating to mountains; especially : associated with or induced by the presence of mountains rainfall>
		Learn more about "orographic" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Get the Top 10 Search Results for "orographic"
	www.merriamwebster.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?va=orographical (36 words)

	Orographic Wind Modeling \| Hurricane Iniki Pictures \| Current Hurricane Warnings - PDC
		When a hurricane strikes Hawaii, high winds often cause a great deal of damage.
		The speed of these high winds is frequently amplified by terrain, which can channel the wind up Hawaii's steep mountains and cliffs, a situation referred to as orographic high winds.
		To help community leaders reduce the threat of property damage and loss of life during a hurricane, PDC is using wind-tunnel test data to create Geographic Information System (GIS)-based maps that show the amplification or reduction of wind speeds over terrain features found in Hawaii and other Pacific Islands.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/wind_modeling.jsp (148 words)

	Orographic clouds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Typical for such clouds is the elongated, smooth form.
		The Orographic clouds are often called almond clouds or lenticular clouds, and they move very little, in spite of a often very strong wind.
		In the upper picture we can see clouds formed on top of a air wave just over the top of Beerenberg.
	home.online.no /~vteigen/orograph.html (159 words)

	OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON FRONTAL CLOUD - Short Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON FRONTAL CLOUD - Short Version
		OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON FRONTAL CLOUD - SHORT SUMMARY
		If LAM fields are used a stable stratification can be seen.
	www.zamg.ac.at /docu/Manual/SatManu/Short/FM/short.htm (108 words)

	Geog 120 Test 3 Practice Orographic Lifting Problem
		Geog 120 Test 3 Practice Orographic Lifting Problem
		The following problem is similar to the ones you did on the in-class exercise, and it is similar to the one you will find on the next test.
		Click here to try another orographic lifting problem
	www.marion.ohio-state.edu /fac/schul/120/oroprob.html (150 words)

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