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	§3. Translations of Orosius and Bede. VI. Alfred and the Old English Prose of his Reign. Vol. 1. From the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orosius, as a disciple of Augustine, had already given expression to anti-Pelagian views in an earlier work.
		His later book, likewise due to the inspiration of Augustine, 2 was an attempt to expound the thesis that the decline of the Roman empire was due to other causes than the rise of Christianity and the neglect of pagan deities.
		The description given by Orosius of the appearances of Commodus in the arena is reduced to the simple statement that the emperor was accustomed to fight duels.
	aol.bartleby.com /211/0603.html (1672 words)

	Orosius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After staying for some time in North Africa as the disciple of Augustine, he was reportedly sent by him in 415 to Palestine with a letter of introduction to Jerome, then living in Bethlehem.
		According to Gennadius he carried with him recently discovered relics of the protomartyr Stephen from Palestine to Minorca, where they were reported to be useful in successful attempts to convert members of the Jewsh community to Christianity.
		The earliest work of Orosius, Consultatio sive commonitorium ad Augustinum de errore Priscillianistarum et Origenistarum, explains its object by its title; it was written soon after his arrival in Africa, and is usually printed in the works of Augustine along with the reply of the latter, Contra Priscillianistas et Origenistas liber ad Orosium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orosius (599 words)

	Paulus Orosius
		Paulus Orosius was a native of Spain and wwas born probably in the town of Bracara, now in Portugal, between 380 and 390.
		Orosius was drawn into conflict with Bishop John, who accused him of having maintained that it is not possible for man to avoid sin, even with God's grace.
		Orosius, was the author of the Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem (Seven Books of History Against the Pagans), the first world history by a Christian, which was influenced by his friend Augustine.
	www.vortigernstudies.org.uk /artsou/orosius.htm (875 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Paulus Orosius
		Pelagius was then trying to spread his false doctrines in Palestine, and Orosius aided St. Jerome and others in their struggle against this heresy.
		In 415 Bishop John of Jerusalem, who was inclined to the teaching of Origen and influenced by Pelagius, summoned the presbyters of his church to a council at Jerusalem.
		In consequence of his opposition to Pelagius, Orosius was drawn into dissensions with Bishop John, who accused him of having maintained that it is not possible for man to avoid sin, even with God's grace.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11322a.htm (876 words)

	Biography: Paulus Orosius \| The Baheyeldin Dynasty
		Unable to return to Spain, which was overrun by the Vandals, Orosius remained in Africa, where he completed the Seven Books of History against the Pagans (Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri Septem, tr.
		Augustine urged Orosius to write this history to refute a certain Symmachus who in an address to Emperor Valentinianus in 384 C.E. alledged that the Roman Empire was crumbling due to Christianity.
		Orosius history was translated into Arabic under Al Hakam II, an Umayyad Caliph in Cordoba, and is one of the main references on European history in Ibn Khaldun's history.
	baheyeldin.com /history/orosius.html (259 words)

	Orosius: the Manuscripts of "Seven Books of History against the Pagans"
		When the Spanish priest Paulus Orosius wrote in the early fifth century, at the request of his friend St. Augustine, his Seven books of History against the Pagans he presumably had no idea that he was producing a best-selling school and university text.
		His purpose was complementary to that of his colleague in writing the City of God, namely to refute the current accusation that the collapse of West Roman civilisation was to be attributed to the anger of the Gods of Olympus at the apostasy of their worshippers to Christianity.
		With the coming of the Renaissance the popularity of Orosius' work waned, like that of most secular or semi-secular works of the twilight period of the fall of the empire, before the greater respectability in humanist eyes of the historians of the classical age, and manuscripts become rarer.
	www.tertullian.org /rpearse/manuscripts/orosius_history.htm (1297 words)

	PAULUS OROSIUS - LoveToKnow Article on PAULUS OROSIUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All that Orosius succeeded in obtaining was Johns consent to send letters and deputies to Innocent of Rome; and, after having waited long enough to learn the unfavourable decision of the synod of Diospolis or Lydda in December of the same year, he returned to north Africa, where he is believed to have died.
		According to Gennadius he carried with him recently discovered relics of the protomartyr Stephen from Palestine to Minorca, where they were efficacious in converting the Jews.
		The earliest work of Orosius, Consultatio sive commonitorium ad A ugustinum de errore Priscillianistarum et Origenistarum, explains its object by its title; it was written soon after his arrival in Africa, and is usually printed in the works of Augustine along with the reply of the latter, Conira Priscillianistas et Origenistas liber !ad Orosium.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OR/OROSIUS_PAULUS.htm (585 words)

	Identity and Cultural Exchange 600-1600: Philippa Semper, 'The stranger within: Ohthere at the Court of King Alfred'
		The analysis is not directed towards uncovering a coherent identity, or even a gesture at such a thing, but rather to the examination of identity as a focus for discomfort and uncertainty, as something that must be negotiated and reassembled in the face of problematic historical and social circumstances.
		The translation into Old English is dated in Bately's seminal edition between circa 889 and 899.(2) The translator of the Orosius has felt free to adapt, add to and paraphrase his material, resulting in a record of cultural interaction with and appropriation of the literary material of the past.
		His 'strangeness' on all these fronts forms the underside to the superficially smooth appropriation of the Orosius by the OE translator, resulting in an uneasy acculturation that is unpicked even as it is woven in.
	www.english.bham.ac.uk /medievalstudies/ice/semper.htm (3093 words)

	The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orosius wrote the first Christian Universal History, “Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem.” It has been thought to be a supplement to the “City of God,” “Civitate Dei,” especially the third book, in which St. Augustine attempts to prove that the Roman Empire suffered as many disasters before as after Christianity was received.
		It was a common argument among the pagans that the abandonment of the worship of their deities had led to the general break-up of the Roman Empire and all its attendant evils.
		Augustine was annoyed by the persistence of this argument and hoped that a history of all the known people of antiquity, with the fundamental idea in mind that God determines the destinies of nations, would put an end to that pagan thinking.
	cuapress.cua.edu /BOOKS/viewbook.cfm?Book=F050 (345 words)

	Engl401 \| Lessons \| The Voyage of Ohthere: Introduction
		Orosius was a fifth-century Spanish cleric (flourished ca.
		Possibly the Old English Orosius was one of the works of translation commissioned by King Ælfred the Great (who reigned from 871 to 899 as King of Wessex) as part of his educational program proclaimed in the preface to Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care.
		The story of Ohthere's voyage is added to the first section of Orosius's history, which gives a brief geography of the world as known to early medieval Europeans.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/engl401/lessons/ohtintro.htm (485 words)

	JamesL4242/The Amazons and the Antichrist
		Of course, it is in Orosius that we find for the first time nearly all of the elements under study here, even if they have not yet attained the formulation that finally concerns us: Alexander, the Amazons, a large number of Jews near the Caspian Sea (and near the Amazons), and the Antichrist.
		Returning to Orosius, it is notable that not only does the passage concerning the deported Jews immediately follow on the heels of one characterizing Alexander as "a veritable whirlpool of evils," but only eleven brief chapters later in the same book appears a reference to Alexander's tryst with the Amazon Queen.
		One answer lies in a detail pulled from Orosius, one that has support from Josephus as well: the Jews in question do not "belong" where they are, as they were driven against their will, whether by Ochus (in Orosius) or Shalmaneser (in Josephus), to their present location.
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~jbl00001/Amazons_paper.htm (8222 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
		While the most trustworthy witnesses, such as Augustine, Orosius, Prosper, and Marius Mercator, are quite explicit in assigning Britain as his native country, as is apparent from his cognomen of Brito or Britannicus, Jerome (Praef.
		The proceedings were hampered by the fact that Orosius, the accusing party, did not understand Greek and had engaged a poor interpreter, while the defendant Pelagius was quite able to defend himself in Greek and uphold his orthodoxy.
		And as Orosius, too, derided and persecuted by Bishop John of Jerusalem, had departed, Pelagius met no personal plaintiff, while he found at the same time a skillful advocate in the deacon Anianus of Celeda (cf.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11604a.htm (4516 words)

	Otfried Lieberknecht: L'avvocato de' tempi cristiani
		Paulus Orosius, adduced first by the Ottimo commento (1331/32-1334), is the author today most often accepted to identify this person {P. Toynbee, Dante Studies and Researches (London, 1912), 121-136; C. Riessner, "Paradiso X, 118-120: 'quello avvocato de' tempi cristiani': Orosius oder Lactantius?", DDJb 47 (1972), 58-76; A. Martina, "Orosio," ED 4 (1973), 204-208}.
		With his Historiae adversus paganos, Orosius in fact would qualify perfectly as an "avvocato de' tempi cristiani," because it was his objective to defend the "tempora christiana" against the pagan view that Christian religion and the abandonment of pagan idolatry had initiated an era of historical calamities and general decline {CSEL 5, 1ss., 563s.}.
		This is more than may be said about any other candidate except Orosius, and should suffice to establish him as a viable choice right after Orosius, even if it may still be desirable to remain on relatively safer grounds by giving preference to the latter.
	www.princeton.edu /~dante/ebdsa/lk.html (937 words)

	Encyclopedia: Orosius
		Flag of Minorca Minorca (Menorca both in Catalan and Spanish and increasingly in English usage; from Latin insula minor, later Minorica minor island) is one of the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears Catalan official name, Islas Baleares in Spanish), located in the Mediterranean Sea, and belonging to Spain.
		Eusebius of Caesarea (~275 – May 30, 339) (often called Eusebius Pamphili, Eusebius [the friend of] Pamphilus) was a bishop of Caesarea in Palestine and is often referred to as the father of church history because of his work in recording the history of the early Christian church.
		The Eleventh Edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Orosius (1712 words)

	Iberian Fathers: Pacian of Barcelona, Orosius of Braga:0813200997:Hanson, Craig L. :eCampus.com
		The Constantinian revolution of the early fourth century produced changes that would affect profoundly and permanently the fabric of traditional Greco-Roman society and early Christian spiritual life.
		This volume -- the third of the works of the Iberian Fathers in the Fathers of the Church series -- brings together writings from Pacian of Barcelona and Orosius of Braga, two notable Iberian authors and orthodox partisans of the turbulent late fourth and early fifth centuries.
		Orosius, priest of Braga, was once considered noteworthy principally for his authorship of the universalist Seven Books of History against the Pagans and his student/mentor relationships with St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Jerome.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0813200997 (293 words)

	Saint Jerome: Lives of Illustrious Men (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orosius, a Spanish presbyter, a man most eloquent and learned in history, wrote eight books against those enemies of the Christians who say that the decay of the Roman State was caused by the Christian religion.
		In the first book he described the world situated within the ever flowing stream of Oceanus and intersected by the Tanais, giving the situations of places, the names, number and customs of nations, the characteristics of various regions, the wars begun and the formation of empires sealed with the blood of kinsmen.
		This is the Orosius who, sent by Augustine to Hieronymus to teach the nature of the soul, returning, was the first to bring to the West relics of the blessed Stephen the first martyr then recently found.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/lives340.htm (199 words)

	Athena Review 1,2: Late Roman and Dark Age Historians of Britain
		Orosius, who worked closely with St. Augustine of Hippo at the beginning of the 5th century, is the author of the first world history by a Christian.
		Orosius wrote in the wake of the sack of Rome by Alaric the Goth in 410.
		There Orosius argued against the theologian Pelagius, whose heretical doctrines had become popular in Britain Orosius tried to have the teaching condemned, but was unsuccessful.
	www.athenapub.com /darkhist.htm (4027 words)

	Essaydirect.com: Analysis of the old english text "Ohthere´s Voyage" - Term Paper. Publish your essay, term paper or ...
		Orosius was a fifth century Spanish cleric, who was engaged by the North African Bishop Augustinus of Hippo to write his Historia adversus paganos (“History against the pagans”) in order to refute pagan claims that the coming of Christianity was responsible for recent disasters in Europe.
		Possibly, the Old English Orosius was one of the works of translation commissioned by King Ælfred of Wessex (reign: 871 - 899) as a part of his educational program proclaimed in the preface to Gregory the Great ’s Pastoral Care (cf.
		Since Orosius’ version only covered the geography south of the Alps, it was lacking the Northern part of Western Europe.
	www.essaydirect.com /preview/5199.html (688 words)

	The Voyage of Ohthere from King Alfred's Orosius
		Excerpt from the introduction to "The Geography of Europe by King Alfred" translated in 1807 by the Rev. James Ingram, M.A., Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Oxford.
		The "History of Orosius" itself is bad, confused; but it was enriched and improved by Alfred's addition to the first book of much new matter, enlarging knowledge of the geography of Europe, which he calls Germania, north of the Rhine and Danube.
		This sea lies many hundred miles up into the land.) Ohthere further says that he sailed in five days from Sciringes-heal to that port which men call Æt-Hæthum, which stands between the Winedæ, the Saxons, and the Angles, and is subject to the Danes.
	www.yukoncollege.yk.ca /~agraham/nost202/ottar.htm (1433 words)

	Altearth - Hadrianople - 1131AUC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orosius describes her as "dark-haired and fair of skin, dark-eyed and light of heart, soft-spoken and iron-willed, of incomparable beauty."
		Orosius tells us that Theodosius was amazed at how the Goblins fought: disorganized, ill-disciplined, yet insanely ferocious and ultimately effective; how they fought as an entire people, with women and children and livestock present on the battlefield; and most notably their use of the "green fire" that burned and could not be extinguished.
		Orosius' version is surely the most memorable, Vita Engelenia, p.
	www.idbsu.edu /people/sknox/altearth/hadrianopolis/hadrianople.shtml (11657 words)

	Bobbio Orosius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Folio 1v of the Bobbio Orosius contains the oldest surviving carpet page in any insular manuscript.
		The Bobbio Orosius (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana MS D. Sup.) is an early 7th century Insular manuscript of the Chronicon of Orosius.
		The manuscript has 48 folios and measures 210 by 150 mm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bobbio_Orosius (482 words)

	Orosius -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Success, however, was scarcely to be hoped for amongst Orientals who did not understand (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin, and whose sense of reverence was unshocked by the question of Pelagius, et quis est mihi Augustinus?
		A free abridged translation by (Click link for more info and facts about King Alfred) King Alfred is still extant (Old English text, with original in Latin, edited by H. Sweet, 1883).
		The history of Orosius was translated into (The Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects) Arabic during the reign of (Click link for more info and facts about al-Hakam II) al-Hakam II of (A city in central Argentina; site of a university founded in 1613) Cordova.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/O/Or/Orosius.htm (365 words)

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