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Topic: Orrorin tugenensis

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Orrorin

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Ardipithecus

Australopithecus anamensis

Hominidae

Aegyptopithecus

Fossil

Australopithecus

Homo antecessor

Homo floresiensis

Evolution of Homo sapiens

Australopithecus africanus

Human evolution

Homo georgicus

	Wikipedia: Orrorin
		Orrorin tugenensis is an extinct species of hominid that is closely related to humans.
		Pickford claims that Orrorin is clearly a hominid; based on this, he dates the split between hominids and other African great apes to at least 7 million years ago.
		If Orrorin proves to be a human ancestor, Australopithecus afarensis (including "Lucy") would be on a side branch of the hominid family tree: Orrorin is both earlier, by 1.5 million years, and more similar to us than A. afarensis.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/or/orrorin.html (269 words)

	Orrorin tugenensis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Orrorin tugenensis is considered as the second oldest possible hominin ancestor related to modern humans (other than Sahelanthropus tchadensis) and is the only species classified in genus Orrorin.
		Pickford claims that Orrorin is clearly a hominin; based on this, he dates the split between hominins and other African great apes to at least 7 million years ago.
		If Orrorin proves to be a direct human ancestor, the australopithecines such as Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy") may be considered a side branch of the hominid family tree: Orrorin is both earlier, by over 1.5 million years, and more similar to us than A.
	phoners.com /wiki/index.php?title=Orrorin_tugenensis (395 words)

	SECRETS OF THE DEAD . Search for the First Human \| PBS
		Today, Orrorin is unleashing one of the greatest controversies the study of human origins has ever seen.
		If Martin and Brigitte find these clues and Orrorin was, indeed, walking on two legs six million years ago, scientists will have to rethink their ideas about how we split from the apes.
		The fossils from Orrorin have led Martin and Brigitte to the revolutionary conclusion that Lucy and her type, the australopithicines, were not our direct ancestors: rather, they were a branch that became extinct.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/secrets/case_firsthuman (333 words)

	Orrorin Tugenensis
		The upper central incisor is large and robust, the upper canine is large for a hominid and retains a narrow and shallow anterior groove, the lower fourth premolar is ape-like, with offset roots and oblique crown, and the molars are relatively small, with thick enamel." (Senut et al., 2001).
		The postcranial evidence suggests that Orrorin tugenensis was already adapted to habitual or perhaps even obligate bipedalism when on the ground, but that it was also a good climber.
		Many scholars have considered that the earliest hominids were small animals; the femur and humerus of Orrorin are 1.5 times larger than those of AL 288.1, probably equivalent in size to a female common chimpanzee, indicating that the ancestor may have been larger than previously envisaged." (Senut et al., 2001).
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/Orrorin.html (1134 words)

	Evolution: Humans: Origins of Humankind
		If Orrorin tugenensis is truly a hominid as its discoverers describe it, the species is by far the oldest-known member of the family to which humans belong.
		tugenensis, presumably points where muscles and ligaments attached, suggest that the species was bipedal.
		tugenensis that is not controversial is its age.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/a.html (278 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Live Online
		There's a big gap between Orrorin and homo, but right in the middle of that gap, there is an animal known as prae africanus.
		Orrorin was still climbing, but walking bipedally on the ground.
		Orrorin really is associated with the 6 million year old sedement in four different localities.
	discuss.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/zforum/02/tv_secretsofdead051002.htm (3151 words)

	Fast Breaking Comment by Martin Pickford
		Orrorin tugenensis is a 6 million year old bipedal hominid with several ape-like features of the front teeth, jaw, humerus and finger bone, but with more human-like features of the back teeth, mandibular symphysis, and leg bones.
		The fact that Orrorin is found with other fauna that indicates a wooded to forested environment, tends to refute the "savannah" hypothesis of human origins.
		Furthermore, in some features of the dentition and femora, Orrorin is more human-like than any of the australopithecines (Lucy and her kin) which raises the possibility that australopithecines are a side branch of hominid evolution that went extinct without issue about 1.5 Ma.
	www.esi-topics.com /fbp/comments/december-01-Martin-Pickford.html (818 words)

	In Search for the First Man / Astronomy With Tru
		Orrorin shows signs that it is an animal that walks on two feet rather than four, yet it comes from a staggering 6 million years old.
		Because of Orrorin's advanced appearance (it's surprisingly human-like teeth and femur) Martin and Brigitte present an even bolder claim: Orrorin is more closely related to modern-day humans than Lucy, who at 3.2 million years of age, was heralded as an earliest known human ancestor.
		By comparing Lucy's bones to those of Orrorin's, Martin and Brigitte believe that Lucy was a side-branch that died off, while Orrorin is a more likely candidate to be a human ancestor.
	www.geocities.com /true_masked_wabbit/search_for_the_first_man.html (1035 words)

	Orrorin tugenesis
		"Orrorin" means means "original man" in Tugen, and the specific name "tugenensis" refers to the Tugen Hills locality where the material was discovered.
		This makes the tugenensis material the oldest known hominids if the classification of the material as hominid is accepted (and the material definitely looks hominid, at least as much as any other early australopithecine material does that lacks extensive crania).
		The size of the teeth is also extremely weak support, as tooth size increased in all African ape lineages over time, and shifts in diet is well within reason to describe a small increase and then a decrease in the line leading to modern humans.
	karmak.org /archive/2003/01/tugenensis.html (1997 words)

	Articles - Orrorin tugenensis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		´´Orrorin tugenensis´´ is considered as the second oldest possible hominin ancestor related to modern humans (other than ´´Sahelanthropus tchadensis´´;) and is the only species classified in genus ´´Orrorin´´.
		If ´´Orrorin´´ proves to be a direct human ancestor, the australopithecines such as ´´Australopithecus afarensis´´ ("Lucy") may be considered a side branch of the hominid family tree: ´´Orrorin´´ is both earlier, by over 1.5 million years, and more similar to us than ´´A. afarensis´´.
		The main similarity is that the Orrorin humerus seem closer to ´´H. sapiens´´ in comparison to ´´Lucy´s´´, there is, however, significant controversy over this point, and other researchers assert that Pickford et al.
	www.sewing-center.com /articles/Orrorin_tugenensis (371 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Orrorin tugenensis This species was named in July 2001 from fossils discovered in western Kenya (Senut et al.
		However, both Orrorin and Sahelanthropus existed around the time of the split, and so may be ancestral to both humans and chimpanzees.
		Recent archeological discoveries of the Orrorin bones gathered in 2000 (Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut-Chad, Africa) can be used to support the importance of using our arms in organically...
	orrorin.iqexpand.com /index.php?title=Orrorin_tugenensis&action=edit§ion=1 (538 words)

	LinkVoyager: Earliest Ancestors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The amazing fossil material discovered by the M.P.F.T. (a nearly complete cranium, two lower jaw fragments and three isolated teeth), and described by Michel Brunet and his colleagues in journal Nature, is assigned to a new hominid, new genus new species, nicknamed Toumaï.
		Orrorin tugenensis – The year 2001 was filled with several big announcements on the early hominid front.
		Search for the First Human (Orrorin tugenensis) – From the PBS series Secrets of the Dead: In November 2000, Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut from the College de France and a team from the Community Museums of Kenya made a remarkable discovery.
	www.linkvoyager.com /cgi-bin/serve.fcgi/paleoanthropology/earliest_ancestors (353 words)

	Channel 4 - History - Bones of contention
		Because of the timing of the discovery, the press dubbed this creature 'Millennium Man', but the scientists eventually called it Orrorin tugenensis – 'Orrorin' means 'original man' in the local Kenyan dialect.
		In addition, a CAT scan showed that the neck of the hip joint was thicker at the bottom than at the top, which it would have been if it had been stressed from the weight of an upright body.
		Orrorin had back teeth that were human-like, but its front teeth resembled those of chimps.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/H/history/a-b/bones.html (1861 words)

	DARWINISM-WATCH.com - Responding Evolutionist Propaganda in the Media
		In the study in question, scientists who created a reconstruction model of the femur belonging to Orrorin tugenensis at the Penn State University Laboratory of Comparative Morphology and Mechanics discovered that the femoral neck is thickened.
		In addition, even if we leave aside the error of making interpretations regarding the descent of a fossil for one moment, there is still no consensus even among evolutionists as to whether Orrorin tugenensis was a hominid or not, or to its place on the fictitious evolutionary family tree.
		As we have seen, evolutionists' opinions with regard to Orrorin tugenensis stem not from that fact that research into the fossil has strengthened their theories, but from the fact they have adopted evolution as a dogma.
	www.darwinism-watch.com /science0412.php (1294 words)

	DARWINISM-WATCH.com - Responding Evolutionist Propaganda in the Media
		Taken from the Die Zeit, the magazine Hurriyet Science wrote about the Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba and Orrorin tugenensis fossils found respectively in 2001 and 2002 and printed pretty pictures depicting primeval man in his various imaginary transitory forms.
		The 12 small bones making "Orrorin tugenensis," claimed by some researchers to have walked upright and to be the ancestor of man by Die Zeit.
		Orrorin tugenensis is a species reliant on 12 small fossilized items, which were discovered by researchers Martin Pickford (College de France) and Brigitte Senut (National History Of Nature Museum, Paris) who claimed that this was an upright walking species.
	www.darwinism-watch.com /die_zeit_030329.php (1794 words)

	Sunday Times - South Africa's best selling newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"Orrorin" means "original man" in Tugen, and the specific name "tugenensis" refers to the Tugen Hills where the material was discovered.
		Orrorin had little time to notice the large, leopard-like creature attacking it from behind, and became prey.
		Kiptalam tells me his father was the first of the diggers to spot Orrorin tugenensis, the fossil we are on our way to see.
	www.sundaytimes.co.za /2002/07/14/lifestyle/travel/travel01.asp (1509 words)

	Mrs. Dimino's Eight Grade Science Classes
		In fact, at 6 million years old, O. tugenensis lived near the time when genetic analyses suggest our oldest hominid ancestor split from the oldest ancestor of the great apes.
		Certain features, like the teeth of O. tugenensis, suggest this species could even be more closely related to Homo sapiens than the many Australopithecus species it predates.
		Grooves in the femurs of O. tugenensis, presumably points where muscles and ligaments attached, suggest that the species was bipedal.
	comsewogue.k12.ny.us /~ssilverman/documents/dimino/dimino10.htm (227 words)

	Orrorin tugenensis: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Orrorin tugenensis is an extinct (In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species....)
		The name was given by the discoverers who found Orrorin fossil (The remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil)
		Orrorin was about the size of a modern chimpanzee (Intelligent somewhat arboreal ape of equatorial African forests)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/orrorin_tugenensis (1086 words)

	ENSI/SENSI Papers & Articles:Hominid News
		Molar size is small relative to body size in Chimps, Ardipithecus and Orrorin (suggesting a diet of fruit and leaves) and again in H.
		Canines in chimps and Orrorin are large, sharpened,and V shaped but smaller and diamond shaped in Ardipithecus and more advanced forms (smallest in Homo).
		Orrorin and Homo both have small molars relative to their bigger bodies, unlike Australopithecus.
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/paphom.c.html (1014 words)

	The Religion of Vague
		Orrorin’s discoverers, Martin Pickford of the College de France and Brigitte Senut of the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, claim that the creature was bipedal and thus the oldest human ancestor (hence its scientific name, which means “original man”).
		To claim that Orrorin was a hominid, protested Bernard Wood of George Washington University, you “have to rewrite human evolutionary history” (p.
		Responding to the Orrorin challenge, the ramidus team began a vigorous search for stronger evidence that their creature was truly the oldest human ancestor.
	www.rae.org /ramidusorrorin.html (576 words)

	Bone evidences earliest human biped
		The fossil was identified as Orrorin tugenensis, which is an extinct species of hominid closely related to humans.
		Eckhardt said he had always thought the split was six million years ago, so when he heard the Orrorin fossil had been dated to that time period, he became interested in analyzing the Computed Tomography (CT) scans, which cross-section a bone virtually without cutting it open, creating images of the bone's shaft for every millimeter.
		The research was published in the Sept. 3 issue of Science in an article called "External and Internal Morphology of the BAR 1002'00 Orrorin tugenensis Femur." Eckhardt and Galik's co-authors include several researchers in France.
	www.collegian.psu.edu /archive/2004/09/09-14-04tdc/09-14-04dscihealth-01.asp (840 words)

	Television: Millennium Man on Prime Time
		But what is rewarding about this intelligent, yet flawed documentary, viewed by this reviewer in rough cut, is that much unpublished information about the discovery of the so-called Millennium Man ("Ancient Ancestors?" July/August 2001) is disclosed in a generally sensible manner, with only a few wild claims and out-of-context quotes from scientists.
		Known formally as Orrorin tugenensis, this set of fossil remains of an early hominid-like creature was recovered in Kenya in 2000, hence its name.
		CT-scans of the Orrorin femur show its internal structure, which appears to support the bipedal interpretation, and scans of the molar teeth show a thick, humanlike enamel.
	www.archaeology.org /0205/reviews/millennium.html (580 words)

	The Leakey Foundation - AnthroQuest Online
		First on the scene was Orrorin tugenensis, named for the Tugen Hills of northern Kenya where Paris-based paleontologists Brigitte Senut and Martin Pickford and Kenyan colleagues found its fossils last October.
		Based on the shape of the upper femur, or thigh bone, Orrorin's discoverers contend that it represents the earliest bipedal hominid, but many experts are witholding judgment.
		Regarding Orrorin's hominid status, Haile-Selassie believes that the Kenyan creature's canine looks too primitive and evidence for bipedalism from the thigh bone is unclear.
	www.leakeyfoundation.org /newsandevents/n3.jsp?id=152 (1820 words)

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