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Topic: Orthohydrogen

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	Orthohydrogen -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		This proton has an associated (The torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field) magnetic moment, which we can treat as being generated by the proton's spin.
		Orthohydrogen is unstable at low temperatures, and spontaneously changes into parahydrogen with time, a process which releases (A form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature) heat; an undesirable occurrence when one wants hydrogen to remain liquid.
		One must therefore use a ((chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected) catalyst to accelerate the conversion of the liquid hydrogen into parahydrogen, or supply additional refrigeration equipment to absorb the heat that the liquid hydrogen will give off as it spontaneously converts itself to pure parahydrogen.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/O/Or/Orthohydrogen.htm (171 words)

	Xogens Patent on an Apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen
		Orthohydrogen is that state of hydrogen molecules in which the spins of the two nuclei are parallel.
		Accordingly, it is desirable to produce cheaply orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen using a cell and to be able to control the amount of either produced by the cell.
		Parahydrogen is not as highly combustible as orthohydrogen and hence is a slower burning form of hydrogen.
	www.angelfire.com /ak5/energy21/chambers.htm (5499 words)

	app-a3
		In orthohydrogen, the two hydrogen nuclei in the molecule spin in the same direction; in parahydrogen, the two nuclei spin in opposite directions.
		At 77.4 K (temperature of liquid nitrogen used for cooling) the hydrogen mixture at equilibrium is 52 percent orthohydrogen and 48 percent parahydrogen.
		The spontaneous conversion of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen, the release of enough heat in the conversion process to vaporize the liquid hydrogen, and the use of a catalyst to speed the conversion process were discoveries essential to later developments of technology for the storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen in quantity.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4404/app-a3.htm (2478 words)

	Ortho- and Parahydrogen
		Molecular hydrogen occurs in two isomeric forms, namely with its two proton spins aligned either parallel (orthohydrogen) or antiparallel (parahydrogen).
		Using orthohydrogen the sequence of emission and absorption is reversed relative to using enriched parahydrogen.
		The mixture can be enriched in ortho hydrogen by expoiting the fact that, at low temperatures, the two spin isomers are not equally adsorbed on diamagnetic surfaces (theory of the hindered rotator).
	www.thch.uni-bonn.de /pc/bargon/PHIP/parahydrogen.html (256 words)

	COMPILATION OF THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOLID HYDROGEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The stable relative concentration of these states is temperature dependent; 75% of hydrogen is orthohydrogen at room temperature (defined as "normal" hydrogen) whereas equilibrium solid hydrogen is almost pure parahydrogen.
		Parahydrogen is always most stable as an hcp lattice, whereas orthohydrogen undergoes a phase transition at low temperatures.
		Orthohydrogen will behave similarly except that it will change slowly to the fcc phase, although this is not usually relevant since orthohydrogen itself is not stable at these temperatures.
	www.tvu.com /EngPropsSH2Web.htm (1924 words)

	CCHEM's IONEX-type O-P Catalyst for Ortho-Para Hydrogen Conversion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)*
		This high surface area, in conjunction with the ferromagnetic properties of the catalyst, results in an unusually effective catalyst for converting orthohydrogen to parahydrogen.
		Molecules where the spin in in the same direction are orthohydrogen molecules; when the spin is in the opposite direction, these molecules are called parahydrogen molecules.
		Orthohydrogen is unstable at low temperatures, and changes to the more stable parahydrogen over time, liberating heat which can cause hydrogen evaporation within the storage vessel.
	www.cchem.com /opcat (270 words)

	AHANW Forum - Electronic Circuitry
		Inside the electrolyser, a pulsed DC, square wave signal seems to yeild a higher volume of orthohydrogen.
		This is accomplished by using a "555 timer IC" (integrated circuit).
		By passing this Ortho-hydrogen through a magnetic field, Orthohydrogen 'free electrons' align to the magnetic pull, creating a more stable,slightly less hotter hydrogen called Parahydrogen.
	www.ahanw.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=496 (530 words)

	AHANW - American Hydrogen Association Northwest!
		Orthohydrogen in normal H2 liquid will slowly change to the parahydrogen isomer in an exothermic process.
		is imperative to convert the orthohydrogen to parahydrogen.
		Catalysts such as hydrated ferric oxide gel, ruthenium, and nickel silicate are effective in promoting equilibrium conditions by converting orthohydrogen to parahydrogen.
	www.ahanw.org /library/storage/safestorage.php (2751 words)

	The Force of Magnetism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		realized that parahydrogen could be converted to higher energized orthohydrogen through magnetic stimulation, i.e.
		The hydrocarbon fuel of space-shuttle is subjected to the influence of the magnetic field, in order to change the isomeric form of hydrogen from parahydrogen into the orthohydrogen state.
		At the lift-off the orthohydrogen (more reactive form) allows to intensify the combustion processes.
	www.mundi.com /ind2.html (130 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		Needs explanation as to why the release of heat is undesirable.
		-- User:Leonard G. Leonard G. 03:55, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC) Why is orthohydrogen refered to as the triplet state, and parahydrogen is the singlet state?
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Orthohydrogen.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Orthohydrogen.html (282 words)

	CCHEM's IONEX-type O-P Catalyst - Specifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)*
		This material efficiently catalyzes the conversion of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen.
		Due to its large surface area and optimum particle size, rapid conversion and uniform flow characteristics are assured.
		C with dry hydrogen flow, when fed and equilibrium mixture of 75% orthohydrogen / 25% parahydrogen at 1.36 atmospheres and 77 deg.
	www.cchem.com /opcat/specs.html (153 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		It has been shown that high-resolution infrared spectroscopy is applicable to the zero-phonon transitions of rotons and vibrons in solid hydrogen.
		The v=3 vibrational exciton was found to be well localized on the parahydrogen molecule next to an orthohydrogen.
		On the other hand, since the vibron hopping matrix element of the v=2 state is comparable to the energy shift due to the existence of orthohydrogen, the observed rich spectral structure can be interpreted as due to the v=2 vibron hopping over a limited number of lattice sites in the crystal.
	molspect.mps.ohio-state.edu /symposium_55/symposium/Abstracts/p338.html (216 words)

	Evodrive Limited - Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Consisting of one positive charge (the proton) and one negative charge (the electron) enables it to be either diamagnetic or paramagnetic (weaker or stronger response to magnetic influences) depending on the relative spins of the adjacent nuclei.
		In Parahydrogen form, the spin state of one atom relative to the other is in the opposite direction, which renders it diamagnetic.
		In Orthohydrogen molecule form, the spin directions are the same.
	www.evodrive.com /products.htm (431 words)

	4586-4591 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Calculation of Raman Linewidths Due to Roton in Solid Parahydrogen with Orthohydrogen Impurities
		Raman linewidths of rotons are calculated in solid parahydrogen with low concentration of orthohydrogen molecules.
		The electric quadrupole-quadrupole interaction between molecules is considered in the scattering of a roton by an orthohydrogen impuruty, where the phonon contribution to linewidths is neglected.
	jpsj.ipap.jp /link?JPSJ/56/4586 (105 words)

	Strength of magnetic energy for industrial applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		, realized that parahydrogen could be converted to higher energized orthohydrogen through magnetic stimulation, i.e.
		Hydrocarbon fuel of the NASA's spaceshuttle is subject to tha action of the magnetic field in order to change the isomeric form from parahydrogew into orto.
		At the start of the shuttle the orthohydrogen form (more reactive) allows to intensify the combustion processes.
	www.mundi.com /engsilamag.html (175 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		These changes are interpreted to be a result of the I=1 (F) I=2 (A) nuclear spin conversion which accompanies the J=1
		The half-lifetime of the upper J=1 rotational state is unchanged by the addition of up to 2% orthohydrogen molecules, but decreases with more than 10% orthohydrogen molecules.
		The increase of the decay rate at higher orthohydrogen concentration indicates that the magnetic field gradient across CH caused by orthohydrogen molecules mixes the nuclear spin states which accelerate the conversion.
	molspect.mps.ohio-state.edu /symposium_55/symposium/Abstracts/p339.html (326 words)

	Orange World - FREE ENERGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		It improved fuel ecomony, but it seemed to be missing some key items, such as conversion of water to orthohydrogen.
		I don't think that system did, it just put water into the fuel air mixture.
		Building this system may be a patent infridgement of the following patent.
	orangeworld.blog.ca /main/index.php/orangeworld/2005/07/03/free_energy_1 (803 words)

	Hydrogen
		There are so many that there is no space here to even mention most of them, but one was the discovery of two apparently different kinds of hydrogen gas that could interconvert slowly, called orthohydrogen and parahydrogen.
		The normal gas was a mixture of 3 parts of the ortho to 1 part of the para.
		Therefore, the singlet nuclear state, parahydrogen, (antisymmetric) corresponds to J even, and the triplet nuclear state, orthohydrogen, corresponds to J odd.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/hydrogen.htm (7617 words)

	Hydrogen Properties Package
		Hydrogen is a mixture of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen which differ by the direction of the nuclear spin, assuming that nuclear spin exists.
		The composition of the mixture varies from 100% parahydrogen at near liquid temperatures to 25% parahydrogen and 75% orthohydrogen at near room temperature and above.
		NASA has compiled a para- and dissociated hydrogen database from NASA and NIST databases and extrapolation modules.
	www.inspi.ufl.edu /data/h_prop_package.html (567 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Problems and Solutions on Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (Major American Universities ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		SIPs: orthohydrogen molecules, reversible heat engine, photon gas, molar specific heat, degenerate electron gas (more)
		Describe briefly the basic principle of the following instruments for making temperature measurements and state in one sentence the special usefulness of each instrument: constant-volume gas thermometer, thermocouple, thermistor.
		orthohydrogen molecules, reversible heat engine, photon gas, molar specific heat, degenerate electron gas, adiabatic demagnetization, diatomic gas, ideal monatomic gas, partition function, particle number density, nuclear spin states, total entropy change, heat reservoir, mean free time, dimensional gas, isothermal expansion, ideal gas, total magnetic moment, adiabatic process
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/9810200560?v=glance (1077 words)

	Pca21 ordering in a self-consistent model for solid orthohydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		A self-consistent method, described by Bell and Fairbairn in 1967, is used to investigate Pca2
		It is shown that when the orientations of the orthohydrogen molecules are ordered in accordance with the Pca2
		In particular, reselling and systematic downloading of files is prohibited.
	ej.iop.org /EJ/abstract/0305-4470/1/1/305 (214 words)

	WaterFuel: The Freedom Reclamation Project
		Gasoline as a fuel is NOT NECESSARY; it is optional.
		Do not let ANYONE ever compromise your dream, your freedom, your independence, your truth.
		Stephen Chambers 'Apparatus for Producing Orthohydrogen and/or Parahydrogen' US Patent 6126794, uspto.gov
	educate-yourself.org /fe/fewaterasfuel28jan02.shtml (4750 words)

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