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Topic: Orthonectida

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	Encyclopedia: Orthonectida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Orthonectida is a small phylum of poorly-known parasites of marine invertebrates that are among the simplest of multi-cellular organisms.
		Multinucleate plasmodia give rise to sexual males and females, which are free-swimming by means of cilia.
		Giard, E., "The Orthonectida, a new class of the phylum of the worms" Quart.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Orthonectida (457 words)

	Orthonectida - TheBestLinks.com - Phylum, 1880, Parasite, Echinoderm, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Orthonectida - TheBestLinks.com - Phylum, 1880, Parasite, Echinoderm,...
		Orthonectida, Phylum, 1880, Parasite, Echinoderm, Cilia, Mesozoa, Flatworm...

Orthonectida is a small phylum of poorly-known parasites of marine invertebrates that are among the simplest of multi-cellular organisms.

www.thebestlinks.com /Orthonectida.html (457 words)

	MESOZOA - LoveToKnow Article on MESOZOA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		ORTHONECTIDA (A. Giard).L_~The Orthonectida contain aOirtials with a central mass of eggs destined to form male and emale reproductive cells surrounded, by.
		The original idea that in the Rhombozoa and Orthonectida we had animals intermediate between the Protozoa and Metazoa is no longer widely held.
		The modern view is that the simplicity of their structure is secondary axfd not primary, and is correllated with their parasitic habit of life.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MESOZOA.htm (964 words)

	MESOZOA - Encyclopedia Britannica - MESOZOA - JCSM's Study Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		ORTHONECTIDA (A. Giard).`---The Orthonectida contain animals with a central mass of eggs destined to form male and female reproductive cells surrounded, by a single layer of ciliated ectoderm cells arranged in regular rings which contain varying numbers'"be., rows of cells.
		that in the Rhombozoa and Orthonectida we had animals intermediate between the Protozoa and Metazoa is no longer widely held.
		The modern view is that the simplicity of their structure is secondary and not primary, and is correllated with their parasitic habit of life.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Encyclopedia_Britannica/MEC_MIC/MESOZOA.html (958 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox begin placement Template:Taxobox regnum entry Template:Taxobox phylum entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox end Orthonectida is a small phylum of poorly-known parasites of marine invertebrates that are among the simplest of multi-cellular organisms.
		The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.
		ORTHONECTIDA (A. Giard).L_~The Orthonectida contain aOirtials with a central mass of eggs destined to form male and emale...
	orthonectida.iqexpand.com (596 words)

	Parazitologiya 2003/37/5. Slyusarev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Analysis of original and literary data permits to conclude that the life cycle in Orthonectida may be characterized as the monohost — monoxenous one, including regular interchange of three generations: asexual and parthenogenetic ones, which are represented by parasitic plasmodiums, and sexual generation, represented by free living and non-feeding males and females or, rarely, hermaphrodites.
		The life cycle of Orthonectida includes the agamic reproduction, apomictic parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction regularly following one another.
		The life cycle of Orthonectida can be considered as a combination of metagenesis and heterogony.
	www.zin.ru /journals/parazitologiya/a2003-5/abstr2003-5-Slyusarev.htm (113 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Sponges are sessile and usually feed by drawing in water through pores allover the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules - the cells are differentiated, but not organizedinto distinct groups.
		There are also three problematic phyla - the Rhombozoa, Orthonectida, and Placozoa - thathave an unclear position with respect to other animals.
		When they were first discovered, the Protozoa were considered as ananimal phylum or subkingdom, but as they are generally unrelated and often as similar to plants as animals, a new kingdom, the, was devised to hold them.
	immune-system-help.com /phylum/animals/animal.html (1380 words)

	The Phylum Mesozoa
		Apart from differences in life cycles the two classes are easily separated by looking at their respective asexual parasitic phases (forms).
		In the Rhombozoa this stage is long thin and ciliated, in the Orthonectida it is shaped more like an amoeba and it isn't ciliated.
		The Orthonectida are parasites on a wide range of marine invertebrates including Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata, Mollusca and Annelida.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/mesozoa.html (747 words)

	MESOZOA - Online Information article about MESOZOA
		The Mesozoa com- prise two classes: (i) the Rhombozoa, which are found only in the kidneys of Cephalopods, and(2)the Orthonectida, which infest specimens of Ophiurids, Poly- chaets,Nernertines,Tur- bellaria and possibly other See also:
		ORTHONECTIDA (A. Giard).`---The Orthonectida contain animals with a central See also:
		idea that in the Rhombozoa and Orthonectida we had animals intermediate between the Protozoa and Metazoa is no longer widely held.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MEC_MIC/MESOZOA.html (1107 words)

	Mesozoa
		Class Rhombozoa- Parasites of the renal bags of cephalopods, like octopi, sepias and squids.
		Class Orthonectida- Parasites of Ophiuroidea, bivalve mollusks, polychaeta and nemertean.
		They are formed by a layer of ciliated cells that contains a mass of gametes. Example of this class:
	www.biocab.org /Mesozoa.html (196 words)

	American Zoologist: Metazoan relationships on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences: A few years later...
		The third case study concerns the relationships of the mesozoan taxa Orthonectida and Rhombozoa, whose evolutionary origin has been controversial for many years.
		Some consider Mesozoa as very primitive organisms that link protists and animals (e.g., Lapan and Morowitz, 1972; Margulis and Schwartz, 1988), while others believe that the simplicity of Mesozoa is secondary and regard them as degenerate flatworms because of their morphological resemblance with flatworm larvae and their complex life cycle (Stunkard, 1954, 1972).
		Indeed, some consider the morphological similarity between both Orthonectida and Rhombozoa to be purely superficial and the result of convergence due to similar lifestyles (e.g., Brusca and Brusca, 1990).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_199812/ai_n8824743/pg_2 (1130 words)

	Characteristics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		An outer layer of somatic cells surrounds an inner one of reproductive cell(s) (Br 173).
		Orthonectida: parasites of various animals, Turbellaria, Nemertea, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Echinodermata, Ascidiacea, etc. Unlike Dicyemida, they have contractile cells (ME 51).
		About 20 species known, but due to their widespread and sporadic occurrence in all kinds of invertebrates, there is no way to estimate the total number of species (ME 52).
	nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp /MDS/anima97/node64.html (146 words)

	Mesozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At one time they were classified as a phylum, but are now generally believed to be unrelated to one another, so the term mesozoan is applied descriptively rather than taxonomically.
		The two main mesozoan groups are the Rhombozoa and Orthonectida.
		This page was last modified 04:00, 20 September 2005.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesozoa (75 words)

	Parazitologiya 2003/37/3. Slyusarev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Muscle formation in Intoshia variabili (Orthonectida) has been studied in the course of development of the sexual (free-living) specimens.
		The muscle system originates in the early embryogenesis as a distinct continuous layer located between the outer cell layer and the inner cell mass.
		The presence of a distinct muscle system in Orthonectida and the pattern of its development give evidence for placing this group into Triploblastica rather than into Diploblastica.
	www.zin.ru /journals/parazitologiya/a2003-3/abstr2003-3-Slyusarev.htm (87 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Orthonectida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Orthonectida; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Orthonectida (558 words)

	Animals Scientific classification Scientific classification ...
		Sponges are sessile and usually feed by drawing in water through pore pores all over the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules - the cells are differentiated, but not organized into distinct groups.
		There are also three problematic phyla - the Rhombozoa Rhombozoa, Orthonectida Orthonectida, and Placozoa Placozoa - that have an unclear position with respect to other animals.
		When they were first discovered, the Protozoa were considered as an animal phylum or subkingdom, but as they are generally unrelated and often as similar to plants as animals, a new kingdom, the Protist Protista, was devised to hold them.
	www.biodatabase.de /animal (1501 words)

	Orthonectida \| TutorGig.co.uk - The Tutorial Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Orthonectida br Taxobox authority author Giard date 1880 Taxobox end placement Taxobox end Orthonectida is a small phylum of poorly known para..." >Orthonectida, Orthonectida.
		invertebrate stub de Mesozoa nl Middendiertjes ja & 20013 & 29983 & 21205 & 29289 fi" >Mesozoa, Orthonectida Rhombozoa Taxobox end Agnotozoa is a sub kingdom of three small phyla" >Agnotozoa, Orthonectida in the Mesozoa however, molecular" >Rhombozoa, Orthonectida br Rhombozoa...
		- porifera - subkingdom " agnotozoa " placozoa - orthonectida - rhombozoa
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /searchtgig.jsp?keywords=Orthonectida (263 words)

	Baccarat Hotel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The identification of baccarat hotel the "hosts" with the stars comes to the same thing; the stars were thought of as closely connected with angels.
		There are also three problematic phyla - the Rhombozoa, baccarat necklace Orthonectida, and Placozoa - that have an unclear position with respect to other animals.
		However, the amount of soot produced by a candle is generally more dependant on environmental conditions
	baccarat.hostrim.com /baccarat/hotel.html (838 words)

	Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60(1) March 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The purpose of this application, under Articles 29 and 55.3.1 of the Code, is to remove homonymy between the family-group names RHOPALURINAE Bücherl, 1971 (family BUTHIDAE, Scorpiones) and RHOPALURIDAE Stunkard, 1937 (phylum Orthonectida) by changing the spelling of the junior homonym.
		Before this junior homonym becomes adopted in the literature, it is proposed that the whole of the generic name of the type genus (Rhopalurus Thorell, 1876) of RHOPALURINAE should be used to form the emended name RHOPALORUSINAE Bücherl, 1971, leaving the orthonectid senior homonym (RHOPALURIDAE Stunkard, 1937) unchanged.
		Nomenclature; taxonomy; Orthonectida; Arachnida; Scorpiones; RHOPALURIDAE; RHOPALURUSINAE; Rhopalura; Rhopalurus; Rhopalura ophiocomae; Rhopalurus laticauda.
	www.iczn.org /BZNMar2003.htm (2996 words)

	The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis -- Hanelt ...
		The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis -- Hanelt et al.
		The Orthonectida is a small, poorly known phylum of parasites of marine
		Their phylogenetic placement is obscure; they have been
	mbe.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/13/9/1187 (260 words)

	There are also three problematic phyla - the Rhombozoa, Orthonectida, and Placozoa - that have an unclear position with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The etymology is generally traced to an abbreviation of the Japanese transliteration of the English word "animation" (shortened, as many foreign words appear in Japanese).
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	adult-movie.funhosts.com /sentence/social-the-some.html (903 words)

	Folia Parasitologica - Content of volumes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Fine structure and function of the genital pore of the female of Intoshia variabili (Orthonectida)
		The genital pore of the female of Intoshia variabili Аleksandrov et Sljusarev, 1992 is located on a transverse ring of non-ciliated cells.
		After one larva pushes the pore cells out and escapes, others follow.
	www.paru.cas.cz /folia/content.php?volume=8&content=383 (150 words)

	Adult Dating Free (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Canada adult dating free occupies the northern half of North America.
		There are also three problematic phyla adult dating free - the Rhombozoa, Orthonectida, and Placozoa - that have an unclear position with respect to other animals.
		And as Derek Ross said, this debate is been around for a long time, and there will be a lot of people ready to revert to the existing wording every time you change it unless you convince us otherwise.
	adult-dating.funhosts.com /adult-dating-free.html (850 words)

	[No title]
		Outer layer of ciliated cells surrounding one or more internal cells Phylum Mesozoa was broken up into two new phyla Phylum Rhombozoa Phylum Orthonectida Mesozoa is no longer a phylum but is used as a collective name to include the rhombozoans and orthonectids.
		PHYLUM RHOMBOZOA Class Dicymida Parasites in the kidneys of cephalopods, attached in the nephridial cavities.
		PHYLUM ORTHONECTIDA Parasites in nemerteans, flatworms, bivalves, ophiuroids and polychaetes.
	www.tarleton.edu /~dekeith/Mesozoa.doc (867 words)

	Parazitologiya 2000/34/5. Slyusarev, Cherkasov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		ANNUAL DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THREE ORTHONECTIDA SPECIES IN THE WHITE AND BARENTS SEAS
		Annual dynamics and distribution of three Orthonectida species — Intoshia variabili, I. linei, Rhopalura littoralis — have been studied in the invertebrates in the White and Barents Seas.
		Throughout years of observations Orthonectids show high stability, constant percent of infection and permanent location of the same spots.
	www.zin.ru /journals/parazitologiya/a2000-5/abstr2000-5-Slyusarev.htm (80 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of German expressions in English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Physical Chemistry is the combined science of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics which functions to provide molecular-level interpretations of observed macroscopic phenomena.
		Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria Acoelomorpha Orthonectida Rhombozoa Myxozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata (vertebrates, etc....
		Bremsstrahlung listen?, German for braking radiation, is electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, when deflected by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-German-expressions-in-English (7923 words)

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In the News (Sun 19 May 13)