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	Latin Language - LoveToKnow 1911
		It is convenient, before proceeding to describe the development of the language in its various epochs, to notice briefly the debt of its vocabulary to Greek, since it affords an indication of the steadily increasing influence of Greek life and literature upon the growth of the younger idiom.
		Lucilius furnishes a specimen of the language of the period, free from the restraints of tragic diction and the imitation of Greek originals.
		There are traces of the popular language in the shortened imperatives cave and mane, in the analytic perfect paratam habes, and in the use of unus approaching that of the indefinite article.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Latin_Language (14111 words)

	Oscan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oscan, the language of the Osci, is in the Sabellic branch of the Italic language family, which is a branch of Indo-European and includes Umbrian, Latin and Faliscan.
		Oscan is known from inscriptions beginning in the 5th century BC.
		Oscan was written in the Latin and Greek alphabets, as well as in a variety of the Old Italic alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oscan (366 words)

	Etruscan Language
		The language continued to be used in a religious context until late antiquity; the final record of such use relates to the invasion of Rome by Alaric, chief of the Visigoths, in 410 CE,(1) when Etruscan priests were summoned to conjure lightning against the barbarians.
		The apparent isolation of the Etruscan language had already been noted by the ancients; it is confirmed by repeated and vain attempts of some to assign it to one of the various linguistic groups or types of the Mediterranean and Eurasian world.
		However, there are in fact connections with Indo-European languages, particularly with the Italic languages, and also with more or less known non-Indo-European languages of western Asia and the Caucasus, the Aegean, Italy, and the Alpine zone as well as with the relics of the Mediterranean linguistic substrata revealed by place-names.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /language.html (1671 words)

	Archaic Italy : The Umbro-Oscans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Oscan inscriptions from Agnone and Abella refer to open-air sanctuaries, much like the Roman fana, that were probably the religious centers of the various pagi.
		The Cippus Abellanus recording an arbitration between the two Oscan towns of Nola and Avellino, made by Q. Fabius Labeonus in 183 BCE (Cicero De Officiis 1) was written in Oscan.
		Latin came to supplant Oscan as an official language, yet Oscan remained the common language used in central and southern Italy.
	www.societasviaromana.org /Collegium_Historicum/oscans.php (1048 words)

	SAMNITES OSCAN LANGUAGE
		This homogenous oscan idiom was universally accepted so that either the Samnites or the Lucanis and the Mamertinis, that propagated in the northern Sicily of grecian discendence, were able to understand it and communicate with.
		Proof of oscan literature however is found instead on the Fabulae Atellanae that became well known among the Romans.
		Oscan iscription: "Detfri, slave of Herennio Sattio, signed with her foot" or with her shoe (as a matter of fact there are two footprints of shoes in the tile).
	xoomer.virgilio.it /davmonac/sanniti/smliny.html (568 words)

	Buck's Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: Introduction
		Oscan inscriptions have been found in Samnium (inclusive of the territory of the Frentani and Hirpini), Campania, northern Apulia, Lucania, and Bruttium, and in the Sicilian city of Messana from the period after its occupation by the Campanian Mamertines.
		We must, rather, assume that the Oscans were simply a detached branch of the Samnites, speaking essentially the same language; and the principal reason why this language was called Oscan rather than Samnitic is that it was among the Oscans that the Greeks and Romans first came in contact with it.
		Oscan is the Gothic of the Italic dialects.
	www.forumromanum.org /latin/buck_1.html (5219 words)

	Encyclopedia: Oscan language
		Umbrian, an Indo-European language of the Italic family, is a dead language formerly spoken in Umbria, Italy.
		Samnite warriors Samnium (Oscan Safinim) was a region of the southern Apennines in Italy that was home to the Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about 600 BC to about 290 BC.
		The Proto-Indo-Europeans are the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, a prehistoric people of the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Oscan-language (875 words)

	Oscan language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Oscan is known from (Letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something) inscriptions beginning in the 5th century BC.
		Considered the most conservative of all the known Italic languages, Oscan is rivaled only by Greek in the retention of the inherited vowel system with the diphtongs intact.
		Oscan can be used to refer to the language, culture, or ethnicity of the ancient Osci.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/os/oscan_language.htm (239 words)

	Old Italic alphabets and languages
		The Messapic language was not related to other languages of Italy, instead it is thought to have been a member of the extinct Illyrian family of languages.
		Oscan is believed to have been spoken in Samnium, Campania, Lucania and Abruzzo in southern Italy.
		The Osci adapted the Etruscan alphabet to write their language sometime in the 7th century BC though the earlist known Oscan inscriptions appeared on coins dating from the 5th century BC.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/olditalic.htm (397 words)

	Oscan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Oscan, the language of the Osci, is one of the ancient progenitors of Italian language, supposedly closely related to Umbrian, Latin and Faliscan.
		It should also identify, but this has not been adequately cleared, the language and the culture of the Osci, one of the most ancient peoples of central Italy.
		It is believed it was spoken in Samnium and in Campania, as well as in Lucania and in Abruzzo, ancient territory of the Brutii.
	www.enlightenweb.net /o/os/oscan.html (86 words)

	Oscan - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Oscan Language, Italic language of the Oscans, an ancient people of Campania.
		Vesuvius, Mount (Italian Vesuvio, from Oscan word fesf, “smoke”), volcano in southern Italy, near the shore of the Bay of Naples and the city of...
		- extinct language of S Italy: an extinct Italic language formerly spoken in southern Italy
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Oscan.html (61 words)

	Languages : Indo-European Family
		Languages that are essential in multinational contexts or with large numbers of speakers.
		Languages that are scattered around the world as their speakers are part of diasporas.
		The Indo-European languages tend to be inflected (ie verbs and nouns have different endings depending on their part in a sentence).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_indoeuro.html (1882 words)

	AllRefer.com - Italic languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		The most important of these were Latin, Faliscan, Oscan, and Umbrian; Latin was the only one to survive antiquity (see Latin language).
		From Latin are derived the Romance languages, which in turn comprise the second (or medieval and modern) group of the Italic subfamily; they include Catalan, Sardinian, French, Italian, Portuguese, Occitan, Rhaeto-Romanic, Romanian, and Spanish.
		The ancient Italic languages, with the exception of Latin, are now preserved chiefly in inscriptions, although occasional references in ancient authors and a number of proper and place names furnish added evidence.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/Italicla.html (443 words)

	Oscan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Oscan is written in the Latin, Greek, and native Oscan alphabets.
		Dialects of Oscan include Samnite, Marrucine, Paelignan, Vestinian, Sabine, Volscian and Marsian.
		The term 'Oscan' also tentatively describes the language and culture of the Osci, an ancient people of central and southern Italy.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/o/os/oscan.html (140 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Oscan
		Before Rome became the dominant state of the Italic Peninsula and imposed its culture and language on the non-Roman Italic population, there were a bewildering number of ethnic and linguistic groups that thrived in the Peninsula.
		A note about the previous chart of the Oscan alphabet: The fl letter is the Oscan letter, the blue is the traditional Roman transcription of the corresponding Oscan letter, and the red in brackets is the phonetic pronunciation of the Oscan letter.
		As a consequence, the Oscan ethnic identity and culture disappeared, and the Oscan language ceased to be spoken and written by the end of the 1st century CE.
	www.ancientscripts.com /oscan.html (349 words)

	Latin
		Thus, a high level of formality (and archaic language) may arise due to the nature of the writing, although this may also be interspersed with some colloquial usages.
		If we take mutual intelligibility of verbal messages to be a basic criterion of language identity, then the decisive linguistic gap between the language of a Latin text and the spoken usage of the population manifested itself some time between 620-630 and the middle of the 8th century, or soon thereafter.
		Approaching the disintegration of Latin as the unified spoken language among the masses, “it can be supposed that by 760-770 at the latest, the population at large was already unable to understand, without special help and explanation, a Latin text as simple as the Lord’s Prayer” (Herman 372).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/latin.html (2478 words)

	CAMPANIA - LoveToKnow Article on CAMPANIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cam pani was the name used by the Romans to denote the inhabitants first of the town of Capua and the district subject to it, and then after its destruction in the Hannibalic war (211 B.C.), to describe the inhabitants of the Campanian plain generally.
		The name, however, is pre-Roman and appears with Oscan terminations on coins of the early 4th (or late 5th) century B.C. Conway, Italic Dialects, p.
		,The Oscan language remained in use in the south of Campania Pompeii, Nola, Nuceria) at all events until the Social War, but tt some date soon after that Latin became general, except in ~7eapolis, where Greek was the official language during the whole)f the imperial period.
	www.87.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAMPANIA.htm (1999 words)

	A Comparative Latin Grammar by Cyril Babaev
		The Latin language was doomed to became a universal one, once being just a small dialect of a district in ancient Italy.
		It was the language of the powerful Roman Empire, but even when it collapsed and was occupied by barbarians, the language did not disappear - moreover, it was flourishing for ages after the fall of Rome.
		The Latin language in its classical form shall be the main subject of the present research.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/grammar/grammar61.html (4644 words)

	Italic languages — Infoplease.com
		The ancient Italic languages, with the exception of Latin, are now preserved chiefly in inscriptions, although occasional references in ancient authors and a number of proper and place names furnish added evidence.
		Oscan - Oscan Oscan, extinct language belonging to the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of...
		Umbrian - Umbrian Umbrian, extinct language belonging to the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0825674.html (503 words)

	Italic languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Latin, the language of Latium and Rome, began to emerge as the predominant language as early as the 3rd century
		These languages were written in various alphabets, including the Greek and Latin alphabets and modified versions of the Etruscan.
		Known to modern scholars from some 200 short inscriptions dating from the 5th through the 1st century BC, it is written either in Latin characters or in a native alphabet derived from Etruscan, the Etruscans having established settlements in the Po Valley in the 6th century BC.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9368305 (830 words)

	Foreign Language Dictionary links - yourDictionary.com
		There are 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world.
		New languages and dictionaries are constantly being added to yourDictionary.com; as a result, we have the widest and deepest set of dictionaries, grammars, and other language resources on the web.
		If you cannot find the language resources you want on line, yourDictionary now offers 25,000 language resources on tape, video, CD ROM, and in traditional book form for children and adults in cooperation with WorldLanguage.
	www.yourdictionary.com /languages.html (177 words)

	Search Results for Umbrian - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Umbrian idiom, closely related to Oscan, is known from a few small inscriptions and from the Tabulae Iguvinae (Iguvine Tables), which consist of seven bronze tablets found at Gubbio (the ancient...
		The tables are written in the Umbrian language, four and part of a fifth using the Umbrian...
		In contrast to the phonology, which shows so many correlations among the Italic languages, there are few definite connections between these tongues in their grammars.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Umbrian&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (368 words)

	Italian Language Facts
		Italian is a member of the Italo-Dalmatian group of languages, which is part of the Italo-Western grouping of the Romance languages, which are a subgroup of the Italic branch of Indo-European.
		The origins of italian language are very complex and mostly formalized by Dante Alighieri mixing south italian dialects, especially from Sicilian, with his native Tuscan ("supposed" to be derived from Etruscan and Oscan).
		Italian is the official language of Italy, San Marino and an official language in the Ticino and Grigioni cantons or regions of Switzerland.
	www.languagehelpers.com /languagefacts/italian.html (731 words)

	Spanish language . Argentina . Italic languages
		However, in 1994, the tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies agreed to sort ch and ll as ordinary pairs of letters by request of UNESCO and other international organizations, while keeping them as distinct letters for other purposes.
		Spanish language was developed from vulgar Latin, with influence from Basque and French language French,in the north of the Iberian Peninsula see Iberian Romance languages.
		Italic has two known branches: Sabellic including: Oscan language Oscan, was spoken in the south-central region of the Italian peninsula Volscian language Volscian Umbrian language Umbrian not to be confused with the modern Umbrian dialect of Italian, was spoken in the north-central region Latino-Faliscan including:...
	www.uk.kunsimuna.net /Spanish_language_UK_640466_ow (500 words)

	Atella--Comedy Central
		Interestingly, although we say "Roman" farce, the Atellan Fables were originally performed in the Oscan language, not Latin, which means that the Romans took the idea from someone and somewhere else—the Oscans of the town of Atella, well south of the early Roman sphere of influence.
		"Oscan" is the name of a language as well as a term for the speakers of that language.
		Many of the Oscan stock characters were kept by the Romans (and survived into various national incarnations much later in the European Middle Ages, including Macchus, a hunch-backed "wise" fool with a big nose, the forerunner of the modern Neapolitan Pulcinella).
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/atella.htm (1050 words)

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