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Topic: Oscar Hertwig

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	Developmental Biology Online: The Reemergence of Sex
		It should be noted at this point that both Hertwig and Boveri attributed thereduction of chromosome number in the gametes to the fact that only half as many chromosomal elements appeared at the initiation of the maturation divisions as appeared at the initiation of normal cell division.
		Oscar Hertwig, "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Bildung, Befruchtung und Theilung des thierischen Eies," Morphol.
		Oscar Hertwig, "Vergleich der Ei-und Samenbildung bei Nematoden: Eine Grundlage für celluläre Streitfragen," Arch.
	7e.devbio.com /article.php?id=67 (8535 words)

	Epigenesis and Preformationism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		In contrast to Weismann's preformationism, Hertwig pointed to the interactions of cells and to the differences among cells for the source of differentiation.
		As Hertwig put it: “I shall explain the gradual, progressive organization of the whole organism as due to the influences upon each other of these numerous elementary organisms in each stage of the development.
		Hertwig and Weismann continued to argue both about the metaphysical nature of the organism as well as about the epistemological demands for gaining knowledge about it, as did others, with no generally accepted way to resolve the issues.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/epigenesis (5438 words)

	Oskar Hertwig - Wikipedia
		Hertwig studierte 1868–1872 in Jena, Zürich und Bonn hauptsächlich vergleichende Anatomie, war 1874–1875 Assistent Max Schulzes in Bonn, habilitierte sich sodann in Jena für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, wurde daselbst 1878 außerordentlicher Professor und erhielt 1881 den ordentlichen Lehrstuhl für Anatomie.
		Außer durch seine gemeinschaftlich mit seinem Bruder Richard herausgegebenen Werke ist er hauptsächlich durch seine Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Bildung, Befruchtung und Teilung des tierischen Eies bekannt geworden.
		Oskar Hertwig beobachtete 1875 erstmals beim Seeigel die Befruchtung einer weiblichen Eizelle durch eine männliche Keimzelle.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oscar_Hertwig (163 words)

	Ramiro Ledesma Ramos / El pedagogo Cossío / Hertwig y el postdarwinismo / 1929
		Oscar Hertwig, uno de los biólogos más concienzudos, a quien se deben en los últimos veinticinco años trabajos muy notables de experimentación, ensaya en este libro una seria labor de examen reflexivo acerca de los problemas biológicos del momento.
		Hertwig supera esta dicotomía y se declara partidario de una tercera dirección que él denomina biológica.
		Hertwig ha introducido en Biología el concepto de célula específica y una ley ontogenética sucedánea a base de una de las pocas y auténticas verdades de la biología moderna: es un hecho de riguroso conocimiento experimental que «de una determinada célula sexual se desarrolla siempre con infalible seguridad una sola especie bien determinada de organismos».
	www.filosofia.org /hem/dep/gac/gt05502c.htm (1094 words)

	The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 eBook
		I would especially recommend the manuals of Julius Kollmann and Oscar Hertwig to those readers who are stimulated to further study by these chapters on human embryology.
		Kollmann’s work is commendable for its clear treatment of the subject and very fine original illustrations; its author adheres firmly to the biogenetic law, and uses it throughout with considerable profit.
		That is not the case in Oscar Hertwig’s recent Text-book of the Embryology of Man and the Mammals [translations 1892 and 1899] (seventh edition 1902).
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/6430/45.html (383 words)

	Christensen, 1987
		The pioneering studies of Walter Flemming (1843-1905), Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912), Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922), Theodor Boveri (1862-1915), Edouard van Beneden (1845-1910), Hermann Fol (1843-1892), and others gradually elucidated the various stages of mitosis, and the detailed behavior of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle, and centrioles during these events.
		The understanding of cells at the turn of the century was extensively reviewed in the well-known cytological monographs by Oscar Hertwig (1893, 1898), E.B. Wilson (2nd edition, 1900), and Martin Heidenhain (1907, 1911).
		Many structures we now know to be parts of the living cell had been described in remarkable detail, and in some cases (particularly in the nucleus) a good deal was known about their function.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~akc/Bibliography/87C.htm (4296 words)

	Biology And Evolution
		Each bodily function, and even the life of the organism as a whole, may thus in one sense be regarded as a resultant 'arising through the integration of a vast number of cell-activities; and it cannot be adequately investigated without the study of the individual cell-activities that lie at its root."
		We are logically compelled to refer this power to the inherent organization of the germ, but we neither know nor can we conceive what that organization is. The theory of Roux and Weismann demands for the orderly distribution of the elements of the germ-plasm a prearranged system of forces of absolutely inconceivable complexity.
		Hertwig's and DeVries's theory, though apparently simpler, makes no less a demand; for how are we to conceive the power which guides the countless hosts of migrating pangens throughout all the long and complex events of development ?
	www.oldandsold.com /articles29/evolution-26.shtml (3550 words)

	AllRefer.com - Oscar Hertwig (Cell Biology, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Oscar Hertwig (Cell Biology, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Cell Biology, Biographies > Oscar Hertwig
		Oscar Hertwig[Os´kAr hert´vikh] Pronunciation Key, 1849–1922, German embryologist.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hertwig.html (165 words)

	Science and Society Picture Library - Search
		Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) studied medicine at Jena, Germany, under Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834-1919) and Carl Gegenbaur (1825-1903), and was Professor of Anatomy there from 1881 to 1888.
		Hertwig's chief contribution to embryology was his discovery in 1875 that fertilisation consists of the union of the nuclei of a male and a female sex cell.
		He introduced the term coelom (secondary body cavity) into the study of the germ-layer, and researched the malformation of vertebrate embryos.
	www.scienceandsociety.co.uk /results.asp?image=10401658 (166 words)

	The National museum of medicine of Ukraine
		The biographies of Oscar and Richard Hertwig, Martin and Rudolf Heidenhain, Wilhelms His (Senior and Junior), Rudolf and Hans Kolliker will be of interest for the reader.
		The matter is that only surnames are often cited in the eponymic terms, for example, Hertwig's epithelial vagina was called after Oscar Hertwig who had described it, while the Hertwig index belongs to his brother Richard.
		It is also important that there are a lot of names of our contemporaries in the book (T. Ito, G. Palade, E. Satherland, J. entagothai, et al.), as well as a whole number of Ukrainian researchers - V. Bets.
	www.histomed.kiev.ua /agapit/ag13/eng/page19_e.php.htm (404 words)

	Mendel, Gregor Johann. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He entered the Augustinian monastery in Brno in 1843, taught at a local secondary school, and carried out independent scientific investigations on garden peas and other plants until his election as prelate in 1868.
		Failing eyesight and his duties as prelate somewhat curtailed his researches; although he anticipated Oscar Hertwig’s discovery that fertilization of an egg involved only one male sex cell, these findings went unpublished.
		Mendel was the first to fashion, by means of a controlled pollination technique and careful statistical analysis of his results, a clear, analytic picture of heredity.
	www.bartleby.com /65/me/Mendel-G.html (510 words)

	Y.M. Uranovsky: Marxism and Natural Sciences
		They declare that twentieth-century science has refuted the ideas of materialism which once prevailed and which go back to French materialism of the eighteenth century, and that it has brought with it a "regeneration of the human spirit" and the triumph of idealism.
		A wave of reaction is rising in biology and beginning to struggle against the main biological achievement of the nineteenth century, Darwinism.
		Oscar Hertwig, Das Werden der Organismen, Jena, 1922.
	www.marxists.org /subject/science/essays/science.htm (11464 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- heredity - AOL Research & Learn
		It hypothesized tiny particles called pangens, or gemmules—each bearing the hereditary potential for a specific body part—which circulated in the body and eventually collected in the reproductive cells.
		Finally, in 1875, Oscar Hertwig's principle of the universality of fertilization in sexual reproduction confirmed the transmission of hereditary material through the two sex cells.
		August Weismann's theory of germ plasm continuity (1892) established that the germ (sex) cells are set apart from other body cells early in embryonic development and thus that only changes in the germ plasm, and not influences on the adult body, can affect the characteristics of future generations.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/heredity/20051206050109990024 (416 words)

	Amazon.com: "Paula Hertwig": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		To one side Paula Hertwig with her well-ordered regiment of white-capped nurses.
		Oscar Hertwig had protested the preformationism of Weismann in 1894.
		His daughter Paula Hertwig protested the preformation- ism of the MCTH forty years later.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Paula-Hertwig (434 words)

	I
		Aristotle, the famous Greek scientist and philosopher believed that blood was the mode of transportation of heredity (Heredity ¶21).
		A few miniscule advancements were made, and “then in 1879, with the use of improved microscopes, German zoologists Herman Fol and Oscar Hertwig observed the union of egg and sperm in animals” (Heredity ¶22).
		Once the scientific community agreed upon the mode by which genetic material was transferred, new breakthroughs began to be made.
	webpages.shepherd.edu /ebrown03/research.htm (1074 words)

	Heredity - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Leeuwenhoek believed that sperm contained a child in miniature, which grew larger inside the female’s body.
		Then in 1879, with the use of improved microscopes, German zoologists Herman Fol and Oscar Hertwig observed the union of egg and sperm in animals.
		This observation crystallized our understanding of the roles of male and female sex cells in reproduction.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564762__1/Heredity.html (3798 words)

	Schulers Books (Unconscious Memory - 3/38)
		However, the relations of germ and body just described led Jager, Nussbaum, Galton, Lankester, and, above all, Weismann, to the view that the germ-cells or "stirp" (Galton) were IN the body, but not OF it.
		In America the majority of the great school of palaeontologists have been strong Lamarckians, notably Cope, who has pointed out, moreover, that the transformations of energy in living beings are peculiar to them.
		We have already adverted to Haeckel's acceptance and development of Hering's ideas in his "Perigenese der Plastidule." Oscar Hertwig has been a consistent Lamarckian, like Yves Delage of the Sorbonne, and these occupy pre-eminent positions not only as observers, but as discriminating theorists and historians of the recent progress of biology.
	www.schulers.com /books/sa/u/Unconscious_Memory/Unconscious_Memory3.htm (1401 words)

	Amazon.com: "Richard Hertwig": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The fifth cohort, born around 1850, comprises a second generation of Darwinian morphologists that included the brothers Oscar and Richard Hertwig and Wilhelm Roux,...
		Richard Hertwig greatly preferred Goldschmidt's textbook on genetics to Haccker 's; despite the fact that the latter drew upon a wide range...
		Goldschmidt made most of his reputation while working as Richard Hertwig's assistant, and he could never hope to get a tenured position in a university even though he essentially ran Hertwig's...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Richard-Hertwig (367 words)

	Oskar Hertwig - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Illustration from O. Hertwig's book "Lehrbuch der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere." (Textbook of developmental history of humans and vertebrates), 1906.
		Oskar Hertwig later became a professor of anatomy in 1888 in Berlin; however, Richard Hertwig had moved 3 years prior, becoming a professor of zoology in Munich from 1885-1925, at Ludwig Maximilians Universität, where he served the last 40 years of his 50-year career as a professor at 4 universities.
		The first chapters of O. Hertwig's book "Lehrbuch der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere" (1906) are available online here
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oskar_Hertwig (456 words)

	The Mosaic theory of development
		Even though Hertwig agreed with Weismann that heredity was localized in the cell nucleus, he criticized Weismann’s theory as preformationist.
		Weismann explained properties of the observed embryo by assigning them to corresponding properties of the unobserved germplasm.
		… [Weismann’s method] transfers to an invisible region the solution of a problem that we are trying to solve, at least partially, by investigation of visible characters (Hertwig 1894: 11, 140).” Hertwig’s opposition was substantive as well as methodological.
	www.uhh.hawaii.edu /~ronald/392/392-Mosaic.htm (959 words)

	Ask Dr. Gamete
		It wasn't until 1840 that Martin Barry came up with the crazy idea that spermatozoa enter the egg for some reason.
		In 1875, Oscar Hertwig, based on his study of sea urchin reproduction, proposed that both egg and sperm are required for reproduction, and that both physically unite during the process we now refer to as fertilization, again, for some unknown reason.
		In 1877 fertilization was actually observed happening in starfish eggs.
	www.alysion.org /truelife/drgamete.html (2604 words)

	Physiology or Medicine 1935 - Presentation Speech
		You have, with new tools, continued where Weismann and Boveri had to stop, and have paved new ways in biology.
		Mendel's observations, to outline the significance of the nucleus as bearer of heredity; Boveri laid, together with Oscar Hertwig, the foundation of our knowledge of the fertilization phenomena; and you, Herr Geheimrat, have discovered secret forces regulating the early development of the fertilized egg.
		You have also created a school of scientists from whom Science can expect further valuable contributions.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1935/press.html (1355 words)

	[No title]
		"The nucleus was sharply distinguished by Oscar Hertwig, Hugo de Vries and August Weismann and their many followers from the "cytoplasm" of the cell.
		They claimed that the quality of the nuclear substance dictated whether the unborn organism would become a cat or a dog, wether it would be large or small, male or female.
		Furthermore as Roux (1883) had so convincingly demonstrated, the entire elaborate process of mitosis makes no sense unless one postulates an equal division of the germ plasm during cell division.
	harikumar.brinkster.net /Lysenko/lysenko3.htm (15868 words)

	Ordbok / Glossary
		The earliest phase of cytology began with the English scientist Robert Hooke's microscopic investigations of cork in 1665.
		In 1892 the German embryologist and anatomist Oscar Hertwig suggested that organismic processes are reflections of cellular processes; he thus established cytology as a separate branch of biology.
		Research into the activities of chromosomes led to the founding of cytogenetics, in 1902-04.(Encyclopædia Britannica)
	www.slagsiden.net /siste/slagordboken.html (6108 words)

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