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Topic: Oscar Micheaux

	A Journal for MultiMedia History article on Oscar Micheaux's film, WITHIN OUR GATES").
		Micheaux used his filmmaking to challenge openly the racial injustices that African Americans faced at the beginning of the twentieth century: lynching, job discrimination, interracial rape, mob violence, and economic exploitation.
		Micheaux was learning to manipulate the material of his life for creative purposes, rewriting his own biography to illustrate his philosophies on manhood and race.
		Oscar Micheaux was unique among African American filmmakers in resisting the idealization of fl manhood that was so common in the work of his peers.
	www.albany.edu /jmmh/vol3/micheaux/micheaux.html (3016 words)

	Gadfly Online.
		Micheaux cuts back and forth between the attempted rape of the young Sylvia Landry and the hanging and burning of her parents.
		Micheaux was born in Metropolis, Ill., in 1884, the fifth of 13 children and the grandson of a slave.
		Micheaux, whose film legacy until the 1990s was equally underrated, based on the mediocre musicals, gangster films and melodramas of his less impressive, post-1930 period, is poised to enjoy the same royal treatment.
	www.gadflyonline.com /archive/MarchApril00/archive-micheaux.html (2529 words)

	A Journal for MultiMedia History article on Oscar Micheaux's film, WITHIN OUR GATES").
		Micheaux's achievements are remarkable considering the economic and artistic obstacles African-American filmmakers faced—and they were not limited to his producing over twenty-eight films in the silent era or to his financial juggling skills.
		Oscar Micheaux stood out as unique among African-American filmmakers because he went beyond the idealization of fl manhood that was so prevalent in the work of his peers.
		Micheaux may have added this final scene as a way to possibly avoid problems with the multitude of state and municipal motion picture censorship boards that were operating at the time.
	www.albany.edu /jmmh/vol3/micheaux/micheauxOLD.html (6672 words)

	OSCAR MICHEAUX FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Oscar Micheaux (January_2, 1884 - March_25,1951) was a pioneer African_American author and filmmaker.
		Micheaux was born near Metropolis,_Illinois, one of eleven children of former slaves.
		In 1986 the Directors_Guild_of_America honored Micheaux with a Golden Jubilee Special Award and today the Oscar_Micheaux_Award is presented each year by the Producers Guild.
	www.witwik.com /Oscar_Micheaux (353 words)

	Literature Film Quarterly: Portrayals of black masculinity in Oscar Micheaux's The Homesteader (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Micheaux is a seminal figure in African-American silent cinema because of the dramatically complex ways in which he portrayed African-American men.
		Oscar Micheaux was born in Metropolis, Illinois, in 1883, among the first generation of African-Americans born into freedom.
		In his promotional advertising, Micheaux argued that his film was "different." Released four years after The Birth of a Nation, The Homesteader was "destined to mark a new epoch in the achievements of the Darker Race" (Chicago Defender 22 February 1919).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3768/is_200001/ai_n8902290 (1396 words)

	Oscar Micheaux Award - The Producers Guild of America
		Oscar Micheaux was one of the first African-American pioneers in the field of producing.
		His Oscar Micheaux Film Company became one of the premiere fl film companies for more than thirty years, and is an inspiration to scores of filmmakers worldwide.
		In 1995, the first Oscar Micheaux honoree, Ike Jones, was the first African-American to graduate from UCLA's film school in 1952.
	www.producersguild.org /pg/awards_a/oscar.asp (375 words)

	FILM QUARTERLY - Oscar Micheaux and Leo Frank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Oscar Micheaux himself (right) portrays one of the detectives who discovers the notorious and curious murder notes beside the victim's body in Murder in Harlem.
		Clearly, Micheaux's novels and films were composed of an exuberant bricolage that drew upon whatever personal experiences and storylines he felt would amount to a compelling narrative compatible with his views about the place and conduct of fls in America.
		Micheaux often favored the depiction of a falsely accused and ultimately exonerated fl suspect in a murder case (one thinks of Jean-Baptiste in The Homesteader novel and the later film The Exile [1931]).
	www.filmquarterly.org /issue_5704_right.html (1109 words)

	Nebraska Arts Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Micheaux was also the first African-American filmmaker to produce a piece after the advent of sound in cinema; this work is entitled The Exile, from 1931.
		Micheaux was the first and only director of color that Robeson would work with in his career.
		Micheaux, fighting this portrayal, turns the table on Griffith by using the same lighting, blocking, and setting as Griffith's rape scene, but instead the attempted rape is of a fl woman by a white man.
	www.nebraskaartscouncil.org /index_html?page=content/NEWS/Archives/content/NEWS/Archives/OscarM.htm (1193 words)

	Reclaiming the Frontier: Oscar Micheaux as Black Turnerian - Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Oscar Micheaux is best known as one of America's first fl film makers.
		In Micheaux's novels, this amalgamation of principles annuls the autobiographical character's race with reference to land ownership and agricultural development, though he consistently maintains race loyalty in his marriages.
		Micheaux becomes an Old West pioneer who, rather than bringing issues of race to the South Dakota frontier, subordinates his fl identity in the West in favor of a transracial humanism based on financial success.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=5000674468 (895 words)

	The Director's Chair - Oscar Micheaux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Known as a charismatic showman with dash and flair, interestingly, Micheaux aspired to be a novelist.
		Micheaux also would tout the script of his next film and ask for an advance against its bookings.
		Micheaux created a fantasy world where fls were just as affluent, just as educated, just as cultured, and just as well mannered -- in short, just as white -- as white America.
	www.reelimagesmagazine.com /txt_features/oscar_micheaux.htm (1049 words)

	Black Film Maker
		This sequence, coming near the end of Oscar Micheaux's 1919 silent film Within Our Gates, was so potentially explosive that both fl and white church leaders in Chicago tried to cancel its showing, fearing that it would re-ignite the race riots that had plagued the city.
		Micheaux's melodrama fell out of circulation and was thought lost until the late 1980's, when a print in a Spanish archive, under the title La Negra, was repatriated to the United States.
		In his film, Micheaux sets up a similar sequence, heightened by editing, but in this case the victim is fl, the rapist is white, and the story depicts the lynching of the victim's family.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/blackhis/blkfilm.htm (2030 words)

	Oscar Micheaux home page
		Oscar Micheaux, an African American film pioneer, reacted to the need for an industry that served the African American community, and that would remedy the negative stereotypes of African Americans portrayed in motion pictures.
		Micheaux, while forgotten by many, was ahead of his time in furthering society and leaving an impression that would make him an anonymous legacy in the film industry.
		Oscar Micheaux recognized the power of the motion picture, and invented new film techniques to further the power of film to entrance the American public.
	www.shorock.com /arts/micheaux/papers/sarah.html (4878 words)

	African American Review: Writing Himself Into History: Oscar Micheaux, His Silent Films, and His Audience. - book review
		Because African American novelist and film-maker Micheaux's writings and film productions (of which only one-third are extant) were primarily centered on the Western Prairie, Bowser and Spence had to reconstruct his works from the point of view of a fl homesteader positioned outside of the literary canon of those affiliated with the Harlem Renaissance.
		Bowser and Spence, in constructing Micheaux, are equally engaged in exploring his motivations, dispelling the myths, and searching for the truth, not an easy task when the subject left little-to-no paper trail, wrote novels anonymously, and is still being discovered.
		Whereas far too often Micheaux scholars attempt to critique Micheaux on the basis of contemporary or Hollywood standards, Bowser and Spence situate Micheaux within the context of his peers, thus destabilizing much of the pejorative criticism he has received.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_1_36/ai_85185734 (1034 words)

	Oscar Micheaux: A Short Bibliography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Libraries
		Micheaux's silent films deflated the pretensions of the growing fl middle class in 1920s America by supplying images of victimization and poverty too reminiscent of racist depictions that were supposedly defining characteristics of the race and the essence of the African-American condition.
		Film critics and scholars are trying to place Oscar Micheaux, a fl filmmaker of the 1920s, as an important figure in the annals of film history.Micheaux produced various types of films such as melodramas, gangster movies and musicals and most of them had racial solidarity and assimilationas their themes.
		Micheaux's importance in the cultural life of fls haslong been neglected, but by the early 1990s scholars have started researchon his life and work and so far three books have been published on the filmmaker.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /MRC/Micheauxbib.html (3252 words)

	Black Film Center/Archive Feature Presentation: Oscar Micheaux
		Oscar Micheaux was born on January 2, 1884 in Metropolis, Illinois and died on March 25, 1951 in Charlotte, North Carolina.
		Oscar Micheaux Home Page: A website dedicated to Oscar Micheaux with a large variety of information including news clippings, photos, and event listings, as well as the complete filmography and bibliography of his collected works.
		The Micheaux Society: An organization sponsored by the Duke University Program in Film and Video that is devoted to the preservation of and scholarship about Oscar Micheaux's works.
	www.indiana.edu /~bfca/features/micheaux.html (498 words)

	Oscar Micheaux Biography - The Producers Guild of America
		Micheaux found the equipment and actors he needed in Chicago, bought a car, hired a white chauffeur and drove all the people and equipment from Chicago to Winner, South Dakota.
		Micheaux worked successfully and prolifically throughout the next decade, largely thanks to the promotional techniques he had developed in selling his own novels.
		In Hollywood, the Oscar Micheaux Award is presented each year by the Producers Guild of America.
	www.producersguild.org /pg/awards_a/oscarbio.asp (714 words)

	South Dakotans need to know more about people like Oscar Micheaux
		ACCORDING TO a brochure distributed by the Oscar Micheaux Center in Gregory, "The festival is unique because it celebrates the life and contributions of Micheaux, who made a considerable impact on fl film-making and who took insurmountable risks being a Black businessman in the new field of movie-making.
		Micheaux was born in 1884 in southern Illinois into a family of 13 children.
		By his death at the age of 67 Micheaux was given credit for giving exposure to Edna May Harris and Robert Earl Jones, the father of the modern day actor, James Earl Jones.
	www.dakotavoice.com /200508/Opinion/Regular/20050812_G.asp (767 words)

	Aetna: African American History Calendar: 1988: Oscar Micheaux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Oscar Micheaux, author and pioneering fl filmmaker who owned his own film company, produced and directed more than 30 films.
		Micheaux, one of 13 children, left his Cairo, Ill., home at 17 and worked a number of jobs, including shoeshine boy, laborer and Pullman Porter.
		Micheaux, a charismatic businessman, subsequently wrote and published nine other novels and arranged successful book promotional tours to launch each one.
	www.aetna.com /foundation/aahcalendar/1988micheaux.html (283 words)

	Blackflix.com: The Life and Work of Oscar Micheaux
		Micheaux was the first filmmaker to offer his audience a range and diversity of African-Americans in film.
		Micheaux became a controversial figure raising the ire of fls as well as whites for filming what he wanted, not what others felt he should.
		Micheaux stayed with it but struggled until his death in 1951.
	www.blackflix.com /book.reviews/oscar.micheaux.html (315 words)

	Filmography of Oscar Micheaux
		“To uplift the race” were Oscar Micheaux’s own words, and precisely the motive for his artistic revisionism.
		The era in which Micheaux wrote, producedand directed his films, the budding motion picture industry was, like much of the media, held hostage by an unspoken pact of racial exclusivity.
		As a native of Illinois who would later homestead land in South Dakota and ultimately die in Kansas, Micheaux’s knowledge of the African-American condition in the early twentieth century seems confined to the vast northern mid-west.
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~schonberg/e314s04/theater/micheaux.htm (521 words)

	Edinburgh Festivals - Oscar Micheaux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A FASCINATING piece of theatre about Oscar Micheaux, the early 20th-century American film-maker who changed cinema history by making films with fl casts for fl audiences.
		It is told from the perspective of Micheaux and those who knew his work, yet overlooks our ignorance of who Oscar Micheaux is in the present - he is simply defined by his past.
		Oscar Micheaux talks of ideals, of truth and dreams, of breaking down barriers, of showing fl people on the screen as they really were and as they saw themselves.
	www.edinburgh-festivals.com /reviews.cfm?id=948752004&sid=7070 (156 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Oscar Micheaux \| PBS
		Micheaux's features emulated familiar Hollywood genres, and he used a modest version of the studio star system to lure audiences to his movies.
		Micheaux's necessarily low budgets forced him to cut costs and resulted in technically inferior films with poor lighting, little editing, flubbed lines, continuity problems, and poor sound.
		Yet he treated issues that were important to his audience, offered an alternative to the stereotyping of fls by Hollywood, and successfully operated outside the mainstream film industry during the powerful studio era.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/oscar_micheaux.html (279 words)

	TIME.com: An Oscar for Micheaux -- Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		To appear in a Micheaux movie, then, was to be glimpsed in a documentary of whatever he happened to catch in that moment when the film was properly loaded the camera was running.
		In the harsh light of Micheaux's artlessness, the amateurs are exposed and the professionals shine.
		Micheaux's mission was to "uplift the race" (his phrase, later borrowed by Spike Lee as the motto for his film "School Daze").
	www.time.com /time/arts/article/0,8599,260216-2,00.html (1585 words)

	NCW--What the Critics Say About Oscar Micheaux
		Before Oscar Micheaux became celebrated as one of the earliest fl filmmakers, he wrote a series of remarkable novels, the first one published in 1913 as The Conquest.
		Born on a small farm near Cairo, Illinois, one of thirteen children, Devereaux leaves home to work in the Chicago stockyards and finally graduates to the job of porter in a Pullman railway car.
		Oscar Micheaux is legendary as one of the first fl filmmakers.
	mockingbird.creighton.edu /NCW/michcrit.htm (413 words)

	The Separate Cinema
		Oscar Micheaux has emerged as a hero of this movement, as a prolific director, as a man driven with a vision and a passion, but he still remains shrouded in mystery.
		During the 1920s which was Oscar Micheaux's peak period, when most of his films were produced, the Hollywood industry was centered in California.
		There was also some suggestion that Micheaux might have had a film office in London but that has not been confirmed...There were also reports in African American press that Micheaux had left the country and gone to Europe to seek the world wide distribution of his films.
	alt.tcm.turner.com /MONTH_SPOTS/9807/separateCinema/Regester.htm (1436 words)

	NCW--Oscar Micheaux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fiction writer and filmmaker OSCAR MICHEAUX was born in 1884 near Metropolis, Illinois, the son of freed slaves, one of eleven children.
		Micheaux's film Within our Gates was a response to DW Griffith's controversial film on race relations Birth of a Nation (1915).
		Micheaux died of a heart attack in 1951 at the age of 67 while on a trip to North Carolina to promote his work.
	mockingbird.creighton.edu /ncw/micheaux.htm (357 words)

	www.micheaux.org --- Oscar Micheaux home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Standing (left to right) are Oscar's sisters Ethel, Ollie, Maude, and Ida. Seated are sisters Getrude and Veatrice on either side of Bell and Swan, Oscar's parents.
		Oscar later chronicled the stormy relationship in the lost silent film "The Wages of Sin."
		The Micheaux family's address in Great Bend was 2532 8th St. The house is gone, but the lot is just east of Magnus Archery Company at 8th and Washington in Great Bend.
	bartonarts.org /micheaux/1908.html (205 words)

	BLACKCITY.NET---->people/Oscar Micheaux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Micheaux, Oscar - biography of early fl film-maker, Oscar Micheaux, who is buried in Great Bend, Kansas.
		Oscar Micheaux, Micheaux Films and "Race Films" - by John DeBartolo.
		Oscar Micheaux: A Short Bibliography - listing resources available in the UC Berkeley Library.
	www.blackcity.net /black/people/omicheaux.htm (52 words)

	Drop Me Off in Harlem
		Though Micheaux's movies were screened far and wide, some were censored for their provocative take on race relations.
		Although Micheaux was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1928, that was but a temporary distraction; he continued to find new sources of money to finance his films.
		Micheaux's desire to collaborate with Zora Neale Hurston was never fulfilled.
	artsedge.kennedy-center.org /exploring/harlem/faces/micheaux_text.html (372 words)

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