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	Osiraq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Osiraq was a 40 MW light water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR) in Iraq.
		It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre, 18 km south-east of Baghdad in 1977.
		The French named the reactor Osiraq, from "Osiris" + "Iraq" (French Osirak), and the Iraqis named it Tammuz 1, for the Arabic month the Ba'ath Party took control of the government in 1968.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Osiraq (1132 words)

	Osiraq - Iraq Special Weapons Facilities
		Iraq built the Osiraq 40 megawatt light-water nuclear reactor at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Center near Baghdad with French assistance.
		In September 1980, at the onset of the Iran-Iraq War, the Israeli Chief of Army Intelligence urged the Iranians to bomb Osiraq.
		IAEA officials denied these charges and reaffirmed their position on the Iraqi reactor, that is, that no weapons had been manufactured at Osiraq and that Iraqi officials had regularly cooperated with agency inspectors.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/iraq/osiraq.htm (1279 words)

	The Israeli Strike Against OSIRAQ
		Osiraq and its accompanying Isis reactor, a small training facility also supplied by France, were designed to run on a fuel load of about 12 kgs of HEU each.
		Delivery of fuel for Osiraq was to be staggered, however, the French supplying a new charge only when the previous one had been spent and always sending the depleted fuel back to France.
		Thus, for the Arab world, Israel's unprecedented attack against Osiraq represented an alarming new degree of escalation in Israeli belligerence, which was reinforced by rumors of Israeli support for an Egyptian drive into Libya, Israel's increasingly hard line regarding the occupied territories, and the later, unprecedented Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/1984/vanden.htm (7591 words)

	Rodger A. Payne's Blog: The Osiraq Myth
		The latest report is by Emory University's Dan Reiter, "The Osiraq Myth and the Track Record of Preventive Military Attacks." Ridgway Center Policy Brief 04-2 (October 2004).
		The 1981 Israeli aerial striike on Iraqi nuclear facilities at Osiraq is frequently cited as a successful use of preventive military force, and may be used to justify similar attacks in the future.
		Attempts to replicate the "success" at Osiraq are likely to do even worse, as proliferating states are now routinely dispersing and concealing their nuclear, biological, and chemical programs to decrease their vulnerability to air strikes.
	rpayne.blogspot.com /2004/11/osiraq-myth.html (281 words)

	Arutz Sheva - Israel National News
		Twenty one years have now passed since Israeli fighter-bombers destroyed Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor shortly before it was ready to go "on line." At the time, the general global community reaction was overwhelmingly hostile.
		Unlike Iraq's thirty-nine SCUD attacks on Israel during the Gulf War, which were expressly designed to harm innocent civilians, Israel's raid on Osiraq was conceived for essential protection of civilians.
		Today, twenty one years later, we must ask ourselves whether the lessons of Osiraq shall finally be taken seriously, and whether they shall be learned in time.
	www.israelnationalnews.com /article.php3?id=1143 (911 words)

	Osiraq biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Osiraq was a 40 MW light water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR).
		As well as the reactor, construction, and technical assistance, the French sold around 12.5 kg of 93% enriched uranium-235 fuel (HEU) to the Iraqi government.
		Osiraq / Tammuz I 33°12'30"N 44°31'30"E, Federation of American Scientists
	osiraq.biography.ms (790 words)

	Israeli planner says don’t rule out Osiraq-like strike on Iran
		While Israel and its US ally have not excluded the option of attacking Iran if all diplomatic efforts to curb its nuclear capability fail, independent experts believe the Islamic republic’s facilities are too dispersed and fortified to be eliminated militarily.
		The Iraqi quest for atomic weapons was driven underground until UN inspectors uncovered it in 1991.
		And although an “Osiraq option” against Iran is a matter of widespread speculation, Ivry suggested that Israel could still have tricks in store if it decided to proceed with a strike.
	www.infowars.com /articles/world/iran_israel_planner_says_dont_rule_out_osiraq_like_strike.htm (774 words)

	Israeli Attack On Iraq Reactor 'Had No Deterrent Effect'
		The 1981 attack by Israel on Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor complex has become an archetype of "counterproliferation," the use of force to prevent or reverse the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction.
		The Osiraq attack is reviewed in a recent Masters thesis based on interviews with Israeli officials and a study of some more or less unfamiliar source documents.
		The author concludes generally that the attack did indeed slow down the Iraqi WMD program, but that it had other less favorable unintended consequences, had no deterrent effect, and is unlikely to serve as a useful model for similar actions in the future.
	www.rense.com /general60/nodet.htm (133 words)

	Washington Post December 7, 1990
		When the Israelis bombed Osiraq, they missed 12 kilograms (about 27 pounds) of its fuel, which is enough to make a single weapon and is the source of concern behind the estimates that Iraq might have a bomb in six to 12 months.
		According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, which inspects this suitcase-sized material twice a year, it could actually be readied for weapons use in one to three weeks (assuming the rest of the bomb is ready).
		The 1981 Israeli raid on Osiraq was a textbook example of pinpoint bombing, yet one weapon's worth of nuclear fuel remains.
	nucnews.net /2000/du/90du/901207wp.treaty.html (989 words)

	Encyclopedia: Osiraq
		OSIRIS (Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy) is the Spanish Day One instrument for the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC).
		Osiraq / Tammuz I, Federation of American Scientists
		Israel's Air Strike Against The Osiraq Reactor: A Retrospective (Adobe PDF), Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Osiraq (2027 words)

	SRTforums.com - Marines find underground nuke complex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Osiraq was the most advanced reactor of its kind, crammed with such up-to-date equipment and technology that visitors were amazed that the French had ever agreed to sell it to us.
		Little did they know that the acquisition of Osiraq, an incredible feat on its own, was merely a decoy: Saddam wanted us to copy the French design and build another, secret reactor, where we would produce the bomb-grade plutonium beyond the prying eyes of foreign spies and inspectors - the same thing to him.
		Upon identifying the Osiraq nuclear plant, and catching Iraqi defenses by surprise, the Israeli pilots managed to demolish the reactor in one minute and 20 seconds.
	www.srtforums.com /forums/showthread.php?t=1537 (1233 words)

	IN SUPPORT OF ANTICIPATORY SELF-DEFENSE (Louis Rene Beres & Yoash Tsiddon-Chatto) - June, 1997
		Sixteen years ago, on June 7, 1981, Israeli fighter-bombers destroyed the Osiraq nuclear reactor shortly before it was ready to go "on line." At the time, the general global community reaction was overwhelmingly hostile.
		Had it not been for the brilliant raid at Osiraq, Saddam's forces might have been equipped with atomic warheads in 1991.
		Launched by Israel because both the United States and the United Nations had reneged on their formal obligations of 1957 (guarantees extended to Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from Sinai), the June 1967 War demonstrated the continuing imperatives of national self-help in a very bad neighborhood.
	www.freeman.org /m_online/jun97/beres1.htm (1008 words)

	Article or Op-Ed
		For a variety of reasons, the Israeli raid on Osiraq was a unique case, characterized by conditions that are unlikely to be replicated again elsewhere.
		It is worth noting that after the destruction of Osiraq, Iraq investigated the possibility of building a nuclear power plant underground -- as a protective measure -- and Belgian, French, Finnish, Italian, and Soviet companies were asked to assess the viability of such a project.
		These actions included the destruction of the Osiraq reactor's core by saboteurs as it awaited shipment from the French port of La Seine-sur-Mer near Toulon in April 1979, and the murder in Europe of an Egyptian-born scientist and several Iraqi scientists associated with the nuclear program the following year.
	www.washingtoninstitute.org /templateC06.php?CID=422 (4468 words)

	Israeli astronaut bombed Iraqi reactor : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ramon, a 48-year-old former fighter pilot in the Israeli air force, who first served his nation's defense as a cadet in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, was one of the fighter pilots who destroyed Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor in a daring and controversial preemptive raid in 1981.
		During the 1970s, with French assistance, Iraq built the Osiraq 40-megawatt light-water nuclear reactor at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Center near Baghdad.
		On June 7, 1981, the Israeli fighter jets left Etzion Air Force Base, flew in tight formation the 1,100 km distance over enemy territory, and upon identifying the Osiraq nuclear plant, and catching Iraqi defenses by surprise, managed to demolish the reactor in one minute and 20 seconds.
	sf.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=1569328 (503 words)

	Our Jerusalem.com -
		Iraq has always insisted that a state of war exists with “the Zionist entity.” It follows that since aggression cannot be committed against a state with which a country is alreay at war, Jerusalem could not possibly have been guilty of such a “crime against peace.”
		Israel did not violate the laws of war of international law at Osiraq.
		This entry was posted on Friday, June 7th, 2002 and is filed under opinion.
	www.ourjerusalem.com /opinion/story/opinion20020607.html (873 words)

	Osiraq-like strike on Iran - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		David Ivry, the mastermind of the Osiraq raid as then chief of the Israeli air force, argued against thinking in all-out terms.
		Eight Israeli F-16 jets, with detachable fuel containers and relatively light bombs to extend their range, were used to destroy Osiraq In 1981.
		You set a deadline beyond which you believe you will lose the option of acting, " Ivry said, adding that "with Osiraq, it was the fact that the Iraqis were about to bring uranium into the reactor.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=8555 (949 words)

	Coastal Post Online Article June, 2005
		In 1981, remember Republican senators, Israel bombed the Osiraq nuclear power plant near Baghdad just before it was to be fueled by its French contractors.
		So when the billion-dollar Osiraq plant went up in smoke (with the help of the neocons who were already occupying the Pentagon in that first year of the Reagan administration), there was no reaction from Russia because the Israelis were essentially bombing us!!
		If a month or two from now you are advised by President Bush that it is necessary to take out Bushehr to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons, you would have to wonder if the neocons and their Likud allies in Tel Aviv aren't simply threatening World War III on a faulty premise.
	www.coastalpost.com /05/06/09.html (752 words)

	Saddam and the Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The political relevance of Obeidi’s book is supplemented by a compelling narrative, which details his feverish quest to obtain the technology and training necessary to help Saddam obtain nuclear weapons, and also paints a vivid portrait of life in Baathist Iraq.
		Obeidi was involved in the effort to build the Osiraq reactor in Tammuz that Israel bombed in 1981.
		The Israeli strike against the Osiraq reactor saved the world from learning the consequences of a nuclear-armed Iraq.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=17047 (1560 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Iraq: Nuclear Overview
		Iraqi scientists calculated that the Osiraq reactor could produce between 5 and 25 kilograms (kg) of plutonium per year (the upper limit, however, would require the reactor to operate continuously at maximum power).
		In the most public signal that Israel was aware of Iraq's true intentions, the reactor cores for the Osiraq and Isis reactors were damaged by saboteurs in an explosion while awaiting shipment to Iraq in a warehouse in the French Mediterranean town of Seyne-sur-Mer.
		Since the Osiraq reactor was destroyed before it could produce any plutonium, Iraq had to seek another source of fissile material.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Iraq/Nuclear (3191 words)

	Beirut Times is the official newspaper of the Arab Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While the destruction of Osiraq may have slowed Saddam Hussein's nuclear program it by no means stopped it.
		The destruction of Osiraq encouraged Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries to accelerate the development of less conspicuous weapons of mass destruction (WMD) such as chemical weapons and to develop long-range ballistic missiles capable of reaching Israel.
		The Osiraq experience also appears to have taught Iran that security is about spreading risks.
	www.beiruttimes.com /news/Nov0204.phtml (979 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Get Saddam any excuse will do
		Hamza claims that after the Israelis bombed the Osiraq nuclear reactor in 1981, the Iraqis set out to build 400 uranium-235 enrichment facilities, disguised as farmhouses.
		At the time of the Gulf War, Iraq had 12.3 kilograms of 93 percent uranium-235, contained in fuel supplied by the French for the Osiraq research reactor, but never used, since the Israelis destroyed the Osiraq reactor in 1981, just before it was to begin operation.
		The IAEA verified as recently as January of this year that the fuel was intact and that Iraqis had not extracted any of the uranium-235.
	www.wnd.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25608 (838 words)

	ACT: Iraq's Reconstitution of its Nuclear Weapons Program - October 1998
		Iraqi teams calculated that the Osiraq reactor could conservatively produce about 5 kilograms to 7 kilograms of weapons-grade plutonium per year.
		This value could be higher or lower depending on how the targets were arranged in the reactor; it also depended on the frequency of visits by IAEA inspectors and French personnel.
		Following the bombing of the Osiraq reactor, Iraq decided to: (1) replace the Osiraq reactor or to develop a heavy water or enriched uranium reactor and associated plutonium separation capability; and (2) develop a uranium enrichment production capacity.
	www.iraqwatch.org /perspectives/act-alb-hamza-10-98.htm (6001 words)

	Wanniski.com
		The Osiraq plant was constructed by the French, which had built an identical plant for Israel, which had not signed the NPT and provided the fissile material for its plant through its own sources.
		The difference is that NPT signators who received assistance had to also agree to frequent inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to make sure none of the fissile material used for power production was diverted to a weapons program.
		Although the U.S. officially condemned the Israeli attack on Osiraq, for which Iraq was never compensated financially, the Pentagon gave Israel what assistance it could in planning the airstrike through a special office established soon after Ronald Reagan's inauguration in January 1981.
	www.wanniski.com /PrintPage.asp?TextID=3595 (1247 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Israeli paranoia on Iran 'nukes'
		Iraq was soon to begin operating Osiraq — a French-supplied 40 megawatt research reactor.
		Since almost 28 pounds of highly enriched uranium had also been supplied by France for use as reactor fuel, Osiraq and all related facilities and operations were made subject to IAEA safeguards.
		Nevertheless, the Israelis claimed to have learned from "sources of unquestioned reliability" that Iraq was producing nukes at the Osiraq site.
	www.wnd.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=35615 (791 words)

	Halcyon Days: They're Baaaaaaack! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The destruction of the Osiraq reactor is truly the neocon touchstone, the dead cinch justification of unilateral, pre-emptive war that drives the at all costs, against all odds, and in the face of all logic and reason call to battle of the neocons.
		We could play what if scenarios and compare the situation in Iraq with that of Iran, which is desperately trying to shield its facility behind compliance with international law and UN inspections — just like Iraq did.
		Of course, a most salient fact is that the Osiraq reactor was not bombed by the United States.
	halcyondays.info /commentary/108.en.html (1382 words)

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