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	Oskar Minkowski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oskar Minkowski (January 13, 1858, Kaunas, Lithuania - July 18, 1931, Sanatorium Fürstenburg an der Havel, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany was a famous scientist of German, Jewish and Polish descent.
		He is the brother of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski and father of astrophysicist Rudolph Minkowski.
		Minkowski worked with Josef von Mering on the study of diabetes at the university in Strassburg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oskar_Minkowski (305 words)

	Hermann Minkowski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hermann Minkowski was born in Aleksotas (a suburb of Kaunas, Lithuania) to a family of German, Polish, and Jewish descent.
		Minkowski taught at the universities of Bonn, Göttingen, Königsberg and Zurich.
		Minkowski explored the arithmetic of quadratic forms, especially concerning n variables, and his research into that topic led him to consider certain geometric properties in a space of n dimensions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hermann_Minkowski (363 words)

	12 Minkowski, Rudolf
		Minkowskis main topic was the width of spectral lines, broadened by pressure and self absorption.
		Minkowski was responsible for the photographic sky survey of the National Geographic Society at Mt. Palomar, today known as the POSS, the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey.
		Minkowski was member of the Royal Astronomical Society, the US National Academy of Sciences; he received the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1961 and a Dr. h.c.
	www.plicht.de /chris/12minkow.htm (905 words)

	Minkowski biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Minkowski, although only eighteen years old at the time, reconstructed Eisenstein's theory of quadratic forms and produced a beautiful solution to the Grand Prix problem.
		Minkowski's doctoral thesis, submitted in 1885, was a continuation of this prize winning work involving his natural definition of the genus of a form.
		Minkowski presented Räumliche Anschauung und Minima positiv definiter quadratischer Formen (Spatial visualization and minima of positive definite quadratic forms) which was not published at the time but in 1991 the lecture was published in [Jahresber.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Minkowski.html (1536 words)

	Search Results for Minkowski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Minkowski presented Raumliche Anschauung und Minima positiv definiter quadratischer Formen (Spatial visualization and minima of positive definite quadratic forms) which was not published at the time but in 1991 the lecture was published in [Jahresber.
		Minkowski's original mathematical interests were in pure mathematics and he spent much of his time investigating quadratic forms and continued fractions.
		Minkowski's problem is to construct a convex surface in three dimensional space that realises a given curvature as a function of the direction of the normal.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=Minkowski&CONTEXT=1 (2016 words)

	Oskar Minkowski - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Oskar Minkowski (January 13 1858, Kaunas, Lithuania - July 18 1931, Mecklenburg, Germany) was a famous Jewish doctor of Polish origin.
		He is the son of Hermann Minkowski, the Brother of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, and father of Rudolph Minkowski.
		This biography of an academic is a stub.
	www.voyager.in /Oskar_Minkowski (118 words)

	Note: Insulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Oskar Minkowski, a German physiologist, was studying the problem in Strasbourg.
		One of Minkowski's go-fers, whose job included cleaning the kennels, noticed that flies were attracted to the urine of the diabetic dogs in great numbers, but not to that of normal dogs.
		A dog with diabetes could be temporarily "cured" by subcutaneous implants of pancreatic tissue, and remained non-diabetic until the implant was removed or rejected.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab20/Notes/insulin.htm (372 words)

	Hermann Minkowski Biography / Biography of Hermann Minkowski World of Mathematics Biography
		Minkowski also developed the mathematical theory known as the geometry of numbers and laid the mathematical foundation for Albert Einstein's theory of relativity by pioneering the notion of a four-dimensional space-time continuum.
		Minkowski was born in Alexotas, Russia, on June 22, 1864, of German parents.
		His brother, Oskar Minkowski, became famous as the physiologist who discovered the link between diabetes and the pancreas.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-hermann-minkowski-wom (244 words)

	July 18 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		After studying how fat is metabolized by the body, in 1889, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering uncovered the role of the pancreas in diabetes.
		He was the brother of mathematician Hermann Minkowski (whose idea of a four-dimensional or "Minkowski space", laid the mathematical foundation of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity).
		Oskar's son, Rudolf Minkowski was a physicist and astronomer.
	www.todayinsci.com /7/7_18.htm (2532 words)

	Exercise in the Treatment of Diabetes: An Historical Development Approach
		Minkowski suggested testing this hypothesis in dogs by feeding dogs free fatty acids or neutral acids after total extirpation of the pancreas.
		Minkowski, being the intelligent and observant physiologist, decided to test the urine for glucose.
		Following Minkowski, there was speculation that this internal secretion of the pancreas related to the metabolism of carbohydrates.
	www.med.uottawa.ca /medweb/hetenyi/rakobowchuk.htm (7195 words)

	Hermann Minkowski Biography / Biography of Hermann Minkowski 1900 To 1949: Mathematics Biography
		Hermann Minkowski established the framework for modern functional analysis, expanded the understanding of quadratic forms, developed the geometry of numbers, and even contributed to Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
		Born on June 22, 1864, in the town of Alexotas (then in the Russian Empire and now, under the name of Kaunas, a part of Lithuania), Minkowski was the son of a German-Jewish rag merchant.
		In 1872, when Minkowski was eight years old, the family returned to Germany, settling in the town of Königsberg.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-hermann-minkowski-scit-06123 (214 words)

	Notable Minkowskis
		Minkowskis have a tradition of significant achievements in the arts, scholarship, medicine, and physics.
		- Hermann Minkowski studied at the Universities of Berlin and Königsberg.
		- Rudolf Leo Bernhard Minkowski was born in Strasbourg on May, 28th 1895 and died in Berkeley, California, on January 4th 1976.
	www.minkowski.com /notables.htm (481 words)

	Diabetes mellitus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although diabetes has been recognized since antiquity, and treatments of various efficacy have been known since the Middle Ages, the elucidation of the pathogenesis of diabetes occurred mainly in the 20th century.
		The discovery of the role of the pancreas in diabetes is generally ascribed to Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, European researchers who in 1889 found that when they completely removed the pancreas of dogs, the dogs developed all the signs and symptoms of diabetes and died shortly afterward.
		In 1910, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer of Edinburgh suggested that people with diabetes were deficient in a single chemical that was normally produced by the pancreas—he proposed calling this substance insulin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diabetes (5397 words)

	The Bruce Medalists: Oskar Backlund
		Oskar Backlund was born in Sweden and educated at the University of Uppsala.
		He spent his entire career in the Russian empire, at the Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) Observatory, Pulkovo Observatory, and the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Petrograd.
		All agree that he was known as Oskar.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Backlund/index.html (257 words)

	The Bruce Medalists: Rudolph Minkowski
		Born in Strassburg, Germany (now Strasbourg, France), Rudolph Minkowski earned his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Breslau.
		Minkowski studied spectra, distributions, and motions of planetary nebulae and more than doubled the number known.
		He investigated the spectra of novae and supernovae and their remnants, especially the Crab nebula.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Minkowski/index.html (242 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		So Oskar Minkowski, a surgeon/scientist, offered to remove the organ.
		While the dog was recuperating, von Mering had to leave town unexpectedly.
		When Minkowski visited the lab during this time, he found the previously-toilet-trained dog urinating everywhere.
	www.wabr.org /education/contestdocs/2004Winners/Cohen.doc (632 words)

	Ophthalmology Review:
		Adolf Kussmaul (1822-1902), author, researcher, and scientist, in 1873 described the respiration that is associated with diabetic coma and has been termed Kussmaul's breathing or Kussmaul's air hunger.
		In 1890 Oskar Minkowski (1858-1931), a Russian by birth who studied medicine in Germany, carried out critical investigations of the role of the pancreas in diabetes mellitus.
		The final chapter in this story is set in Canada where Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941) began his orthopedic surgical practice in 1920.
	www.noorvision.com /weblog/archives/2003/04/historical_aspe.html (458 words)

	Ask an Expert: Who discovered diabetes?
		Dr Matthew Dobson wrote in England in 1776 that that sweetness was due to sugar.
		J.V. Mering and Oskar Minkowski showed that they could cause diabetes in animals by removing the pancreas.
		Dr Eugene Opie showed in 1900 that the diabetes was associated with degeneration of a group of cells in the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans and then Banting and Best showed in 1922 that a protein they could extract from pancreases that they called "insulin" could help to control diabetes.
	www.netwellness.org /question.cfm/29588.htm (334 words)

	HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1869, Paul Langerhans of Germany discovered clusters of cells in the pancreas, which later were named the islets of Langerhans in honor of his contribution (Bliss, 1982; Krall et al., 1994).
		A great experimental breakthrough, linking the pancreas and diabetes, was made by Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski in 1889 (Minkowski, 1989; Pfeifer, 1992).
		Then, from the 1890s through the early 1920s, many researchers and scientists, including Paulesco of Romania, Georg L Zuelzer of Germany, EL Scott, Israel Kleiner, Frederick M Allen and Elliott P Joslin of America tried to understand how the pancreas controls diabetes and searched for a treatment for diabetes (Bliss, 1982; Krall et al., 1994).
	people.musc.edu /~zhengd/diabepi/history.html (425 words)

	Assignment #2: My favorite protein
		More understanding of how this disease functioned did not occur until the 19th century when it was found from autopsies that diabetes is accompanied by damage to the pancreas.
		There was much debate about the specific relationship between the pancreas and diabetes, especially between two scientists from the University of Strasbourg, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering.
		They disagreed about the function of pancreatic enzymes in the body, and to solve their argument, they removed the pancreas from a dog and recorded their observations.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2003/Williford/assignment2_home.htm (1479 words)

	discoveryof (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		1889 that Oskar Minkowski linked diabetes with the pancreas.
		Minkowski lived to see insulin discovered some thirty years later
		Two young Canadian scientists, Sir Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert Best picked up directly from where Oskar Minkowski had left off.
	www.highgate38.freeserve.co.uk /discofi.html (890 words)

	Jews in Biomedical Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The discovery that pancreatic dysfunction is the cause of diabetes by Oskar Minkowski (together with Joseph von Mering
		Minkowski was the younger brother of the above-mentioned physiologist Oskar Minkowski.
		Paul Funk was a Czech mathematician who survived internment in the Nazi concentration camp at Terezín (Theresienstadt).
	www.jinfo.org /Biomedical_Research.html (2591 words)

	The History of Islet Transplantation
		1892: Minkowski discovers that the removal of a dog's pancreas will cause diabetes.
		1893: Minkowski transplants fragments of a sheep's pancreas into a diabetic 15-year-old boy.
		The boy dies three days after the operation.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group09/history.htm (474 words)

	Show 126 Transcript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Professor Michael Bliss:Â In 1889, Oskar Minkowski discovered that if you took the pancreas out of a dog, it instantly developed severe diabetes and, and quickly died.
		Jim Turner Voice:Â Minkowski discovered that the pancreas has two functions: aid digestion and to produce the hormone that regulates blood sugar.
		Professor Michael Bliss:Â The speculation was that there was maybe something being made in the Islets of Langerhans that was the mysterious something.
	www.dlife.com /dLife/do/ShowContent/dlife_media/tv/dlife_tv_transcripts/transcript126.html (814 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: From ants to analogues
		In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a German medical student, found islet cells in the pancreas, but he was not able to explain their function.
		Twenty years later, Joseph von Mehring and Oskar Minkowski learned that diabetes developed when they removed the pancreas of dogs.
		As soon as the link between the pancreas and diabetes was recognized, research focused on treating the disease with pancreatic extracts.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1997/04_97/diabetes.htm (3564 words)

	Department of Medicine
		Professor of Endocrinology and Head, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical Center, 1977-2001.
		Oskar Minkowski Award of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, 1974.
		President of the Scandinavian Society for Diabetes Research, 1975-1977.
	www.hadassah.org.il /atarim/medicine/d6.htm (219 words)

	August Krogh and the Nobel Prize to Branting and MacLeod
		Others are of the opinion that Nicolas C. Paulescu, Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski would have been as worthy, perhaps worthier, Laureates for this prize (e.g.
		Thus, Paulescu was never nominated; Collip and Best were nominated but not until 1928 and 1950, respectively; von Mering was nominated but only in 1902 and 1906; while Minkowski was nominated in 1902, 1906, 1912 and 1914 as well as in 1924 and 1925.
		Thus, according to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, none of these candidates could have received the prize in 1923.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten/index.html (1313 words)

	Diabetes Health - Print Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It wasn't until 1889 that the matter was settled.
		That year, two German physiologists, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering, were investigating the digestion of fat.
		They knew that the pancreas played a role, so they experimented by removing the pancreases of two dogs.
	www.diabeteshealth.com /print,article,25.html (585 words)

	National Anti-Vivisection Society:
		One scientist, Pfluger stated that the pancreas does not "play any part at all in the origin of diabetes, whether, in fact, there is such a thing as pancreatic diabetes.''
		In the 1880s, intending to "validate'' what had already been established in humans, scientists--most notably Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski--feverishly began removing pancreases from dogs, cats, and pigs.
		In the early 1920s, two scientists, J. Macleod and Frederick Banting, were given credit for isolating insulin by extracting it from a dog.
	www.navs.org /site/PageServer?pagename=ain_sci_medicalresearch_diabetes (2769 words)

	Diabetes mellitus : Exploring Essential Information, Data and Explanation.
		Oskar Minkowski, two European researchers who, in 1889, found that when they completely removed the
		The endocrine role of the pancreas in metabolism, and indeed the existence of insulin, was not fully clarified until 1921, when
		Charles Herbert Best repeated the work of Von Mering and Minkowski but went a step further and managed to show that they could reverse the induced diabetes in dogs by giving them an extract from the pancreatic
	www.llpoh.org /Common-Diseases/Diabetes_mellitus.html (6905 words)

	timelinescience - 1851 to 1900
		The German physicist Heinrich Hertz produces and detects radio waves for the first time.
		Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Moring remove the pancreas from dogs and discover that flies rush to the sweet urine that the dogs then produce.
		They deduce that the pancreas produces a hormone vital to glucose control in the body.
	www.timelinescience.org /years/1900.htm (2045 words)

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